Kidney Structure/Function/Disorders
81 Questions
| Attempts: 266
.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Process approximately _____ liters of blood daily and combine its waste products into ____ liters of urine
- A.
1700, 1.5
- B.
2000, 2.0
- C.
1700, 2.0
- D.
2000, 1.5
Correct Answer
A. 1700, 1.5 -
- 2.
Which is not Outer cortex?
- A.
Glomeruli
- B.
Convoluted tubules of the nephron
- C.
Blood vessels
- D.
Renal pyramids
Correct Answer
D. Renal pyramidsExplanation
Inner medulla– Renal pyramidsRate this question:
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- 3.
Each nephron contains:
- A.
Glomerulus
- B.
Tubular component
- C.
Renal pyramids
- D.
Blood vessels
Correct Answer(s)
A. Glomerulus
B. Tubular component -
- 4.
High-pressure capillary system that works to dilate or constrict in order to regulate glomerular capillary pressure
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. True -
- 5.
Blood flows into the the glomerular capillaries through the EFFERENT arteriole and flows out through the AFFERENT arteriole to the tubular capillaries
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Blood flows into the the glomerular capillaries through the AFFERENT arteriole and flows out through the EFFERENT arteriole to the tubular capillariesRate this question:
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- 6.
Where is blood filtered?
- A.
Glomerulus
- B.
Tubular Components
- C.
Convoluted tubules of the nephron
- D.
Renal pyramids
Correct Answer
A. Glomerulus -
- 7.
Glomerulus drains Bowman’s Capsule
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Glomerulus encased in Bowman’s capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule drains Bowman’s CapsuleRate this question:
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- 8.
Which is NOT Tubular Components?
- A.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- B.
Loop of Henle
- C.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
- D.
Collecting Tubule
- E.
Draining Tubule
Correct Answer
E. Draining TubuleExplanation
Filtrate passes through each of these sections before reaching the pelvis of the kidney.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which definisions are Cortical nephrons?
- A.
85% that originate in the superficial cortex
- B.
Short Loops of Henle that barely reach to the medulla
- C.
15% that originate deeper in the cortex
- D.
Longer, thinner Loops that reach deep into the medulla
- E.
Largely concerned with urine concentration
Correct Answer(s)
A. 85% that originate in the superficial cortex
B. Short Loops of Henle that barely reach to the medullaExplanation
Other definitions for Juxtamedullary nephronsRate this question:
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- 10.
Urine Formation Depends on….
- A.
Glomerular Filtration
- B.
Tubular Reabsorption
- C.
Secretion
- D.
Reabsorbtion
- E.
Regulate blood pressure
- F.
Endocrine function
Correct Answer(s)
A. Glomerular Filtration
B. Tubular Reabsorption
C. Secretion -
- 11.
Identify the glomerular filtration rate per minute.
- A.
125 ml
- B.
100 ml
- C.
150 ml
- D.
75 ml
Correct Answer
A. 125 mlExplanation
About 125 ml filtrate is formed each minute (glomerular filtration rate) and can be affected by dilation/constriction of afferent/efferent arterioleRate this question:
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- 12.
65% of all reabsorption and secretion processes occur in the _____
- A.
Proximal tubule
- B.
Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Tubule
- C.
Loop of Henle
- D.
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Correct Answer
A. Proximal tubule -
- 13.
Regulate RBC production by releasing _____
- A.
Erythropoietin
- B.
ADH
- C.
Thrombopoietin
- D.
Renin
Correct Answer
A. ErythropoietinExplanation
Erythropoietin controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell productionRate this question:
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- 14.
Work to maintain ____ via the Reninangiotensin- aldosterone system
- A.
BP
- B.
HR
- C.
RR
- D.
Temperature
Correct Answer
A. BPExplanation
When blood volume is low, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen released by the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme found in the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide which causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Increases calcium absorption by activating _____
- A.
Vitamin D
- B.
Vitamin C
- C.
Vitamin B2
- D.
Vitamin A
Correct Answer
A. Vitamin DExplanation
When synthesized in the kidneys, calcitriol circulates as a hormone, regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone. Vitamin D prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and, together with calcium, helps to protect older adults from osteoporosis. Vitamin D also affects neuromuscular function, inflammation, and influences the action of many genes that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells.Rate this question:
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- 16.
What is the normal values of Serum Creatinine?
- A.
0.6-1.2
- B.
1.2-1.8
- C.
0.1-0.6
- D.
1.8-2.4
Correct Answer
A. 0.6-1.2Explanation
Serum Creatinine
– Reflects the GFR
– Product of creatine muscle metabolism
– Normal values 0.6-1.2
– If a serum creatinine level doubles, the GFR and renal function, are approximately ½ the normalRate this question:
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- 17.
What is normal value of Blood Urea Nitrogen?
- A.
8 to 24 mg/dL for adult men
- B.
6 to 21 mg/dL for adult women
- C.
6 to 21 mg/dL for adult men
- D.
14 to 30 mg/dL for adult men
- E.
8 to 24 mg/dL for adult women
Correct Answer(s)
A. 8 to 24 mg/dL for adult men
B. 6 to 21 mg/dL for adult womenExplanation
Blood Urea Nitrogen
– By-product of protein metabolism found in the liver
– Excreted totally by the kidneys
Generally, a high blood urea nitrogen level means your kidneys aren't working well, particularly if the result is above 50 mg/dL (17.85 mmol/L). But, elevated urea nitrogen can also be due to urinary tract obstruction, congestive heart failure or gastrointestinal bleeding. Your blood urea nitrogen level may also increase as a result of dehydration, shock, burns or fever. Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, may increase urea nitrogen levels, too. In addition, a high protein diet can cause your BUN level to increase.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Kidneys do not develop to normal size
- A.
Renal hypoplasia
- B.
Dysgenesis
- C.
Agenesis
Correct Answer
A. Renal hypoplasia -
- 19.
Failure of an organ to develop normally
- A.
Renal hypoplasia
- B.
Dysgenesis
- C.
Agenesis
Correct Answer
B. Dysgenesis -
- 20.
Complete failure of an organ to develop
- A.
Agenesis
- B.
Dysgenesis
- C.
Renal hypoplasia
Correct Answer
A. Agenesis -
- 21.
Identify the most common cause of kidney obstruction • • • • •
- A.
Horseshoe kidney
- B.
Renal calculi
- C.
Pregnancy
- D.
Tumors
- E.
BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia)
- F.
Ureteral stricture
- G.
Congenital defects
Correct Answer
A. Horseshoe kidneyExplanation
Horseshoe kidney
-The upper or lower poles of the kidneys are fused making the horseshoe appearanceRate this question:
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- 22.
Which are the most common kidney stones?
- A.
Calcium stones
- B.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
- C.
Uric acid stones
- D.
Cystine stones
Correct Answer
A. Calcium stonesExplanation
Calcium stones
– Most common
– Account for 70-80% of all stones
– Formed from calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or both
– Usually associated with increased levels of calcium in the blood and urineRate this question:
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- 23.
Which are mostly found in the presence of bacteria or alkaline urine, etc.?
- A.
Calcium stones
- B.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
- C.
Uric acid stones
- D.
Cystine stones
Correct Answer
B. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stonesExplanation
Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
– Struvite or staghorn stones
– Form only in alkaline urine
– Form only in the presence of bacteria (UTI) that release an enzyme, urease, that splits urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide
– Ammonia causes the urine to become more alkaline
– Can grow to become largeRate this question:
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- 24.
Which is the most common manifestations of Renal Calculi?
- A.
Renal colic
- B.
Non-colicky pain
- C.
Stasis of urine
- D.
Infection
- E.
Hydronephrosis
Correct Answer
A. Renal colicExplanation
Pain
– Renal colic
• Most common
• Acute, intermittent, excruciating pain in the flank and upper, outer quadrant of the abdomen
• Pain may radiate lower
• Associated with N/V
– Non-colicky pain
• Caused by stones that cause distention of the renal pelvis
• Deep, dull ache in the flank made worse by drinking fluids
Kidney stones may cause obstruction….the most damaging effects of obstruction are:
– Stasis of urine
– Infection
– HydronephrosisRate this question:
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- 25.
Urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calicies which causes atrophy of the kidney due to impaired urine outflow
- A.
Stasis of urine
- B.
Infection
- C.
Hydronephrosis
Correct Answer
C. HydronephrosisExplanation
•If not treated, the kidney will eventually be destroyed
• With hydronephrosis, the patient will have pain,difficulty voidingRate this question:
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- 26.
Which is the most common bacteria that causes UTI’s?
- A.
E. Coli
- B.
Neisseria sp
- C.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D.
Corynebacteria
Correct Answer
A. E. Coli -
- 27.
Women are more at risk to develop Urinary Tract Infections.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Structure of the Female Urinary Tract. In general, the higher risk in women is mostly due to the shortness of the female urethra, which is 1.5 inches compared to 8 inches in men. Bacteria from fecal matter at the anal opening can be easily transferred to the opening of the urethra.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Select Clinical Manifestations of UTI’s affecting the lower urinary tract
- A.
Usually no fever!
- B.
Lower back or abdominal pain
- C.
Foul-smelling urine
- D.
Dysuria
- E.
Urgency
- F.
Frequency
Correct Answer(s)
A. Usually no fever!
B. Lower back or abdominal pain
C. Foul-smelling urine
D. Dysuria
E. Urgency
F. FrequencyExplanation
• S/S vary with upper and lower UTI’s
• Depends if acute or chronic
• Majority of UTI’s are bladder infections (cystitis) and affect womenRate this question:
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- 29.
Inflammation of the kidney that affects the tubules, interstitium, and renal pelvis.
- A.
Pyelonephritis
- B.
Glomerulonephritis
- C.
Hydronephrosis
- D.
Cystitis
Correct Answer
A. PyelonephritisExplanation
Glomerulonephritis
• Inflammation of glomerular structures
Hydronephrosis
• Urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calicies which causes atrophy of the kidney due to impaired urine outflow
Cystitis
• Majority of UTI’s are bladder infections (cystitis) and affect womenRate this question:
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- 30.
Chronic Pyelonephritis caused by bacterial infection.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Chronic
– More complex
– Includes bacterial infection and reflux
Acute
– Caused by bacterial infectionRate this question:
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- 31.
UTI’s in special populations….
- A.
Women
- B.
Children
- C.
Elderly
- D.
Men
Correct Answer(s)
A. Women
B. Children
C. Elderly -
- 32.
Select Clinical Manifestations of Acute Pyelonephritis
- A.
Sudden onset
- B.
Chills and fever
- C.
Headache
- D.
Back pain
- E.
CVA tenderness
- F.
Dysuria, frequency, and urgency
- G.
Frequency
- H.
Urgency
- I.
Dysuria
- J.
Foul-smelling urine
- K.
Lower back or abdominal pain
- L.
Usually no fever!
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sudden onset
B. Chills and fever
C. Headache
D. Back pain
E. CVA tenderness
F. Dysuria, frequency, and urgencyExplanation
Clinical Manifestations of UTI’s affecting the lower urinary tract
• S/S vary with upper and lower UTI’s
• Depends if acute or chronic
• Majority of UTI’s are bladder infections (cystitis) and affect women
• Frequency
• Urgency
• Dysuria
• Foul-smelling urine
• Lower back or abdominal pain
• Usually no fever!Rate this question:
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- 33.
Most common pathogen for Acute Pyelonephritis is E. Coli
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. True -
- 34.
Acute Pyelonephritis contributing factors include:
- A.
Catheterization
- B.
Pregnancy
- C.
Reflux
- D.
Neurogenic bladder
- E.
All the above
Correct Answer
E. All the aboveExplanation
Pyelonephritis usually results from a UTI in the lower urinary tract, but can be caused from an organism in the bloodstreamRate this question:
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- 35.
Treatment for acute pyelonephritis includes...
- A.
Antibiotics
- B.
Fluids
- C.
Strain urine
- D.
Analyze stones
- E.
Prevent future stones
- F.
Lithotripsy
Correct Answer(s)
A. Antibiotics
B. FluidsExplanation
If not treated, may lead to sepsis and renal failure
Renal Calculi
• Treatment
– Supportive Care
– Pain meds
– IV fluids
– Strain urine
– Analyze stones
– Prevent future stones
– LithotripsyRate this question:
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- 36.
Increase in the cellular components of the glomerulus.
- A.
Proliferative
- B.
Sclerotic
- C.
Membranous
Correct Answer
A. ProliferativeExplanation
Cellular Changes That Occur With Glomerular Disease
• Proliferative
– Increase in the cellular components of the glomerulus
• Sclerotic
– Increase in noncellular components, mostly collagen
• Membranous
– Increase in the thickness of the glomerular capillary wallRate this question:
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- 37.
Increase in noncellular components, mostly collagen.
- A.
Proliferative
- B.
Sclerotic
- C.
Membranous
Correct Answer
B. ScleroticExplanation
Cellular Changes That Occur With Glomerular Disease
• Proliferative
– Increase in the cellular components of the glomerulus
• Sclerotic
– Increase in noncellular components, mostly collagen
• Membranous
– Increase in the thickness of the glomerular capillary wallRate this question:
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- 38.
Increase in the thickness of the glomerular capillary wall.
- A.
Proliferative
- B.
Sclerotic
- C.
Membranous
Correct Answer
C. MembranousExplanation
Cellular Changes That Occur With Glomerular Disease
• Proliferative
– Increase in the cellular components of the glomerulus
• Sclerotic
– Increase in noncellular components, mostly collagen
• Membranous
– Increase in the thickness of the glomerular capillary wallRate this question:
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- 39.
Caused by diseases that produce proliferative inflammatory responses
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
A. Nephritic SyndromesExplanation
Nephritic Syndromes
– Caused by diseases that produce proliferative inflammatory responses
– Decrease the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane and damages the capillary wall
– Allows RBC’s to escape into the urine (hematuria)
– Characterized by hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemiaRate this question:
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- 40.
Disorders that increase the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane, causing massive losses of proteins in the urine
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Nephrotic SyndromeExplanation
Nephrotic Syndrome
– Disorders that increase the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane, causing massive losses of proteins in the urine
– Hyperlipidemia occurs due to the liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in the urine and increasing lipid synthesis
– Generalized edema (hallmark of nephrosis)Rate this question:
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- 41.
Decrease the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane and damages the capillary wall
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
A. Nephritic SyndromesExplanation
Nephritic Syndromes
– Caused by diseases that produce proliferative inflammatory responses
– Decrease the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane and damages the capillary wall
– Allows RBC’s to escape into the urine (hematuria)
– Characterized by hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemiaRate this question:
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- 42.
Hyperlipidemia occurs due to the liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in the urine and increasing lipid synthesis
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Nephrotic SyndromeExplanation
Nephrotic Syndrome
– Disorders that increase the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane, causing massive losses of proteins in the urine
– Hyperlipidemia occurs due to the liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in the urine and increasing lipid synthesis
– Generalized edema (hallmark of nephrosis)Rate this question:
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- 43.
Allows RBC’s to escape into the urine (hematuria)
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
A. Nephritic SyndromesExplanation
Nephritic Syndromes
– Caused by diseases that produce proliferative inflammatory responses
– Decrease the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane and damages the capillary wall
– Allows RBC’s to escape into the urine (hematuria)
– Characterized by hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemiaRate this question:
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- 44.
Generalized edema (hallmark of nephrosis)
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Nephrotic SyndromeExplanation
Nephrotic Syndrome
– Disorders that increase the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane, causing massive losses of proteins in the urine
– Hyperlipidemia occurs due to the liver trying to compensate for the loss of proteins in the urine and increasing lipid synthesis
– Generalized edema (hallmark of nephrosis)Rate this question:
-
- 45.
Characterized by hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemia
- A.
Nephritic Syndromes
- B.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Correct Answer
A. Nephritic SyndromesExplanation
Nephritic Syndromes
– Caused by diseases that produce proliferative inflammatory responses
– Decrease the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane and damages the capillary wall
– Allows RBC’s to escape into the urine (hematuria)
– Characterized by hematuria, oliguria, high BP, and azotemiaRate this question:
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- 46.
Glomerulonephritis, in _____ hypersensitivity responses, antigen-antibody complexes float around and damage the tissue where they settle….many settle in the glomerular membrane
- A.
Type I
- B.
Type II
- C.
Type III
- D.
Type IV
Correct Answer
C. Type IIIExplanation
Most primary and some secondary cases of glomerulonephritis are immune responsesRate this question:
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- 47.
There are two major groups of malignat tumors of the kidney: embryonic kidney tumors (i.e., Wilms tumor), which occur during _____, and renal cell carcinoma, which occurs in _____.
- A.
Childhood, adults
- B.
Adults, childhood
Correct Answer
A. Childhood, adultsExplanation
wilms tumor is one of the most common malignant tumors of children. the most common presenting signs are a large abdominal mass and hypertension.
Renal cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers, with a peak incidence between 55 and 84 years of age. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 90% to 95% of kidney tumors. These tumors are characterized by a lack of early warning signs, diverse clinical manifestations, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.Rate this question:
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- 48.
When Kidneys Fail, ph imbalance is going to be ____
- A.
Acidosis
- B.
Alkalosis
Correct Answer
A. AcidosisExplanation
When Kidneys Fail….
Less waste is removed
More waste remains in the blood
– Toxic to CNS, RBC’s, and platelets
Nitrogenous compounds build up in the blood
– BUN: Blood urea nitrogen
– Creatinine
Renal function apprroxiimatted by: initial creatinine level/current creatinine level
Imbalance of fluid and electrolytes
– Hyperkalemia, salt wasting, and HTN
Ph imbalance
– acidosis
Metabolic functions of kidneys decrease
– Decreased erythropoietin
– Decreased activation of Vitamin DRate this question:
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- 49.
Acute Renal Failure, _____ in serum BUN (Blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine,
- A.
Increase
- B.
Decrease
Correct Answer
A. IncreaseExplanation
Acute Renal Failure
Acute shutdown in kidney function
Decrease in urine output
Increase in serum BUN and creatinine
Divided into categories based on cause of renal failure:
– Prerenal Failure
– Postrenal Failure
– Intrinsic Renal FailureRate this question:
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- 50.
Most common form of acute renal failure.
- A.
Prerenal Failure
- B.
Postrenal Failure
- C.
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Correct Answer
A. Prerenal FailureExplanation
Prerenal Failure
Most common form of acute renal failure
Characterized by a decrease in renal blood flow
Kidneys usually receive 20-25% of cardiac output
Normally, the kidneys can tolerate large reductions in blood flow before damage occursRate this question:
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Current Version
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May 07, 2019Quiz Edited by
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Nov 23, 2011Quiz Created by
Shinichiro
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