[community Public Health] Chapter 7: Epidemiology: Unraveling The Mysteries Of Disease and Health

Tertiary prevention refers to interventions that aim to minimize the impact of a disease or condition and prevent complications or further deterioration. In this case, the community/public health nurse is leading a support group for clients and their families who have been affected by cancer. This intervention falls under tertiary prevention because it focuses on providing support, education, and resources to help individuals cope with the effects of cancer and improve their quality of life. It does not aim to prevent cancer or its initial occurrence (primary prevention) or detect cancer at an early stage (secondary prevention).

Using illicit drugs, alcohol, or tobacco is positively correlated with having a baby of low birth weight. Substance abuse during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the developing fetus, leading to complications such as premature birth, growth restrictions, and low birth weight. These substances can cross the placenta and affect the baby's growth and development, increasing the risk of health problems both at birth and later in life. Therefore, it is important for pregnant individuals to avoid using illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco to promote a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of low birth weight.

Poverty or socioeconomic status is the primary underlying factor for differences in health status in the United States. This is because individuals living in poverty often lack access to quality healthcare, nutritious food, and safe living conditions, which can lead to higher rates of chronic diseases, mental health issues, and overall poorer health outcomes. Additionally, socioeconomic status influences factors such as education, employment, and social support, which also impact health status.

The school nurse can accurately conclude that the three smokers are at risk for lung disease because smoking is a known risk factor for developing various lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory infections. The fact that they are smoking at a young age increases their risk even further. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that they are at risk for developing lung disease.

Florence Nightingale is the correct answer because she was a nurse epidemiologist who revolutionized the field of public health by using statistics to improve healthcare. She is considered the founder of modern nursing and made significant contributions to sanitation and healthcare practices during the Crimean War. Nightingale's use of statistics helped identify patterns and trends in disease outbreaks, leading to improved public health measures and the establishment of nursing as a respected profession. Her work laid the foundation for evidence-based healthcare practices that are still used today.

Encouraging everyone to be involved in a basic physical exercise class would be the best intervention for the nurse to promote health at the senior citizens center. Physical exercise has numerous benefits for older adults, including improving cardiovascular health, maintaining strength and balance, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and enhancing overall well-being. Engaging in regular exercise can also help to prevent or manage conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and arthritis. By encouraging the participants to participate in a physical exercise class, the nurse is promoting their physical health and well-being.

The rate of asthma in the school-age population is 25:1000. This means that out of every 1000 children attending school, 25 of them have asthma.

The correct answer is motor vehicles. This is because motor vehicle accidents are one of the leading causes of injury and death among individuals between the ages of 15 and 24. This age group tends to have less driving experience and may engage in risky behaviors such as speeding or distracted driving, increasing their likelihood of being involved in a motor vehicle accident. Additionally, this age group may also be more likely to engage in activities that involve motor vehicles, such as driving under the influence or street racing, further increasing their risk of injury.

The answer is City B has the more worrisome problem because it has a higher murder rate of 24 per 100,000 population compared to City A's murder rate of 12 per 100,000 population. This indicates that City B has a higher number of murders relative to its population, suggesting a more significant issue with crime and safety compared to City A.

The nursing intervention described in the question is best categorized as primary prevention. Primary prevention aims to prevent the occurrence of a disease or injury by promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles. In this case, the nurse is inviting a dietitian to discuss fun ways to eat vegetables and fruits as snacks, which promotes a healthy diet and lifestyle. By encouraging individuals to incorporate these healthy habits into their daily lives, the nurse is taking proactive steps to prevent the development of diseases or conditions associated with poor nutrition.

Children may choose to smoke due to multiple factors, including media and peer pressure. Media, such as movies that show heroes and heroines smoking, can influence children's perception and behavior. Additionally, peer pressure from friends or classmates who smoke can also play a significant role in a child's decision to smoke. It is important to consider these various factors when understanding why children may choose to smoke.

The nurse needs to know how many people ate at the banquet in order to calculate the rate of illness. Without this information, it is not possible to determine the proportion of people who became ill out of the total number of people who ate at the banquet.

The group of homeless women who were trying to find low-rent apartments would be considered most at risk to have poor health. Homelessness is often associated with limited access to healthcare, inadequate nutrition, exposure to harsh weather conditions, and higher rates of mental health issues. Additionally, the stress and uncertainty of not having a stable place to live can further negatively impact their overall health and well-being. Therefore, this group is more likely to experience poor health outcomes compared to the other groups mentioned.

A rate is a measure that quantifies the occurrence of events in a population. It is calculated by dividing the number of events by the number of individuals at risk of experiencing the event. This measure allows for a standardized comparison of event occurrence among different populations, taking into account the population size. Therefore, the answer "The number of events divided by the number of persons at risk" accurately defines a rate.

The data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) is not absolutely accurate because not all cases of such diseases are managed or reported. This means that some cases may go unreported or be missed, leading to incomplete data. Additionally, there may be instances where computer operators do not accurately enter the data or where physicians do not know or obey the law to report cases to the NNDSS. These factors contribute to the lack of absolute accuracy in the data.

The infant mortality rate is the rate most widely used to compare the health of populations across countries. This rate measures the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. It is considered a key indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population, as it reflects the quality of healthcare, nutrition, and socio-economic conditions. Comparing infant mortality rates allows for a better understanding of disparities in healthcare systems and can help identify areas for improvement in maternal and child health.

The nurse is conducting a correlational study. This type of study aims to determine the relationship between two variables without manipulating or controlling any variables. In this case, the nurse is trying to determine if there is a relationship between eating breakfast before coming to school and the prevalence of obesity in elementary school classes. By asking each student about their breakfast habits and comparing it to the prevalence of obesity, the nurse can determine if there is a correlation between the two variables.

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The correct answer is unintentional injury. This means that the leading cause of death in young U.S. adults aged 25 to 44 is accidents or injuries that occur unintentionally. This could include car accidents, falls, poisoning, or other incidents that result in fatal injuries. It is important to note that this cause of death is preventable and efforts should be made to promote safety and reduce the occurrence of these accidents.

The nurse should choose to focus on single mothers in Two Oaks because the percentage of single mothers in Two Oaks is higher compared to Centerville. In Two Oaks, 50 out of 4000 people are single mothers, which is 1.25% of the population. In Centerville, 150 out of 15000 people are single mothers, which is only 1% of the population. Therefore, it would be more beneficial to offer additional health promotion programming for young mothers in Two Oaks.

The nurse would include the risks of nicotine, genetic factors related to nicotine absorption, and media pressures to smoke in the don't smoke, don't start program. This comprehensive approach addresses the biological, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to smoking behavior and addiction. By understanding the risks of nicotine, the influence of genetic factors, and the impact of media pressures, the program can provide a more holistic understanding of smoking and its prevention.

The focus of the program was on the prepathogenesis stage of disease. This stage refers to the period before the disease develops or manifests in an individual. By targeting children who did not smoke, the program aimed to prevent the initiation of smoking and reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases in the future. This approach emphasizes primary prevention and intervention strategies to address the risk factors associated with the disease before it occurs.

The nurse is performing tuberculosis screening for newly hired employees at the local hospital, which is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat diseases early on to prevent further complications and transmission. In this case, the nurse is screening for tuberculosis to identify any potential cases and provide appropriate treatment to prevent the spread of the disease within the hospital setting. This intervention is not required by law but is necessary to ensure the safety and health of the employees and the community.

The nurse would most likely conduct a cross-sectional study of school-based variables affecting the children to determine the needs of technology-dependent schoolchildren. This type of study would involve collecting data at a specific point in time to examine the relationship between various variables, such as the school environment, resources, and support systems, and how they impact the needs of these children. By analyzing these variables, the nurse can gain insights into the specific needs and challenges faced by technology-dependent schoolchildren and develop appropriate interventions or support strategies.

The nurse would use two randomly chosen groups, teach the program to one group, and then determine differences in knowledge and smoking behaviors between the two groups. This approach allows for a comparison between the group that received the program and the group that did not, in order to assess the program's effectiveness. By randomly assigning the students to the groups, the nurse can ensure that any differences observed between the groups can be attributed to the program rather than other factors. The nurse would then analyze the changes in knowledge and smoking behaviors to determine if the program had any effect.

Death certificates often only provide information on the immediate cause of death, such as a specific disease or condition, rather than the underlying causes that may have contributed to the death. This can limit the accuracy and completeness of data when trying to determine major causes of death in the population.

The U.S. Department of Commerce collects data on the growth in areas of the country. This data helps in understanding the economic development and progress of different regions within the United States. It provides valuable insights into the changing demographics, employment opportunities, and overall prosperity of various areas, which can be used for policy-making, resource allocation, and business planning purposes.

Performing a safety check in the home would be the most important topic for the nurse to include in the health promotion program for parents of school-age children. This is because ensuring a safe environment is crucial for the well-being and development of children. By educating parents about potential hazards in the home and providing guidance on how to address them, the nurse can help prevent accidents and injuries. This topic focuses on the immediate safety of children and is therefore of utmost importance.

The prevalence of alcohol use among students in the nurse's school would be most helpful to the nurse who is creating a campaign to prevent teenagers from using alcohol. This information would allow the nurse to understand the extent of the problem within their own school community and tailor their campaign accordingly. By knowing the prevalence of alcohol use among students, the nurse can identify potential areas of intervention and develop targeted strategies to address the issue effectively.

The correct answer is to screen each elderly person and look for patterns in the findings related to health problems that necessitate attention. This approach would involve assessing the health needs of each individual attending the congregate meal, identifying any common patterns or trends in their health problems, and determining which issues require immediate attention. This method allows for a comprehensive understanding of the health needs of the elderly population and enables the nurse to prioritize interventions accordingly.