NHA Phlebotomy Practice Test: Master Your Skills With This Quiz

The tourniquet is not used to make veins blue. It is primarily used to prevent the venous flow of blood, to make veins bulge, and to aid in vein location. Making veins blue is not the purpose of using a tourniquet.

POC testing, or point-of-care testing, is performed at the patient's bed. This means that the testing is done directly where the patient is located, rather than in a separate medical lab. This allows for quicker results and immediate decision-making regarding the patient's care. It is a convenient and efficient way to perform certain diagnostic tests without the need for transportation of samples to a lab.

The test that must be performed on whole blood is CBC (Complete Blood Count). This test provides important information about the different components of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It helps in diagnosing various conditions like anemia, infections, and blood disorders. By analyzing the CBC results, healthcare professionals can assess a person's overall health and identify any abnormalities or potential underlying issues. Therefore, performing a CBC is crucial for a comprehensive evaluation of a person's blood and overall well-being.

Veins are not located deeper than arteries. In fact, veins are generally located closer to the surface of the body compared to arteries. This is because veins are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Veins often appear as blue or greenish in color due to the deoxygenated blood they carry, and they can be seen just beneath the skin in some areas. Arteries, on the other hand, are deeper within the body and are typically not visible from the surface.

Veins have thinner walls than arteries because they are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart at a lower pressure. This lower pressure allows for thinner walls, as they do not need to withstand the same level of force as arteries, which carry blood away from the heart at a higher pressure. Additionally, veins have valves that help prevent the backflow of blood, further contributing to their thinner walls.

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are responsible for protecting the body from infections. They are part of the immune system and are involved in recognizing and destroying pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that can cause diseases. Leukocytes play a crucial role in defending the body against infections and maintaining overall health.

A fistula is a permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein. This connection allows for improved blood flow and is commonly used in dialysis patients to create access for hemodialysis treatments. It is a preferred option because it has a lower risk of infection and lasts longer compared to other methods of vascular access.

A person should sustain from eating for 8-12 hours prior to a fasting blood test. This is to ensure that the food you eat doesn't affect the results of the test, especially for things like glucose and cholesterol levels.  Sources and related content

The recommended depth of a heel puncture on an infant is 2.0mm. This depth allows for an adequate amount of blood to be collected for testing purposes without causing excessive pain or injury to the infant.

The terms "contact," "droplet," and "airborne" refer to different ways in which diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. These are known as modes of transmission. "Contact" refers to direct physical contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids. "Droplet" transmission occurs when respiratory droplets from an infected person are inhaled by others nearby. "Airborne" transmission refers to the spread of infectious particles through the air over longer distances. Therefore, the correct answer is "modes of transmission."

Medical asepsis refers to the practices and procedures used to remove or destroy pathogens outside the body, such as through proper hand hygiene, disinfection of surfaces, and sterilization of equipment. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and maintain a clean and safe healthcare environment. Therefore, the statement "Medical Asepsis is the destruction of pathogens outside the body" is true.

OSHA requires that healthcare professionals receive a vaccine for HBV (Hepatitis B Virus). This is because HBV is highly contagious and can be transmitted through blood and other body fluids. Health care professionals are at a higher risk of exposure to HBV due to their frequent contact with patients and potential exposure to contaminated instruments or equipment. Vaccination helps protect health care professionals from contracting and spreading HBV, reducing the risk of infection and ensuring the safety of both the professionals and their patients.

EDTA is the correct answer because it is commonly used as an additive in pink tubes for blood collection. EDTA, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a chelating agent that binds calcium ions in the blood, preventing it from clotting. This allows for the collection of whole blood or plasma for various laboratory tests, such as complete blood count (CBC) and blood chemistry analysis. EDTA is particularly effective in preserving cell morphology and preventing clot formation, making it suitable for a wide range of tests.

The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body through the aorta. It is the largest and strongest chamber of the heart, and its main function is to ensure that oxygen-rich blood is distributed to all the organs and tissues. Therefore, the statement is true.

The normal lifespan of a red blood cell (RBC) is 120 days. This means that on average, an RBC will circulate in the bloodstream for about 120 days before being removed by the body's immune system. This lifespan is important for maintaining healthy oxygen transport and overall blood function.

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues. This can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, injury, or underlying medical conditions. The excess fluid causes swelling and can be localized or generalized throughout the body. Edema can be a symptom of an underlying health issue, such as heart failure or kidney disease, or it can be a result of trauma or injury. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures to remove the excess fluid.

Postprandial means "after eating". It is a term used to describe the period of time that occurs after a meal. This term is commonly used in medical and scientific contexts to refer to the physiological changes that take place in the body after consuming food.

Blinking eyes is not a common symptom of shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. Common symptoms of shock include clammy skin, weak pulse, and shallow breathing. Blinking eyes, on the other hand, is not typically associated with shock.

Bleach is an effective disinfectant that can be used to kill germs and bacteria on surfaces. It contains chemicals that have antimicrobial properties, making it an ideal choice for disinfection purposes. When mixed with water, bleach creates a solution that can effectively sanitize surfaces and eliminate harmful pathogens.

The tourniquet should be tied approximately 3-4 inches above the site. This is the correct answer because tying the tourniquet too close to the site may not effectively stop the bleeding, while tying it too far above the site may cause unnecessary discomfort or restrict blood flow to the rest of the limb.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that lavender tubes must be 2/3 full in order to ensure accurate results. When collecting blood samples, it is important to fill the tubes to the appropriate level to maintain the correct ratio of blood to anticoagulant or additive. Filling the lavender tubes 2/3 full allows for the proper mixing of the blood with the anticoagulant, preventing clotting and ensuring accurate test results.

Hematuria is another name for blood in the urine. It is a medical condition where red blood cells are present in the urine, causing it to appear pink, red, or brown in color. Hematuria can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hematuria as it can be a sign of a more serious condition such as kidney disease or bladder cancer.

Oxygen-poor blood enters the heart through the right atrium. This is because the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, the blood then flows into the right ventricle and eventually gets pumped to the lungs to receive oxygen. Therefore, the statement is true.

A drug screen test may require a chain of custody because it is often used in legal and employment settings to determine if an individual has used drugs. The chain of custody ensures that the sample collected from the individual is properly handled and documented throughout the testing process to maintain its integrity and prevent tampering. This is important to ensure accurate and reliable results, as well as to protect the rights of the individual being tested.

Blood cultures are collected in a yellow tube. This is because the yellow tube contains a specific type of additive called SPS (Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate), which helps to prevent the clotting of blood. Clotting can interfere with the growth of bacteria in the culture, so it is important to use a tube with the appropriate additive to maintain the integrity of the sample.

A doctor would be interested in the liver if they ordered an ALP, AST, ALT, GTT, and bilirubin test. These tests are commonly used to assess liver function and detect liver diseases or conditions. ALP (alkaline phosphatase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), GTT (glucose tolerance test), and bilirubin levels can provide information about liver enzyme levels, liver inflammation, liver damage, liver function, and the presence of jaundice, which is a symptom of liver dysfunction. Therefore, the liver is the organ of interest in this case.

In laboratory settings, particularly when dealing with blood collection tubes, the instruction to "invert" a tube typically refers to gently turning the tube upside down and back to ensure proper mixing of the sample with any additives in the tube. For most blood collection tubes, it's recommended to invert them 8-10 times to ensure thorough mixing without causing hemolysis.

The OSHA policy stipulates that, as a general practice, recapping needles is deemed inappropriate. Instead, used needles should be directly disposed of in sharps disposal containers without recapping.

The correct order of draw is as follows:

Yellow top (blood culture bottles or tubes with SPS)

Light Blue top (coagulation tubes)

Red top (serum tubes with or without clot activator)

Green top (heparin tubes)

Lavender top (EDTA tubes)

This order is designed to prevent cross-contamination of additives between the tubes, which could potentially interfere with test results.

RBCs, or erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide. They are the most abundant type of blood cell and are characterized by their lack of a nucleus and their red color, which is due to the presence of hemoglobin. Thrombocytes are platelets, not RBCs. Leukocytes are white blood cells, and phagocytes are a type of leukocyte that engulf and destroy foreign particles and bacteria.

When the body has adequate rest and no food for 12 hours, it enters a basal state. In this state, the body's metabolism slows down and energy expenditure decreases. This allows the body to conserve energy and maintain essential bodily functions. The basal state is characterized by a lower metabolic rate and a shift towards using stored energy sources, such as glycogen and fat, to meet the body's energy needs.

If someone is cyanotic, their skin may appear bluish. Cyanosis is a condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and nails. It occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to poor circulation and inadequate oxygenation of tissues. This bluish color is most noticeable in areas where the skin is thin, such as the lips and fingertips. It is a sign of a serious underlying medical condition and requires immediate medical attention.

When it is stated that serum is depleted of fibrinogen, it means that fibrinogen, a protein responsible for blood clot formation, is absent in the serum. This statement is true because serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after the blood has clotted and fibrinogen has been converted to fibrin. Therefore, in the absence of fibrinogen, the serum is indeed depleted of this protein.

When collecting a blood culture with a butterfly into culture bottles, the aerobic bottle is filled first. This is because aerobic bacteria require oxygen to grow, so by filling the aerobic bottle first, it ensures that the bacteria will have access to oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria, on the other hand, do not require oxygen to grow and can survive in the absence of oxygen. Therefore, the anaerobic bottle is filled after the aerobic bottle to specifically target anaerobic bacteria.

When a butterfly needle is used to collect blood, there is a possibility of air getting trapped in the tubing. This can result in the first tube being underfilled because the air takes up space that would have otherwise been filled with blood. Therefore, it is true that the first tube collected with a butterfly needle may underfill due to air in the line.

The correct order of draw is red, green, lavender. This order is followed in order to prevent cross-contamination of additives between different blood collection tubes. The red tube is used for serum tests, the green tube is used for plasma tests, and the lavender tube is used for whole blood or EDTA tests.

ABGs stands for Arterial Blood Gases, which is a test used to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the acidity (pH) of the blood. This test is commonly used to assess the respiratory system and determine if a person is experiencing any respiratory issues, such as hypoxemia or acidosis. It provides important information about the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs and helps healthcare professionals diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions.

Direct contact transmission refers to the spread of infectious diseases through direct physical contact between individuals. In this case, the correct answer is "skin to skin," which means that the transmission occurs when the skin of one person comes into direct contact with the skin of another person. This can happen through activities such as shaking hands, hugging, or sexual contact.

A group of tests collected as one unit is referred to as a "profile." This term is commonly used in medical and diagnostic settings to describe a collection of tests that are performed together to provide a comprehensive evaluation of a patient's health or condition. The tests included in a profile are typically related to a specific area or system of the body, allowing healthcare professionals to gather important information and make accurate diagnoses.

A 21-gauge multi-sample needle is considered the standard in venipuncture because it effectively balances patient comfort with efficient blood collection, minimizing cell damage and accommodating multiple tubes without excessive pressure, making it suitable for most patients and veins.

Platelets are another name for thrombocytes. Thrombocytes are small, colorless cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They are produced in the bone marrow and help in the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. Platelets are involved in the repair of damaged blood vessels and play a vital role in the body's immune response.

Patient pumping fist should not be done during vein selection. Pumping the fist can cause an increase in potassium levels due to the release of potassium from muscle cells, which can affect blood test results. The other actions—lowering the patient's arm, palpating the antecubital area, and placing a warm towel on the arm—are common techniques to help dilate the veins and make them more prominent for easier access.

The fluid obtained by lumbar puncture is cerebrospinal fluid. Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and protection. It is important in diagnosing and monitoring various neurological conditions.

The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall, composed of endothelial cells and connective tissue. It lines all the internal structures of the heart, including the four chambers (atria and ventricles) and the valves, creating a smooth surface that allows for efficient blood flow and prevents blood clots from forming. The endocardium also plays a role in regulating heart contractions and protecting the heart from infection.

Chux is a type of absorbent pad that is commonly used in healthcare settings to protect and correct a patient's clothing. It is designed to absorb any fluids or spills and prevent them from soiling the patient's clothing or bedding. Chux pads are often used during procedures or examinations to provide a clean and dry surface for the patient. They are also used for incontinence care to protect against leaks and accidents. Overall, Chux pads are an essential tool in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene for patients in healthcare settings.

The tube used for a WBC (White Blood Cell) differential test is typically the lavender tube. The lavender-top tube contains an anticoagulant called EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), which helps preserve the blood sample and prevent it from clotting. This type of tube is commonly used for various blood tests, including complete blood counts (CBCs), which include WBC differentials.

Light blue tubes, utilized in medical testing for coagulation studies, should ideally be completely filled, with a prescribed mixing ratio of 1 part citrate to 9 parts blood, which means it contains 90% blood. This specific ratio is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the collected blood sample. Citrate serves as an anticoagulant, preventing blood from clotting within the tube, which is essential for accurate coagulation test results.

Normal coagulation takes 30-60 minutes in a red topped tube. Coagulation is the process by which blood forms clots to stop bleeding. In a red topped tube, the blood is collected and allowed to clot. The time it takes for the blood to clot can vary depending on various factors such as the individual's health condition and the presence of any clotting disorders. The range of 30-60 minutes is considered normal for coagulation to occur in a red topped tube.

Sputum is collected to diagnose tuberculosis because it is a respiratory disease that primarily affects the lungs. Sputum, which is mucus and other substances that are coughed up from the respiratory tract, can contain the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. By analyzing the sputum, doctors can identify the presence of the bacteria and confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This is an important step in initiating the appropriate treatment for the disease.

Congestive heart failure is a heart disorder that is characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs. This occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, causing blood to back up into the lungs. As a result, fluid leaks from the blood vessels into the air sacs of the lungs, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Aortic stenosis, bacterial endocarditis, and myocardial infarction are all different heart conditions that do not specifically involve fluid buildup in the lungs.

The OGTT test, or Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, is used to diagnose diabetes. It measures how the body metabolizes glucose over a period of time. This test is particularly useful for detecting gestational diabetes in pregnant women and for diagnosing type 2 diabetes in individuals who may have impaired fasting glucose levels. By measuring blood glucose levels before and after consuming a glucose solution, healthcare providers can determine if a person has diabetes or is at risk for developing it.

EDTA, which stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a common chelating agent used in various industries, including healthcare and laboratory settings. It is known for its ability to bind to metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, and form stable complexes. However, EDTA can also interfere with certain laboratory tests, particularly those that rely on metal ions for accurate results. This interference can lead to carry over problems, where EDTA from a previous sample contaminates subsequent samples, affecting the accuracy and reliability of the test results. Therefore, it can be concluded that the most common source of carry over problems is indeed EDTA.

Leaving the tourniquet on too long may cause hemoconcentration. This is because when a tourniquet is applied for an extended period of time, it restricts blood flow to the area beyond the tourniquet. As a result, the blood becomes more concentrated with red blood cells and other components, leading to hemoconcentration. This can have negative effects on the body, such as increased viscosity of the blood and impaired circulation.

Blood cultures are used to diagnose FUO, which stands for Fever of Unknown Origin. This condition refers to a persistent fever that cannot be explained by common causes such as infections or inflammatory diseases. Blood cultures are performed to identify any bacteria or fungi in the bloodstream that may be causing the fever. By isolating and identifying the causative organism, appropriate treatment can be initiated to resolve the fever and underlying infection.

Hemolysis refers to the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin. This can occur due to various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. Hemolysis can result in anemia and other complications, as the body's ability to transport oxygen and remove waste products is compromised.

If an infant is screaming during a CBC test, it can cause stress and agitation, leading to an increase in the white blood cell count (WBC). This is because the body's immune system responds to stress by releasing more white blood cells to combat any potential threats. Therefore, the WBC count may be elevated in this situation.

Capillary puncture reference ranges for glucose are higher compared to other analytes such as calcium, phosphorus, and protein. This means that the normal range for glucose levels in capillary blood is higher than the normal range for these other analytes. This could be due to various factors, such as differences in the way glucose is metabolized and regulated in the body compared to these other analytes.

A urine C & S (culture and sensitivity) test is ordered to detect the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI). This test helps identify any bacteria or other microorganisms that may be causing the infection in the urinary system. By analyzing the urine sample, the test can determine the specific type of bacteria present and also determine the most effective antibiotic treatment. Therefore, the correct answer is the presence of UTI.

Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells (RBCs). Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response in the body. Different blood types have different types of antigens on their RBCs, including A, B, and Rh antigens. These antigens can react with antibodies in the blood, leading to blood type compatibility or incompatibility. Therefore, the presence or absence of antigens on RBCs is crucial in determining an individual's blood type.

The mottled green and gray topped tubes do not contain EDTA. The other options, such as lavender tube tops, pink plastic top tubes with special blood bank patient ID label, and pearl top tubes with thixotropic gel separator, are all commonly used tubes that contain EDTA as an anticoagulant.

When someone is in shock, it is important to keep them warm, not cool. This is because shock can cause a drop in body temperature, so keeping the person warm helps to prevent further complications. Cooling them down could worsen their condition.

Homeostasis refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate body temperature, blood pressure, pH levels, and other vital parameters within a narrow range. This balance is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs. Anabolism and catabolism are metabolic processes involved in building and breaking down molecules, while hemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding. However, only homeostasis accurately describes the body's ability to achieve a steady state.

Capillary puncture blood most closely resembles arterial blood because both types of blood are oxygenated and have similar levels of carbon dioxide. Capillary blood is obtained by pricking the skin and collecting blood from the capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Arterial blood is the oxygen-rich blood that is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body. Both types of blood have similar levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide because the capillaries are responsible for exchanging gases between the arteries and veins.

The pink top EDTA tube can be used to collect blood for a type and crossmatch. EDTA is an anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting, and the pink top tube is specifically designed for collecting blood samples for hematological testing, such as blood typing and crossmatching.

Lymph originates from tissue fluid. This is because lymph is formed when tissue fluid, which is the fluid that surrounds the cells in tissues, enters the lymphatic vessels. These vessels then carry the tissue fluid, now called lymph, throughout the body. Lymph plays an important role in the immune system, transporting immune cells and removing waste products from tissues.

To measure the diurnal variation of cortisol hormone, a timed specimen would be required. This means that the specimen would need to be collected at specific intervals throughout the day to accurately capture the fluctuations of cortisol levels. This is because cortisol levels naturally vary throughout the day, with the highest levels typically occurring in the morning and the lowest levels in the evening. Therefore, a timed specimen would provide the most accurate representation of the diurnal variation of cortisol hormone.

While Good Samaritan laws generally don't extend legal protection to on-duty doctors, instances in hospital settings have occurred where a physician is considered a Good Samaritan and receives the legal safeguards provided by these laws. Many Good Samaritan laws exclude medical professionals or career emergency responders during on-duty actions, some offer protection to these professionals when they engage in volunteer efforts.

Creatinine clearance is a test used to measure how well the kidneys are functioning. It involves collecting a 24-hour urine sample and a blood sample to measure the levels of creatinine, a waste product produced by the muscles. By comparing the levels of creatinine in the urine and blood, the creatinine clearance test can determine how efficiently the kidneys are able to filter waste from the blood. This test is commonly used to assess kidney function and diagnose conditions such as chronic kidney disease.

The midsagittal plane, also known as the median plane, divides the body into equal left and right halves. This plane passes through the midline of the body, specifically through the midline of the skull, sternum, and pelvis. It is an important anatomical reference point and is commonly used in medical imaging and surgical procedures to ensure accurate and symmetrical positioning.

During a bleeding time test, blood should be blotted at 30-second intervals. This interval allows for an accurate assessment of the bleeding time by measuring the time it takes for bleeding to stop. Blotting the blood at regular intervals ensures that the test is consistent and reliable in determining how long it takes for a person's blood to clot.

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall, forming a thin, transparent membrane that covers the heart's surface. It is composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells, along with connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat) that provide cushioning and protection for the heart.

Hematoma is the correct answer because it is the most common complication of phlebotomy. During phlebotomy, a hematoma can occur when blood leaks from the puncture site and collects under the skin, causing a localized swelling and bruising. This can happen if the needle punctures a larger blood vessel or if pressure is not applied to the puncture site after the procedure. Hematomas are usually harmless and resolve on their own, but in some cases, they may require medical intervention.

A phlebotomist would use a royal blue tube to check for trace elements. This type of tube is specifically designed to collect samples for testing trace elements in the blood. It is important to use the correct tube for each type of test to ensure accurate results.

The first link in the chain of infection is the agent. The agent refers to the microorganism or pathogen that causes the infection. It could be a bacteria, virus, or other infectious organism. The agent is responsible for initiating the infection and can be transmitted from one person to another through various modes of transmission.

Tests for coagulation studies are usually collected in a light blue tube. This tube contains sodium citrate, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting by binding calcium. Coagulation studies assess the blood's ability to clot and identify potential bleeding or clotting disorders.

When serum is lipemic, it appears turbid or milky due to the presence of excess lipids or triglycerides. This can occur when a patient is not fasting and has recently consumed a meal high in fat. Lipemia can interfere with laboratory tests and make it difficult to obtain accurate results. Therefore, the presence of lipemic serum is a clue that the patient is not fasting.

The most critical aspect of blood culture collection is skin antisepsis. Ensuring that the skin is thoroughly disinfected before the needle insertion is crucial to prevent contamination of the blood sample. Contaminated samples can lead to false-positive results, which may cause unnecessary treatments or extended hospital stays. Proper skin antisepsis reduces the risk of introducing skin flora into the blood culture, which is vital for the accuracy of the test and the safety of the patient. Other factors like the amount of specimen, specimen handling, and the needle gauge are also important, but the primary concern is minimizing contamination through effective skin preparation.

Ammonia is not a light-sensitive test because it does not require exposure to light for accurate results. Light-sensitive tests, such as bilirubin, beta-carotene, and porphyrins, rely on light absorption or emission to measure the concentration or presence of these substances. However, ammonia testing does not involve light-sensitive reactions and can be performed without the need for light.

Microbiology would analyze the C&S test because C&S stands for culture and sensitivity, which is a test used to identify the presence of bacteria in a sample and determine the most effective antibiotic to treat the infection. Microbiology is the branch of science that focuses on the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, and their effects on health and disease. Therefore, it is the appropriate lab section to analyze the C&S test.

A nosocomial infection refers to an infection that is acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting. In this case, the example of a nosocomial infection is when the catheter site of an ICU patient becomes infected. This means that the patient developed an infection at the site where a catheter was inserted, which is a common occurrence in healthcare settings.

The correct answer is APTT. APTT stands for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, which is a test used to evaluate the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. This pathway is responsible for the formation of a blood clot. APTT measures the time it takes for blood to clot after certain activators are added. It is commonly used to monitor the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy and to diagnose bleeding disorders.

An ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) requires special handling in terms of chilling. This means that the sample needs to be kept at a cold temperature to preserve its integrity and prevent any changes in the blood gas levels. Chilling the ABG sample helps to slow down any metabolic processes that could alter the results. It is important to handle and transport the sample carefully to maintain its accuracy.

Microorganism cultures are collected in yellow tubes. The color of the tube is important because it helps to identify the type of culture or specimen being collected. Different colors are used for different purposes. In this case, yellow tubes are likely used for the collection of specific types of microorganisms or for specific laboratory tests. The color coding system helps to ensure that the correct tests are performed and that the samples are handled appropriately.

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is a test used to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle in a tube over a specific period of time. The lavender tube, also known as the EDTA tube, is commonly used for ESR testing. This tube contains the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which helps to prevent blood clotting and preserve the integrity of the sample for accurate results. Therefore, the lavender tube is the correct choice for ESR testing.

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) is a common blood test that evaluates the three main types of cells in the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Hematology is the branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the study of blood and blood-forming tissues. Therefore, a CBC would be sent to the hematology lab section for analysis and interpretation.

A urinalysis consists of three components: physical, chemical, and microscopic exams. The physical exam involves assessing the color, clarity, and specific gravity of the urine. The chemical exam tests for the presence of substances such as glucose, protein, and blood in the urine. Lastly, the microscopic exam involves examining the urine under a microscope to look for the presence of cells, bacteria, or other abnormal particles.

Crooked or winding veins are also called "tortuous." This term describes veins that have a twisted or curved shape, often due to underlying conditions such as varicose veins or venous insufficiency. The word "tortuous" is commonly used in medical terminology to describe the abnormal appearance of veins.

Pre-analytical errors occur before the actual testing of a specimen begins. Improper time of collection (option A) and wrong order of draw (option B) are both examples of pre-analytical errors as they involve issues with the collection process itself. These errors can lead to inaccurate test results and affect patient care. Option C, faulty technique, would be considered an analytical error as it pertains to errors occurring during the actual analysis or testing of the specimen.

In therapeutic blood monitoring, trough levels are tested 30 minutes before the scheduled dose. This timing allows healthcare professionals to measure the lowest concentration of a drug in a patient's bloodstream just before the next dose is administered. By testing the trough levels before the scheduled dose, healthcare professionals can ensure that the drug is being effectively absorbed and metabolized by the patient's body. This information is crucial for determining the appropriate dosage and frequency of administration for optimal therapeutic effects.

The gray tube would be used to measure lactic acid. The color of the tube is indicative of the type of additive or anticoagulant present in the tube. Different tubes are used for different types of tests, and the gray tube is specifically designed for tests that require measurement of lactic acid levels.

The tube that is sometimes called a "serum separator tube" is the Red/Grey tube. This type of tube typically contains a gel separator that separates the serum (the liquid portion of blood) from the blood cells when the blood sample is centrifuged. This separation allows for easy collection and testing of the serum for various laboratory analyses.

The correct answer is EDTA. According to CLSI guidelines, when using a syringe, the tube filled last should be the one containing EDTA. This is because EDTA is an anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting by binding to calcium ions. By filling the EDTA tube last, it ensures that the blood sample remains free of clotting factors, allowing for accurate testing and analysis.

Creatinine clearance is a test that measures how well the kidneys are functioning by determining the amount of creatinine in a 24-hour urine sample. Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles and filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. By measuring the amount of creatinine in the urine, the test can provide information about the kidneys' ability to filter waste products. Therefore, a 24-hour urine specimen is required for this test to accurately measure the creatinine levels over a specific period of time.

Blood pregnancy tests typically measure the level of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. This test is usually performed in the chemistry section of a laboratory, where various biochemical analyses, including hormone levels, are conducted.

Diastole is the correct answer because it refers to the relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle. During diastole, the heart muscles relax, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. This is the phase when the heart is at rest and preparing for the next contraction. Bradycardia, systole, and infarction are not related to the relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle.

The correct answer is lumen. The lumen refers to the internal space or cavity of a blood vessel. It is the hollow center through which blood flows. The lumen provides the necessary space for blood to circulate within the blood vessel.

The pulmonic valve, a cardiac structure, is strategically located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Its vital role involves regulating blood flow, allowing blood to move from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation while preventing backflow into the heart chambers. This contributes to the heart's efficient pumping function.

Lavender tubes are used for a sickle cell screen. This is because lavender tubes contain the anticoagulant EDTA, which helps preserve the blood sample and prevent clotting. Sickle cell screening involves analyzing the blood for the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, which causes sickle cell disease. The EDTA in the lavender tube helps maintain the integrity of the blood sample for accurate testing.

A tiger top tube (also known as a serum separator tube or SST) should be inverted 8-10 times immediately after drawing blood to ensure proper mixing of the blood with the clot activator. This helps the sample clot appropriately for serum separation during laboratory testing.

Thus, the correct answer is 8-10.

Sodium fluoride is commonly used as a preservative in blood samples to prevent glycolysis, the process by which glucose is broken down. When added to blood samples, sodium fluoride effectively preserves glucose levels for up to 3 days at room temperature. This makes it useful in clinical settings for accurate blood glucose measurements, ensuring that the glucose concentration remains stable and reliable for diagnostic purposes.

CLSI, or the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, is an organization that develops standards for specimen handling and processing. They provide guidelines and recommendations for laboratory professionals to ensure accurate and reliable test results. These standards cover various aspects such as collection, transportation, storage, and processing of specimens. By following CLSI standards, laboratories can maintain quality control and improve patient care by minimizing errors and ensuring consistency in specimen handling procedures.

Cholesterol and Uric Acid are least likely to require special handling because they are stable and can be easily measured in routine laboratory tests. Bilirubin and Folate, Gastrin and Lactic Acid, and Homocystine and Renin may require special handling due to their instability or the need for specific storage conditions to ensure accurate results.

Hemostasis is the process of stopping or preventing bleeding. It involves a series of events that occur to maintain the integrity of blood vessels and prevent excessive blood loss. This can be achieved through vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood clot formation. Therefore, the correct answer, "stoppage of blood," accurately describes the definition of hemostasis.

Blood culture tests cannot be done with a dermal puncture when venipuncture is not possible. Venipuncture is the preferred method for obtaining blood samples for culture tests as it allows for a larger volume of blood to be collected, reducing the risk of contamination and increasing the chances of detecting any potential pathogens present in the bloodstream. Dermal puncture, on the other hand, is typically used for collecting small amounts of blood for other types of tests, such as glucose monitoring.