Sports Nutrition Quiz

Starch is a plant's storage form of glucose. It is a polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose molecules linked together. Plants produce and store starch in their leaves, stems, and roots as an energy reserve. When the plant needs energy, it can break down the starch molecules into glucose to be used for various metabolic processes. Starch granules are often found in plant cells and serve as a compact and efficient way to store glucose molecules.

Storing glucose in the form of starch granules in seeds makes it insoluble. This is because starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of many glucose molecules bonded together. The structure of starch makes it insoluble in water. Insolubility is beneficial for seeds as it allows them to store glucose for long periods of time without it dissolving or being easily metabolized.

Soluble fiber refers to a type of fiber that dissolves in water and can be easily fermented by bacteria in the gut. This type of fiber is also readily absorbed by the body. It is commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and oats. The fact that soluble fiber dissolves in water and can be fermented and absorbed by the body sets it apart from insoluble fiber, which does not dissolve in water and is less readily fermented by bacteria.

The correct answer is the first option, "Insoluble." This is because insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water, making it less readily fermented by bacteria. It is found in bran, cellulose (corn kernel skin), and celery stalks. Insoluble fiber also retains its structure during digestion.

Glucose is the primary source of energy for the nervous system, including the brain. The brain requires a constant supply of glucose to function properly. Glucose is metabolized in the brain to produce ATP, which is the main energy currency of the cells. Without an adequate supply of glucose, the brain can experience impaired function, leading to symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness. Therefore, it is essential to maintain stable blood glucose levels to support optimal brain function.

The liver is responsible for metabolizing alcohol in the body. It breaks down alcohol into less harmful substances that can be eliminated from the body. No other organ in the body has the ability to dispose of significant amounts of alcohol. Therefore, it is true that only the liver can effectively process and eliminate alcohol from the body.

This statement is true because in order to maintain weight, the amount of energy consumed (energy IN) should be equal to the amount of energy expended (energy OUT). If energy IN is greater than energy OUT, it can lead to weight gain, and if energy IN is less than energy OUT, it can lead to weight loss. Therefore, balancing the energy intake and expenditure is crucial for weight maintenance.

Ketosis is a metabolic state that occurs when there is a high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood. This typically happens when the body is unable to access enough glucose for energy and starts breaking down fat instead. As a result, ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, accumulate in the blood. This can happen during periods of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or in individuals with diabetes. The high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood during ketosis can have various effects on the body and may lead to symptoms such as fruity breath, fatigue, and increased thirst.

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body uses ketones, produced from fat, as a source of energy instead of glucose. In some cases, a slightly ketotic state can help reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures in children. This is because ketones have a stabilizing effect on brain activity. Therefore, it is true that slightly ketotic children may experience fewer epileptic seizures.

BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate. This term refers to the amount of energy expended by an individual at rest in order to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. It is influenced by factors such as age, gender, weight, and muscle mass. Basal Metabolic Rate is an important measure in determining caloric needs and can be used to create personalized diet and exercise plans.

The statement is stating a fact that foods can indeed be ranked on a scale known as the glycemic index. The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly carbohydrates in a food are converted into glucose and raise blood sugar levels. Therefore, the answer is true.

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein deficiency that can cause various symptoms such as hair discoloration, white patches on the skin, growth retardation, a protruding abdomen from fluid accumulation, and loss of appetite. Unlike marasmus, which is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by overall wasting of the body, kwashiorkor specifically results from inadequate protein intake. This can lead to a range of health issues and can be particularly detrimental to the growth and development of children.

Postprandial and Fasting are two types of hypoglycemia. Postprandial hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels that occur after eating a meal, usually within 4 hours. Fasting hypoglycemia, on the other hand, occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal during periods of fasting, such as overnight or during prolonged periods without food. Both conditions can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, hormonal imbalances, or underlying health conditions. It is important to diagnose and manage hypoglycemia to prevent complications and maintain overall health.

Vitamins are essential, noncaloric, organic nutrients that are needed in small amounts in the diet. They play a crucial role in various bodily functions and are required for maintaining good health. Unlike macronutrients such as proteins, vitamins do not provide calories, but they are still necessary for proper functioning of the body.

Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia. Iron is an essential mineral that helps in the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to different parts of the body. When there is a deficiency of iron, the body is unable to produce enough hemoglobin, leading to a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in oxygen supply. This results in anemia, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Therefore, a deficiency in iron causes anemia.

This statement is true because vitamins are essential nutrients that our body needs in small amounts to function properly. Each vitamin has specific functions in the body, and a deficiency in a particular vitamin can lead to specific diseases or health problems. Therefore, if a disease is caused by a deficiency of a specific vitamin, providing the body with an adequate amount of that vitamin can help cure or alleviate the disease.

A deficiency in iodine causes goiter. Goiter is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce hormones that regulate metabolism. When there is a lack of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to compensate for the deficiency. This enlargement leads to the development of goiter. Therefore, a deficiency in iodine is the cause of goiter.

Vitamins play a crucial role in facilitating the digestion, absorption, metabolism, and incorporation of other nutrients into the body's structures. They act as coenzymes, assisting in various enzymatic reactions that are involved in these processes. Without vitamins, the body would struggle to effectively utilize and convert nutrients into energy and building blocks for tissues and organs. Therefore, the statement that the role of vitamins is to enable these processes is true.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble vitamins, meaning they are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues. These vitamins require the presence of dietary fat in order to be properly absorbed by the body. On the other hand, vitamins B and C are water soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.

Vitamins B and C are water-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are those that dissolve in water and are easily excreted from the body. Vitamin B is a group of vitamins that includes B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin). Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is another water-soluble vitamin. These vitamins are not stored in the body, so they need to be consumed regularly through food or supplements.

Chronic diseases are influenced by a combination of genetics, activities, and lifestyle choices. While genetics play a role in determining a person's susceptibility to certain diseases, lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and smoking habits also greatly impact the development of chronic conditions. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors like a sedentary lifestyle or poor nutrition can increase the risk of chronic diseases, while adopting healthy habits can help prevent or manage these conditions. Therefore, it is true that chronic diseases are influenced by genetics, activities, and lifestyle.

An inherited disease refers to a condition that is passed down from parent to child through their genes. This means that the genetic information responsible for the disease is present in the parent's DNA and is then inherited by the child. Unlike acquired diseases, which are usually caused by external factors such as infections or lifestyle choices, inherited diseases are a result of genetic mutations or abnormalities. Therefore, the correct answer is inherited disease.

Vitamin A is essential for gene expression, vision, maintenance of body linings and skin, immune defenses, growth of bones and the body, normal development of cells, and reproduction. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions and is necessary for maintaining overall health and well-being.

The statement suggests that the choice of diet has an impact on long-term health, but this impact is limited by genetic inheritance. This means that while diet can play a significant role in determining health outcomes, it is not the sole factor and is influenced by an individual's genetic makeup. Therefore, the answer "True" implies that diet can influence long-term health, but it is also influenced by genetic factors.

Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenomics, is the study of how our genes interact with the nutrients we consume. By understanding the relationship between our genetic makeup and our diet, researchers believe that they can develop personalized treatments for certain diseases. This field has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by tailoring interventions to an individual's unique genetic profile, leading to more effective and targeted treatments. Therefore, it is expected that nutritional genomics will advance the treatment of certain diseases.

Beta-carotene has the highest activity for vitamin A because it is a precursor to vitamin A. When consumed, beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision, promoting growth and development, and supporting the immune system. Therefore, beta-carotene, being a precursor to vitamin A, has the highest activity in terms of providing the body with vitamin A.

The human body is made up of approximately 60% water. Water is essential for various bodily functions such as regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen, lubricating joints, and removing waste products. It is necessary for the proper functioning of cells, organs, and tissues. Without an adequate amount of water, the body cannot perform its vital functions, leading to dehydration and various health problems.

Protein has 9 amino acids of 20.

Vitamin C and the B vitamins are absorbed easily by the body and can be excreted easily in urine. This means that the body can efficiently take in these vitamins from food or supplements and eliminate any excess through urine. This is important because it helps maintain a balance of these vitamins in the body and prevents them from building up to toxic levels.

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units. It is commonly found in germinating seeds and is produced during the digestion of starch in the body. It is not sucrose or lactose, which are different types of sugars. Therefore, the correct answer is maltose.

The correct answer is "Generally regarded as safe." The GRAS list is a list of substances that are considered safe for consumption by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These substances have been extensively studied and are generally recognized as safe based on a long history of common use in food.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are found in fats and oils of foods. These vitamins are fat-soluble, meaning they dissolve in fat and are stored in the body's fatty tissues. They require bile for absorption, which is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Therefore, when we consume foods containing these vitamins, they are broken down by bile and absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine. These vitamins play important roles in various bodily functions, such as vision (vitamin A), bone health (vitamin D), antioxidant protection (vitamin E), and blood clotting (vitamin K).

Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin C. The symptoms mentioned in the question, such as loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness to touch, bleeding gums, swollen ankles and wrists, anemia, red spots on the skin, weakness, and loose teeth, are all characteristic symptoms of scurvy. This deficiency affects the body's ability to produce collagen, resulting in the breakdown of connective tissues and blood vessels, leading to the various symptoms mentioned. Therefore, scurvy is the correct answer based on the given symptoms.

Water serves as the solvent for chemicals in the body, allowing various substances to dissolve and be transported throughout the body. It also cleanses the tissues and blood by removing waste products and toxins. Additionally, water acts as a shock absorber, providing cushioning and protection to delicate organs such as the eyes, spinal cord, joints, and amniotic sac. Lastly, water helps regulate body temperature by facilitating heat exchange through processes like sweating and evaporation.

This statement is true because in science, a single experiment cannot definitively prove or disprove a hypothesis or theory. Scientific knowledge is built upon multiple experiments and observations that consistently support or contradict a hypothesis. One experiment can provide evidence in support or against a hypothesis, but it is not enough to draw a final conclusion. Replication of experiments by other scientists is necessary to validate the findings and establish a consensus in the scientific community.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because all the options listed (mushrooms, water hemlock, and shellfish/fish poisoning) are examples of foods that can contain natural toxins. Mushrooms can contain toxins that are harmful if ingested, water hemlock is a highly toxic plant that can cause severe poisoning, and shellfish and certain types of fish can accumulate toxins such as saxitoxin or ciguatoxin, which can cause food poisoning if consumed. Therefore, all of these options are correct examples of foods with natural toxins.

Water is the most indispensable nutrient because it is essential for various bodily functions. It helps in maintaining body temperature, lubricating joints, transporting nutrients and waste products, and aiding in digestion. Without water, the body cannot survive for long periods of time. While protein and calcium are also important nutrients, they are not as universally required by the body as water. Protein is needed for growth and repair of tissues, while calcium is crucial for bone health. However, water is necessary for overall survival and optimal functioning of the body.

Water is the correct answer because it plays a vital role in carrying nutrients throughout the body. It helps in the digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients to the cells. Water also helps in maintaining the balance of body fluids, regulating body temperature, and supporting various bodily functions. It is essential for overall health and well-being.

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The correct answer is "foods and beverages" because the question states that the energy in something is the only contributor to the "energy in" side of the equation. Since both food and beverages provide energy, they are the only contributors to the energy in side of the equation.

Carbohydrates are the ideal nutrient to meet the body's energy needs. They are the primary source of fuel for the body, providing energy for physical activity, brain function, and other metabolic processes. Carbs are broken down into glucose, which is then used by cells to produce ATP, the body's main energy currency. They are found in foods such as grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Protein and vitamins are also important for overall health, but they do not provide the same level of energy as carbohydrates.

Alcohol increases urine output because it depresses the brain's production of antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone helps the body reabsorb water and reduce urine production, so when its production is depressed, more urine is produced. This is why consuming alcohol often leads to increased frequency of urination.

Nutrition profoundly affects health both now and in the future. The food choices we make today have a direct impact on our current health, as they provide the necessary nutrients for our body to function properly. Additionally, the quality of our nutrition also plays a crucial role in determining our future health outcomes, as it can influence the development of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Therefore, maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet is essential for promoting overall health and preventing future health complications.

ADEK refers to the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until they are needed by the body. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, which are not stored in large amounts and need to be replenished regularly, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored for longer periods of time. This storage allows the body to have a reserve of these vitamins that can be utilized when dietary intake is insufficient.

Beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, is not efficiently converted to retinol in the body. Therefore, consuming excessive amounts of beta-carotene from food does not lead to vitamin A toxicity. Instead, the excess beta-carotene is stored in the fat under the skin, which can cause a yellowish discoloration but is not harmful. Hence, the statement "this is not harmful" is true.

People with low intakes of beta-carotene have a high incidence of macular degeneration. Beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A, which is essential for maintaining healthy vision. Macular degeneration is a condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, leading to vision loss. Beta-carotene acts as an antioxidant and helps protect the macula from oxidative damage. Therefore, a low intake of beta-carotene can increase the risk of developing macular degeneration.

Adequate intakes of folate during pregnancy can reduce a woman's chances of having a child with a neural tube defect (NTD). Folate is a B vitamin that is essential for the development of the neural tube in a fetus. Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube, which eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord, does not close properly. By ensuring sufficient intake of folate, pregnant women can help prevent these defects and promote the healthy development of their baby's nervous system.

Fats, carbs, and protein are all nutrients that provide energy to the body. Fats are a concentrated source of energy, providing 9 calories per gram. Carbs are the body's primary source of energy, providing 4 calories per gram. Protein can also be used for energy when carbs and fats are not available, providing 4 calories per gram. Therefore, all three of these nutrients contribute to the body's energy needs.

Water is considered a universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve a wide range of substances. This is due to its unique molecular structure, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules. These hydrogen bonds break apart the solute particles and surround them, effectively dissolving them in the water. As a result, water can dissolve many different types of compounds, including salts, sugars, gases, and even some metals. Therefore, the statement that water is practically a universal solvent is true.

Phytochemicals are substances found in plants that are not considered essential nutrients, but offer health benefits. They have been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and may help protect against chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Examples of phytochemicals include carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Therefore, the correct answer is phyto-chemical.

Phyto-chemicals are compounds found in plants that give them their taste, color, and potential health benefits. These chemicals contribute to the flavor of food, add vibrant colors to fruits and vegetables, and have been linked to various health benefits, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease. Therefore, the correct answer is that phyto-chemicals confer taste, color, and possible health benefits.

Heat causes the protein molecules to vibrate and disrupts the weak forces that hold the protein's structure together. This disruption leads to the unfolding or denaturation of the protein, causing it to become firm.

Defect action levels specify the maximum limit of contamination at or above which the FDA will take legal action to remove the product from the market. This means that if the contamination in a food product exceeds the specified limit, the FDA has the authority to take legal action to remove the product from circulation.

The statement suggests that controlling body composition directly is not possible, but rather the behaviors that influence body composition can be controlled. This means that one cannot directly change their body composition, such as the amount of fat or muscle they have, but they can control their behaviors, such as diet and exercise, which can ultimately impact their body composition. Therefore, the given answer "True" is correct.

The statement "Obesity in the U.S. is an escalating epidemic" is true. This is because obesity rates in the U.S. have been steadily increasing over the years, with a significant portion of the population being classified as overweight or obese. This has led to various health issues and increased healthcare costs. Additionally, there is a growing concern about the impact of obesity on individuals' quality of life and overall well-being. Thus, the statement accurately reflects the current situation of obesity in the U.S.

Obesity is considered a chronic disease because it increases the risk of developing various illnesses. When a person is overweight, their body is put under strain, which can lead to conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. These illnesses can have long-term effects on a person's health and well-being. Therefore, the statement that most obese people suffer illnesses and obesity is considered a chronic disease is a valid explanation for the risks associated with being overweight.

Basal metabolism refers to the amount of energy required by the body to carry out basic functions while at rest, such as breathing, circulating blood, and maintaining body temperature. This energy is necessary for the body to simply exist and perform essential physiological processes. Voluntary activities, on the other hand, involve energy expenditure through physical movements and exercise. Therefore, the correct answer is basal metabolism, as it specifically relates to the energy needed to just sit and exist without engaging in any voluntary activities.

Density is the correct answer because it is a method used to measure body composition. Density is calculated by dividing an individual's body weight by their volume. This method is based on the principle that lean tissue is denser than fat tissue. By measuring an individual's density, their body fat percentage can be estimated. Other methods listed, such as underwater weighing and air displacement, are also used to measure body composition but are not the correct answer in this case.

Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. In the context of the given options, conductivity is likely the correct answer because it is related to the measurement of bioelectrical impedance. Bioelectrical impedance is a method used to estimate body composition by measuring the resistance of electrical current as it passes through the body. Conductivity is a key factor in determining the accuracy of this measurement. The other options, such as density, anthropometry, radiographic techniques, and radiocalorology, do not directly relate to the concept of bioelectrical impedance or its measurement.

Women typically have a higher percentage of body fat compared to men. The range of 20-30% body weight as fat is considered normal for women. This range allows for essential fat storage and hormonal regulation. Having too low or too high of a body fat percentage can lead to health issues.

Complex carbohydrates are a type of carbohydrate that consists of long chains of sugar molecules. Starch, fiber, and glycogen are examples of complex carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are made up of multiple sugar units bonded together, which takes longer for the body to break down and digest compared to simple sugars. Starch is commonly found in foods like potatoes, rice, and bread, while fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Glycogen is a form of complex carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscles for energy.

Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis, which is used as a source of energy for growth and development. However, if there is an excess of glucose that is not immediately needed, it is stored in the fruit, vegetable, or seed of the plant. This stored glucose can then be consumed by animals when they eat these plant parts. Therefore, the statement that extra glucose not used in the growing process is stored in the fruit, vegetable, or seed of the plant and is available for animal consumption is true.

Glucose is the correct answer because it is the most common sugar found in nature and is the primary source of energy for living organisms. It is a monosaccharide that is easily metabolized by the body and is commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. Fructose and galactose are also monosaccharides, but they are not as abundant or commonly consumed as glucose. Lactose, on the other hand, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose and is found in milk and dairy products.

The given answer, "Fibers," suggests that the structural form of glucose in plant leaves, stems, and seeds is in the form of fibers. This implies that glucose molecules are arranged in a fibrous structure within these plant parts. This arrangement may provide strength and support to the plant tissues. It is important to note that glucose is typically found in the form of starch in plants, which consists of granules. However, the answer suggests that in the specific context of plant leaves, stems, and seeds, glucose is present in a fibrous form.

Carbohydrates are not "fattening" because they have 4 calories per gram. This means that they provide energy but do not directly contribute to weight gain. Weight gain occurs when there is an excess intake of calories, regardless of the source. However, it is important to note that certain types of carbohydrates, such as refined sugars and processed grains, can be more easily overconsumed and may contribute to weight gain if consumed in excess.

BMR refers to the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, circulating blood, and regulating body temperature while at rest. It represents the energy expenditure required to keep the body functioning properly and is influenced by factors such as age, gender, weight, and muscle mass. This energy is necessary to sustain vital organs and processes, even when a person is not engaging in any physical activity. Therefore, the correct answer is "The minimum amount of energy required to power human body maintenance."

Postprandial refers to the period of time after a meal. Low blood glucose levels after a meal are uncommon and not the typical response. Therefore, the correct answer is "Postprandial."

Deficiencies can occur when people eat diets that are extraordinarily low in fat because fat is necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are essential for various bodily functions such as vision, bone health, immune function, and blood clotting. Without sufficient fat intake, the body may struggle to absorb and utilize these vitamins, leading to deficiencies. Therefore, it is important to have an adequate amount of fat in the diet to ensure proper absorption of these essential vitamins.

Oxidative damage is caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that are formed during cell metabolism. These free radicals can disrupt cellular structures and cause damage. Therefore, the statement that oxidative damage occurs when free radicals disrupt cellular structures is true.

Each gram of fat contains 9 calories. Fat is a concentrated source of energy and provides more than double the calories per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins, which contain 4 calories per gram. Therefore, the correct answer is 9.

Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin C. The symptoms of scurvy are primarily due to the breakdown of collagen, which is a protein that provides structure to the skin, blood vessels, and other connective tissues in the body. Without enough vitamin C, the body is unable to produce collagen properly, leading to symptoms such as bleeding gums, joint pain, and easy bruising. Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies do not directly cause collagen breakdown and are not associated with the symptoms described.

Alcohol contributes 7 calories/gram. This is because alcohol contains a high amount of calories, almost as much as fat. While protein and carbohydrates contribute 4 calories/gram, alcohol provides almost double that amount. This is why consuming alcoholic beverages can lead to weight gain if not consumed in moderation.

Basic foods are the correct answer because they are the foundation of a nutritious diet. Basic foods typically refer to whole, unprocessed foods that are rich in nutrients and essential for maintaining good health. These include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. By focusing on basic foods, individuals can ensure they are getting a balanced intake of vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients necessary for optimal health. Processed foods, organic foods, and unbasic foods do not provide the same level of nutritional value as basic foods.

Calcium is the correct answer because it is involved in all of the mentioned roles. It regulates the transport of ions, helps maintain blood pressure, plays a role in blood clotting, is essential for muscle contraction, allows for secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters, and activates cellular enzymes. Calcium is an important mineral in the body and is necessary for various physiological processes.

Osteoporosis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the loss of bone density, making bones weak and brittle. It occurs when the body's ability to produce new bone is not enough to keep up with the rate at which old bone is broken down. This can happen if a person's calcium savings bank, which refers to the body's calcium reserves, is not sufficient. Lack of sufficient calcium can lead to bone loss and increase the risk of fractures.

Eating a variety of different types of food is important to prevent boredom and ensure that the body receives a wide range of nutrients. By including a variety of foods in our diet, we can ensure that we are getting all the essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that our body needs to function properly. Additionally, eating a variety of foods can also help to prevent dietary deficiencies and promote overall health and well-being.

Cretinism is a condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone during fetal development or early infancy. This hormone is necessary for normal brain development, so without it, mental and physical retardation can occur. Cretinism is considered one of the most common and preventable causes of mental retardation worldwide.

Pica is a condition characterized by a curious appetite for non-food substances. People with pica may have a desire to eat substances such as ice, clay, paste, soil, or other non-nutritious substances. This condition is often associated with nutritional deficiencies or underlying medical conditions.

When a finding has been subjected to repeated rigorous testing and has consistently produced the same results, it gains credibility and is often elevated to the status of a theory. The term "theory" is used in science to describe a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence. Theories are supported by a wide range of observations, experiments, and data, and they can be used to make predictions and guide further research. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that a finding that has stood up to rigorous testing may become a theory.

When new observations and questions are developed, it means that further investigation or research has been conducted. If the hypothesis is not supported by these new observations and questions, it suggests that the initial assumption or prediction made based on the hypothesis is not valid or accurate. This implies that the evidence or data collected does not align with the expected outcome, leading to the rejection or lack of support for the hypothesis.

The correct answer is 1990. The Nutrition Education and Labeling Act of 1990 was a law passed in the United States that required food manufacturers to provide nutritional information on their product labels. This act aimed to provide consumers with more information about the nutritional content of the food they were purchasing, allowing them to make more informed choices about their diet. By requiring food labels to include information such as calories, fat, and sodium content, the act aimed to promote healthier eating habits and improve public health.

The water hemlock is often mistaken as a parsnip, but it is actually the most deadly of all North American plants. This means that it is more lethal than any other plant found in North America. It is important to be able to distinguish between the two plants, as mistaking the water hemlock for a parsnip can have fatal consequences.

Spoilage is defined as the decomposition of foods due to the action of natural enzymes within food, activities of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. This decomposition process leads to the creation of unpleasant odors, tastes, and colors in the food.

Excess fat is stored in the body's adipose tissue when more food is consumed than is needed. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that is specialized in storing energy in the form of fat. This tissue is found throughout the body, including under the skin, around internal organs, and in bone marrow. It serves as a reservoir for energy and helps to insulate and protect organs. Leptin tissue is not a correct term and does not play a role in fat storage.

Campylobacter jejuni is the correct answer for the most common form of bacterial food infection known as "Traveler's Diarrhea". This bacterium is commonly found in contaminated food and water, particularly in undercooked poultry. It causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for a significant number of cases of foodborne illness worldwide, especially in developing countries and in travelers.

The correct answer is lifestyle and metabolism. This is because the "energy out" side refers to the amount of energy expended by an individual, which is influenced by both their lifestyle choices and their metabolism. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity level, exercise, and daily routine can significantly impact the amount of energy burned. Additionally, metabolism, which is the rate at which the body converts food into energy, varies among individuals and can also affect the overall energy expenditure. Therefore, both lifestyle and metabolism play a role in determining the "energy out" side.

Hepatitis A is usually contracted from restaurant workers not washing their hands after using the bathroom. This is because the virus is present in the feces of infected individuals and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Therefore, if restaurant workers do not practice proper hygiene and fail to wash their hands, they can spread the virus to others who consume the contaminated food or water.

Hunger refers to the physical need for food. It is a sensation that occurs when the body requires nourishment to function properly. Hunger is the body's way of signaling that it needs energy and nutrients to sustain itself. It can be felt as a growling or empty sensation in the stomach. Appetite, on the other hand, refers to the psychological desire for food. It is influenced by factors such as taste, smell, and emotional state. While hunger is a biological response, appetite is more subjective and can vary from person to person.

Hunger is the correct answer because it is the sensation or feeling that arises when there is an absence of food in the digestive tract. It is the body's way of signaling that it needs nourishment and prompts individuals to seek out and consume food to satisfy their physiological needs. Hunger is different from appetite, which refers to the desire or preference for certain types of food.

Each gram of alcohol provides 7 calories of energy to the body.

The correct answer is "Third". This implies that a significant proportion of U.S. college students are binge drinkers.

Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that consists of two sugar molecules bonded together. They are commonly referred to as "double sugars" because they contain two sugar units. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar). These double sugars are formed through a process called condensation, where a molecule of water is removed to create the bond between the two sugar molecules. Disaccharides are an important source of energy in our diet and are broken down into their individual sugar units during digestion.

Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach walls, bypassing the need for digestion. Once in the bloodstream, it can easily travel to the brain, resulting in its effects being felt within a minute. This is why alcohol consumption can lead to almost immediate changes in behavior, mood, and coordination.

The sentence states that something needs to be first digested, separated into something else, and then absorbed into the bloodstream. The only options given are monosaccharides and disaccharides. Therefore, the correct order must be disaccharides first, as they need to be digested and separated into monosaccharides before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Seeds contain starch. Starch is a type of carbohydrate that serves as a storage form of energy in plants. It is synthesized in the leaves through the process of photosynthesis and then transported to the seeds, where it is stored to provide nourishment for the developing plant embryo. Starch is composed of glucose molecules and is an important source of energy for both plants and animals. It can be broken down into glucose during germination, providing the necessary fuel for the growing seedling.

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Fibers are able to retain water and protect seeds from drying out due to their absorbent and moisture-retaining properties. The fibrous structure of the material allows it to hold onto water molecules, preventing them from evaporating and keeping the seeds hydrated. This helps to create an optimal environment for seed germination and growth.

Drinking 1 to 2 drinks a day has been found to reduce the risk of death from heart disease in individuals over the age of 60 who are at a higher risk for heart disease. This suggests that moderate alcohol consumption may have a protective effect on the heart health of older individuals with an increased risk of heart disease.

The statement is true because when the body is in a state of low carbohydrate intake, such as during fasting or following a ketogenic diet, it starts breaking down fat stores for energy. This process, called ketogenesis, produces ketones as a byproduct. Ketones can then be used as an alternative fuel source by the brain and other organs, helping to prevent death in situations where glucose (from carbohydrates) is not readily available.

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body produces ketones from fat as a source of energy. This process occurs when the body's carbohydrate intake is low, such as during fasting, prolonged exercise, or a low-carbohydrate diet. While ketosis can be beneficial for weight loss, it can also have negative effects. If the level of ketones in the blood becomes too high, it can disrupt the acid-base balance, leading to symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and confusion. Additionally, prolonged ketosis can cause bone-mineral loss and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate, which is the amount of energy your body needs to perform basic functions while at rest. This includes functions such as breathing, circulating blood, and maintaining body temperature. BMR does not take into account the energy used for physical activity, such as exercise or daily tasks. Therefore, the statement that BMR does not include energy used for activity is true.

A deficiency in Vitamin A causes blindness. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health of the retina, which is responsible for vision. Without enough Vitamin A, the cells in the retina cannot function properly, leading to vision problems and eventually blindness.

Precursors, or provitamins, are compounds that can be converted into active vitamins. This means that they are not active vitamins themselves, but they can be transformed into vitamins by the body. This conversion process usually occurs through various biochemical reactions that take place in the body. Therefore, precursors or provitamins serve as a source from which the body can derive active vitamins.

The statement suggests that the food choices one makes in the present will have an impact on their health and well-being when they reach the age of 80. This implies that a healthy diet can contribute to better overall health and potentially reduce the risk of age-related diseases and conditions. It emphasizes the importance of making conscious and nutritious food choices throughout one's life to maintain optimal health in older age.

Beta carotene is a plant-derived precursor that can be converted into retinol in the body. Retinol is a form of vitamin A that is essential for various biological processes, including vision, immune function, and cell growth. Therefore, beta carotene serves as a source of retinol in the body, allowing it to fulfill its important functions.

Acquired disease refers to a condition that is not present at birth, but is developed later in life due to various factors such as infections, lifestyle behaviors, or diet. Unlike inherited diseases, which are passed down through genes from parents to offspring, acquired diseases are influenced by external factors and can be prevented or managed through changes in behavior, medication, or treatment.

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Nutrition is the science that studies how food provides nourishment to the body. It encompasses the understanding of the different nutrients present in food, their functions, and how they are metabolized by the body to support growth, repair, and overall health. Therefore, the correct answer is "The science of how food nourishes the body."

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is the most widespread form of malnutrition in the world today. This condition occurs when there is a lack of both protein and energy (calories) in a person's diet. It can lead to stunted growth, weakened immune system, and other serious health problems. PEM is particularly common in developing countries where access to nutritious food is limited.

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe malnutrition that is characterized by a big abdomen, edema (swelling), and an enlarged liver. These symptoms occur due to a deficiency in protein intake, which leads to fluid imbalances and the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. In contrast, marasmus is another form of malnutrition characterized by severe calorie deficiency, resulting in overall wasting and muscle loss. Therefore, the given symptoms of big abdomen, edema, and enlarged liver are more indicative of kwashiorkor rather than marasmus.

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Daily Values are used on food labels to provide a standardized reference for the nutrient content of foods. These values are based on the dietary recommendations for the general population and are designed to help individuals make informed choices about their food intake. By having one set of values that applies to everyone, it ensures consistency and allows for easy comparison between different food products.

The answer is BMI 18.5 because it falls within the range specified for underweight individuals. BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. A BMI of 18.5 or lower indicates that a person is underweight.

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Waste products, such as bilirubin, are indeed eliminated from the body through the process of secretion into bile and subsequent elimination in feces. This is a natural process that helps to remove waste from the body and maintain overall health. Therefore, the statement is true.

Organic nutrients are those that contain carbon. Carbon is a key element in organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are essential for the functioning and growth of living organisms. Minerals, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are also important for life, but they are not exclusive to organic compounds. Therefore, carbon is the correct answer as it is the defining characteristic of organic nutrients.

Linoleic acid is an essential nutrient for fat. It is an omega-6 fatty acid that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from the diet. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of fats, as well as in maintaining the health of cell membranes. Linoleic acid is also important for proper brain function, skin health, and hormonal balance. Therefore, it is essential for the body to consume linoleic acid in order to maintain overall health and well-being.

Newborns are given a dose of vitamin K at birth. This is because newborns have low levels of vitamin K in their bodies, which is necessary for blood clotting. Giving them a dose of vitamin K helps prevent a rare but serious bleeding disorder called vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D are also important for newborns, but they are not typically given as a dose at birth.

The correct answer is "calorie". A calorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. It is commonly used as a unit of measurement for energy content in food and is also used in the field of nutrition to quantify the energy value of different macronutrients such as fats and carbohydrates.

Carbs and protein have only 4 calories/gram. This is because both carbs and protein are macronutrients that provide energy to the body. Each gram of carbs and protein provides 4 calories of energy when metabolized. This is in contrast to fats, which provide 9 calories/gram. So, when it comes to counting calories, it is important to consider the different macronutrients and their calorie content.

Folate is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis. It is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells in the body. Without an adequate supply of folate, the body may struggle to create new DNA, leading to impaired cell division and growth. Therefore, folate is important for the overall health and functioning of the body, particularly in the process of making new cells.