Nacc PSW Exam Prep: Test Your Knowledge Today

During an exchange of information, a message is sent from a speaker to a receiver. This implies that the speaker is the one initiating the communication by conveying the message, while the receiver is the intended recipient of the message. The other options, such as "from a receiver to a speaker" or "from a speaker to speaker," do not accurately represent the typical flow of communication where one person is speaking and the other is listening. Additionally, the option "without feedback" is not chosen as it does not specify the direction of the message.

Encouraging Mr. Graziano by praising his effort boosts his confidence and motivates him to continue. Rehabilitation often involves small, incremental progress, and recognizing his efforts fosters a positive attitude. Suggesting a new task or making remarks about speed might discourage him. Acknowledging accomplishments, no matter how small, emphasizes progress and promotes self-reliance.

The membership of a healthcare team is determined by the client's needs because the primary goal of any healthcare team is to provide the best possible care and support to the client. The team members are selected based on their expertise and skills that align with the specific needs of the client. This ensures that the client receives appropriate and comprehensive care, tailored to their individual requirements. The client's needs act as the guiding factor in determining the composition of the healthcare team, ensuring that all aspects of their care are addressed effectively.

The abbreviation "STAT" is commonly used in medical settings to indicate that something should be done immediately or urgently. It is derived from the Latin word "statim," meaning "immediately." When healthcare professionals see "STAT," they understand it is a priority action that needs to be performed without delay, which makes it the correct abbreviation for the phrase "at once, immediately."

Starting with laundry reduces clutter and frees up space for other tasks. Dusting comes next to remove particles that could fall onto the floor during cleaning. Mopping is done last to ensure any dust or dirt dislodged during previous tasks is thoroughly cleaned. This sequence ensures efficiency and a cleaner environment.

The outer layer of the skin is called the epidermis. It is the topmost layer of the skin and acts as a protective barrier against external factors such as bacteria, UV radiation, and chemicals. The epidermis is composed of several layers of cells, including keratinocytes which produce a protein called keratin that gives the skin its strength and waterproofing properties. Additionally, the epidermis contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Overall, the epidermis plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and health of the skin.

A holistic approach to health takes into account the whole person, considering not only their physical health but also their mental, emotional, and social well-being. It recognizes that all aspects of a person's life are interconnected and can impact their overall health. This approach aims to address the root causes of health issues rather than just treating the symptoms, and emphasizes the importance of prevention and self-care. By considering the whole person, healthcare professionals can provide more comprehensive and personalized care to promote overall well-being.

Cerebral palsy is often caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain, which can occur during pregnancy, labor, or shortly after birth. This oxygen deprivation can lead to brain damage, particularly affecting the motor control centers of the brain. The condition typically results in physical disabilities such as difficulty with movement and coordination. The other options, such as an extra chromosome or fever, are not common causes of cerebral palsy, though infections during pregnancy can be a contributing factor in some cases.

Glass thermometers are rarely used in healthcare settings because they are fragile and can break easily, posing a risk of injury to patients and healthcare professionals. Additionally, glass thermometers require more time to measure temperature accurately compared to digital or electronic thermometers, which can provide instant readings. Therefore, healthcare settings prefer to use more durable and efficient thermometers such as digital or electronic ones.

The correct answer is to wait half an hour to let the medication take effect. This is because pain medication needs time to start working and provide relief. Performing the procedure immediately after giving the medication may not be effective as the medication may not have had enough time to take effect. Waiting for half an hour allows the medication to be absorbed and begin working, ensuring that the procedure can be performed with the maximum benefit of pain relief.

A foot board is a device that helps to prevent permanent plantar flexion, which is the downward bending of the foot. It provides support and keeps the foot in a neutral position, preventing it from becoming fixed in a downward position. This can be particularly important for individuals who are bedridden or have limited mobility, as it helps to maintain proper alignment and prevent contractures or deformities in the foot and ankle.

A single-tip cane is used on the strong side because it provides support and stability to the weaker side of the body. By using the cane on the strong side, the individual can shift their weight onto the cane, relieving pressure on the weaker side and reducing the risk of falls or injuries. This allows for better balance and mobility while walking.

A person's sex does not influence their reaction to a stressor. Stressors can affect individuals regardless of their gender. Factors such as past experiences with the same stressor, the number of stressors present, and the person's temperament or personality can all play a role in how an individual reacts to stress. However, gender does not have a direct impact on how a person responds to a stressor.

When someone is having a stroke, it is important not to give them anything to eat or drink, as they may have difficulty swallowing and risk choking. Instead, you should position the person on their unaffected side to help with breathing and circulation, loosen tight clothing to ease discomfort, and keep them calm and warm while waiting for emergency medical help.

Keeping the bed in the highest position does not help in preventing falls. In fact, it can increase the risk, particularly for individuals with mobility issues. A lower bed height makes it easier for individuals to get in and out of bed, reducing the risk of falls. It is important to ensure that the bed is positioned safely to avoid any accidents, particularly for those who are at higher risk of falling. Therefore, keeping the bed in the highest position should be avoided.

Bleeding is not typically a sign of infection. Infections often manifest as fever, redness, swelling, pain, or systemic symptoms like fatigue or loss of appetite. These occur as the body’s immune system responds to invading pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. While bleeding may accompany infections in rare cases, it is more commonly associated with trauma, injuries, or specific medical conditions unrelated to infection. Proper assessment of symptoms helps differentiate infections from other health issues, allowing for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Bathing serves various purposes such as increasing circulation, preventing odors, cleansing the skin, and refreshing and relaxing the person. However, promoting drying of the skin is not a purpose of bathing. In fact, bathing can sometimes have the opposite effect and actually moisturize the skin.

An ostomy pouch should be emptied when feces is present, as this maintains hygiene and prevents discomfort or leakage for the client. Unlike scheduled intervals like every 4 to 6 hours or every morning, there is no fixed timeframe for emptying the pouch. It depends on the accumulation of waste in the pouch. Regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that the pouch is emptied when needed, as delaying could lead to skin irritation or other health concerns for the client.

Protein is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in tissue growth and repair. When our body undergoes physical activity or experiences injuries, protein is needed to repair and rebuild damaged tissues. It is also involved in the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, which are important for the proper functioning of our immune system. Therefore, consuming an adequate amount of protein is necessary to support the growth and repair of tissues in our body.

Shira's fear of becoming fat and her extreme thinness, along with her avoidance of food, suggest that she may have anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and restrictive eating habits. Shira's behaviors align with the symptoms commonly associated with anorexia nervosa, making it the most likely explanation for her condition.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is indeed part of the Canadian constitution. It protects Canadians' right to equality before and under the law, as well as their right to freedom of expression. However, the statement that it does not apply at a provincial level is false. The Charter applies to all levels of government in Canada, including provincial and territorial governments. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect.

The use of a fork is not necessarily the best approach for all clients. Some clients may need assistance with eating, and others may prefer or require different types of utensils, such as spoons or their hands. Assessing the client's individual needs and preferences ensures that they receive appropriate assistance during mealtime, which can improve their eating experience.

When arteries lose elasticity and narrow with age, it creates resistance to blood flow, leading to poor circulation. The heart must work harder to pump blood through these narrowed arteries, which can result in various health problems. The reduced circulation impairs oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues and organs, contributing to complications such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and organ dysfunction. Maintaining cardiovascular health is crucial to prevent these aging-related issues.

The presence of staff and sore joints is not a sign of physical abuse. This answer implies that the person may be experiencing discomfort or pain due to factors unrelated to abuse, such as overexertion or a medical condition. Physical abuse typically involves visible injuries like old and new bruises, frequent or untreated injuries, or an unbelievable explanation for injuries. However, staff and sore joints alone do not indicate physical abuse.

Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that often affects breastfeeding women. One of its most common symptoms is pain in the breast, typically in the form of localized soreness, redness, and swelling. The pain is often accompanied by other signs such as fever, chills, and general discomfort. Mastitis can occur when bacteria enter the breast tissue through cracked skin or blocked milk ducts, and it requires prompt medical treatment to prevent complications.

• Placing pillows under infants' heads while they sleep is unsafe. Pillows pose a suffocation hazard as infants may accidentally roll onto their faces, obstructing their airways. Safe sleep practices recommend laying infants on their backs without pillows, soft toys, or loose bedding to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Overheating should also be avoided to ensure a safe sleeping environment. These measures help prevent accidents and provide a safe, comfortable sleep setting for infants.

• Ensuring that the oxygen tubing is free of kinks is essential for maintaining the proper flow of oxygen to the patient. Kinks can obstruct the oxygen supply, leading to inadequate oxygenation. Only trained medical personnel should adjust, start, or decide on oxygen therapy devices. Maintaining a smooth and unobstructed oxygen flow ensures effective therapy and minimizes the risk of complications or reduced oxygen delivery to the patient.

Developmental disabilities can occur before birth, at birth, or during childhood or adolescence. This means that these disabilities can arise at any point before adulthood. It is important to note that not all developmental disabilities occur during adulthood, as the other options suggest. Developmental disabilities can result from various factors such as genetic conditions, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, complications during birth, or environmental factors during childhood or adolescence.

The purpose of restraints is to ensure the safety of the person, not to make staff tasks easier. Restraints include devices or medications that limit movement to prevent harm, such as falls or injury. They are used only when necessary and as a last resort, following proper medical or care guidelines. Misuse of restraints for staff convenience is unethical and violates care standards focused on dignity and safety.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are thick-walled blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body. The walls of arteries are elastic and muscular, allowing them to withstand the high pressure generated by the heart's pumping action. This enables efficient distribution of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs throughout the body.

A digital scale should not read "10" before the client is weighed. The scale should read zero before the client steps on it to get an accurate measurement of their weight. If the scale reads a number other than zero before the client is weighed, it means that there is an error or calibration issue with the scale.

The case manager is responsible for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating a client's needs in a community setting. They also coordinate the services provided by the healthcare team. This role involves collaborating with various healthcare professionals, such as the family physician, occupational therapist, and social worker, to ensure that the client's needs are met effectively. The case manager plays a crucial role in coordinating and managing the overall care and services provided to the client in a community setting.

When heat is applied to a client's body, it is expected that the skin will become warm. Therefore, warm skin does not need to be reported as it is a normal response. However, other signs like shivering, pale skin, or cyanosis are signs of potential complications and should be reported promptly, as they may indicate adverse reactions.

Sodium-restricted diets are typically recommended for conditions that involve fluid retention or increased blood pressure, such as heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease. Diabetes itself does not usually require a sodium-restricted diet, though individuals with diabetes should still maintain balanced nutrition. High sodium intake can contribute to complications in individuals with diabetes, but it is not a primary dietary restriction for managing the disease.

While diabetes requires careful management of blood sugar levels, it does not necessarily require a sodium-restricted diet. Sodium restriction is typically recommended for conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease to manage fluid retention and blood pressure. However, people with diabetes should still maintain a balanced diet, with attention to sodium intake as part of overall health management.

When confronted by an abusive client, it is important not to touch the person. Physical contact can escalate the situation and potentially lead to harm. It is best to maintain a safe distance of about two meters (6 feet) from the person to ensure personal safety. Instead of touching, it is advisable to communicate calmly with the person, trying to de-escalate the situation. If the situation feels dangerous, it is recommended to leave the room or house quickly to protect oneself from any potential harm.

Aspiration is a major complication of nasogastric or nasointestinal tubes. When these tubes are inserted into the nose or intestine for feeding purposes, there is a risk of the contents of the tube entering the airway instead of the stomach or intestines. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia, a serious condition where the lungs become infected due to the presence of foreign material. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully manage and monitor the placement and functioning of nasogastric or nasointestinal tubes to prevent aspiration.

Rehabilitation takes place in a variety of facilities and community settings because different individuals have different needs and preferences when it comes to their recovery process. Some people may require the specialized care and equipment available in hospitals or long-term care facilities, while others may prefer to receive rehabilitation services in their own homes or in community-based settings. By offering rehabilitation services in various locations, individuals can have access to the type of environment that best suits their needs and promotes their overall well-being.

The rising costs of providing technology, drugs, and services have been the most pressing cause of health care reform. This is because these increasing costs have made healthcare unaffordable for many individuals and have put a strain on healthcare systems and providers. As a result, there is a need for reform to address these rising costs and make healthcare more accessible and affordable for all.

Psychoanalysis focuses on exploring unconscious conflicts and hidden emotions that influence behavior. It aims to bring repressed thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind, allowing insight and resolution. This approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, helps individuals uncover the root causes of emotional or psychological difficulties. In contrast, occupational therapy aids in daily activities, behavior therapy modifies specific behaviors, and group therapy provides support through shared experiences.

Bowel training aims to help individuals regain control over bowel movements by establishing a regular elimination schedule. This is particularly beneficial for those with fecal incontinence or irregular bowel patterns. The process often includes scheduled toileting, dietary adjustments, and exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor. While preventing constipation, impaction, and incontinence may be secondary benefits, the primary focus is on creating a predictable and manageable routine. This promotes independence, improves quality of life, and reduces discomfort associated with irregular bowel habits.

Residents in retirement facilities generally include older adults with limited care needs. Retirement facilities are designed to provide housing and support services for older adults who are still relatively independent but may require some assistance with daily activities. These facilities often offer amenities such as meals, housekeeping, transportation, and social activities to enhance the residents' quality of life. The focus is on providing a safe and comfortable environment for older adults who do not require extensive medical or personal care.

It is false to say that a country has only one ethnic group. Many countries are home to diverse ethnic groups, each with its own unique culture, language, and traditions. For example, the United States, India, and Brazil are multi-ethnic nations. Ethnicity refers to shared cultural characteristics, and a nation can have a variety of ethnic communities living within it.

Infancy is generally considered the first year of life. This period is marked by rapid physical, emotional, and cognitive development. Infants experience significant milestones, such as learning to roll over, sit up, and take their first steps. During this year, brain growth and the formation of critical neural connections occur at a fast rate. Providing a safe, nurturing environment is essential during infancy to promote healthy growth and development.

Home management duties primarily involve tasks that maintain a clean and organized living space. Light housekeeping includes activities like dusting, vacuuming, and mopping. These tasks ensure a hygienic and comfortable environment. More intensive tasks, such as organizing a garage or cleaning the attic, typically fall outside the scope of basic home management duties.

Displacement is the defense mechanism being exhibited in this scenario. Displacement occurs when a person redirects their feelings or emotions from their original source onto a less threatening target. In this case, the individual is angry with their co-worker but instead of expressing their anger towards them, they yell at their friend. This allows them to release their anger in a safer way, avoiding potential conflict with their co-worker.

Mrs. Pare's excessive hand washing and fear of catching a disease indicate that she may have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is characterized by recurring obsessions and compulsions that cause distress and interfere with daily life. In this case, Mrs. Pare's obsession is the fear of catching a disease, which leads to the compulsion of washing her hands excessively. This behavior is driven by her need to alleviate anxiety and prevent the perceived threat of disease. Panic disorder, phobic disorder, and anorexia disorder do not align with the symptoms described in the question.

Friction occurs when two surfaces rub against each other, creating resistance. In this scenario, when a client's skin rubs against the sheet, it creates friction. This can lead to irritation, discomfort, and potential skin damage, especially if the rubbing is prolonged. Friction is a common concern in healthcare settings, as it can contribute to skin breakdown, particularly in immobile patients. Shearing, on the other hand, refers to the force that causes the skin and underlying tissues to slide in opposite directions, which can also cause damage.

It is important to ensure Mr. Dunn's safety by taking preventive measures such as turning on door alarms, ensuring he wears an ID bracelet, and helping him with exercise as ordered. However, telling him about safe areas for wandering may not be effective, as his dementia could impair his memory and ability to understand, making it better to provide a safe, supervised environment instead.

• Fixing broken equipment is not a responsibility for untrained individuals and could cause further damage or accidents. Instead, report broken items to qualified maintenance personnel for repair. Using equipment as intended, stopping usage at the first sign of a burning smell, and using three-pronged plugs are proper safety measures. These precautions ensure safe and effective use of equipment, minimizing the risk of accidents or injuries.

Trendelenburg's bed position is a semi-sitting position where the head of the bed is lowered and the foot of the bed is raised. This position is often used in medical settings to improve blood flow to vital organs, especially in cases of shock or low blood pressure. By lowering the head and raising the foot of the bed, gravity helps to increase blood flow back to the heart and improve circulation. This position can also be used during certain surgical procedures or to relieve symptoms of conditions like congestive heart failure.

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to protect healthcare workers and clients from the transmission of infectious diseases. These precautions include hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of sharps. By stating that standard precautions are used for all clients, the answer implies that these measures should be followed regardless of the client's age or specific condition, as they are essential for preventing the spread of infections in any healthcare setting.

Good body alignment means having the head, trunk, arms, and legs align with one another. This refers to the proper positioning and alignment of the body's major parts, ensuring that they are in a balanced and neutral position. When the head, trunk, arms, and legs are aligned, it helps to distribute weight evenly, reduces strain on muscles and joints, and promotes good posture. This alignment also allows for efficient movement and helps to prevent injuries and discomfort.

The radial pulse is usually used to take pulse. The radial artery is located on the wrist, making it easily accessible and convenient for measuring the pulse rate. Health professionals often use this method as it provides a reliable and accurate measurement of the heart rate. Additionally, the radial pulse is less invasive compared to other methods such as the apical or brachial pulse, making it a preferred choice in many healthcare settings.

A gastrostomy tube is a feeding tube inserted directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall. It is used for patients who cannot eat or swallow normally due to various medical conditions. The procedure allows for long-term feeding without the need for oral intake. The stomach is the intended location for the gastrostomy tube, and it provides a more direct and comfortable route for delivering nutrition and medications over an extended period.

The correct answer is pouring the medication for her and administering to her. This is not likely your responsibility because Mrs. Stein is capable of pouring her own medication, and it is not necessary for you to administer it to her. Your responsibilities would include loosening and removing container lids, supporting her hand as she pours her medication, and closing the container for her and putting it away.

The correct answer is "every 15 min" because Mrs. Know has a restrain, which implies that she may be at risk of harm or injury. Checking her and the position of the restrain at regular intervals ensures her safety and prevents any potential accidents or discomfort. Checking her every 15 minutes allows for timely adjustments or interventions if needed, ensuring that she remains secure and comfortable throughout.

Melena refers to the black, tarry stool that occurs due to the presence of digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract. It is usually caused by bleeding in the upper digestive system, such as the stomach or small intestine. The dark color of the stool is a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin in the blood as it passes through the digestive system. Melena is an important symptom that indicates internal bleeding and should be promptly evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Spina bifida is a condition that occurs when the spine does not close properly during fetal development. This can result in various complications, such as paralysis, difficulty walking, and problems with bladder and bowel control. The other options mentioned, such as seizures, abnormalities in the structure of the heart, and changes in the x-chromosomes, are not directly associated with spina bifida. Therefore, the correct answer is "improper closing of the spine."

A high-fiber diet is important for people with diabetes because it helps regulate blood sugar levels. Fiber slows the absorption of glucose, which can prevent sudden spikes in blood sugar. It also aids in digestion and promotes heart health. While fluid intake, fat, protein, and carbohydrate balance are important, a high fiber diet is particularly recommended to manage diabetes effectively. Foods like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits provide beneficial fiber for individuals with diabetes.

With aging, the skin becomes more fragile and dry, and using soap daily can strip the skin of its natural oils, which worsens the dryness. Instead of harsh soaps, gentle cleansers should be used to maintain skin hydration. Applying lotion according to the care plan and providing good skin care help protect the skin's integrity. Keeping the body warm and moisturizing the skin regularly can help maintain skin health and comfort, which is crucial in older adults.

The term "medial" refers to something that is closer to the middle or midline of the body or body part. It is used to describe anatomical structures located towards the center, as opposed to lateral, which refers to structures farther from the midline. Medial is a key directional term used in anatomy to pinpoint locations in relation to the body's central axis.

BRP stands for "Bathroom Privileges," which is a term used in healthcare to indicate that a patient is allowed to use the bathroom when necessary. This is common for patients who are mobile or have been granted certain freedoms in their care plan. The other options do not accurately describe the meaning of BRP in this context.

The correct approach is to allow Mrs. Carrera to maintain as much independence as possible while ensuring her safety. Deciding on your own to keep bedrails up could restrict her movement and independence, which might lead to frustration or a feeling of loss of control. It is more effective to remind her to call for assistance, check on her regularly, and help her to the bathroom at appropriate times, as needed.

Assault refers to the intentional attempt or threat to touch a person's body without their consent. It involves the act of creating fear or apprehension in the victim, even if physical contact does not occur. This can include actions such as raising a fist or brandishing a weapon, which instill a sense of imminent harm. Battery, on the other hand, involves the actual physical contact or harmful touching without consent. Defamation refers to making false statements that harm a person's reputation, while false imprisonment involves unlawfully restraining someone's freedom of movement.

Personal Support Workers (PSWs) should use proper body mechanics and lifting techniques to prevent injury to both themselves and the client. This includes using assistive devices when necessary and seeking help if required. Lifting a client by oneself without assistance can lead to injuries, and asking a client to move independently when they need assistance can be unsafe.

The cerebral cortex is responsible for the highest functions of the brain, such as conscious thought, reasoning, perception, and voluntary movement. It is the outermost layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in information processing, memory, language, and decision-making. The medulla and brain stem are involved in regulating basic bodily functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Spinal nerves transmit sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. However, these functions are not considered as high-level as those performed by the cerebral cortex.

Respite services provide temporary relief to family caregivers by giving them a break from caregiving duties. These services can be offered in various settings such as in-home care, adult day programs, or residential care facilities. The goal is to allow caregivers to recharge, reducing the stress and risk of burnout. It helps ensure that caregivers can continue to provide care without compromising their health or well-being.

Chronic illness is characterized by long-lasting and persistent health conditions. The given answer states that people usually recover from chronic illness, which is not true. Unlike acute illnesses, chronic illnesses generally cannot be cured completely, and individuals often have to manage their symptoms and treatment for an extended period of time. This answer contradicts the nature of chronic illnesses and their long-term impact on individuals' health and well-being.

The person's description of pain spreading from the left side of the chest to the left jaw, shoulder, and arm suggests that the pain is radiating from its source. Radiation pain occurs when pain is felt in an area away from the actual source of the pain. In this case, the pain is likely originating from the chest and radiating to other areas.

Helping Mr. Smith to ambulate (walk) before rest or sleep will not help him to rest or sleep. Ambulating before rest or sleep may actually increase his energy levels and make it more difficult for him to relax and fall asleep. Walking can stimulate the body and mind, making it harder to wind down and enter a restful state. Therefore, this measure would not be beneficial in promoting rest or sleep for Mr. Smith.

Hearing problems often lead to loneliness and social isolation because individuals with hearing difficulties may struggle to engage in conversations, leading to withdrawal from social situations. While symptoms like talking too loudly, asking to repeat things, or answering questions inappropriately are observable, the emotional and social effects of hearing loss are more subtle. These effects can result in feelings of isolation, but they are often less visible to others compared to the physical signs of hearing impairment.

The physiotherapist is the healthcare professional responsible for evaluating and improving a client's strength and balance. They perform assessments to identify weaknesses and mobility challenges, then create tailored rehabilitation plans to help the client regain strength and balance. Physiotherapists use various therapeutic techniques and exercises to address physical impairments, helping clients to recover and function better. The other members of the rehabilitation team play different roles but are not directly responsible for evaluating strength and balance as physiotherapists are.

During the preschool years, children begin to engage in more complex social interactions and start playing with other children. This is when they develop essential social skills like sharing, cooperation, and understanding social roles. Preschool years mark a significant stage in children's social development, as they begin forming friendships, participating in group activities, and learning to interact positively with peers. These experiences are crucial for their emotional, cognitive, and social growth.

The statement "urinary elimination, impaired" is on a care plan. This indicates that it is a nursing diagnosis. Nursing diagnoses are statements that describe a client's actual or potential health problems that nurses can treat independently. They focus on the client's response to a health problem rather than on the medical diagnosis itself. Therefore, "nursing diagnosis" is the correct answer in this case.

When brushing hair that is not matted or tangled, it is recommended to start at the scalp. This is because brushing from the scalp helps distribute the natural oils produced by the scalp throughout the hair, promoting healthy hair growth and preventing dryness. Additionally, starting at the scalp allows for a more thorough and even brushing, ensuring that all sections of the hair are properly cared for.

The small intestine is the correct answer because it is the primary site for food absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It has a large surface area due to the presence of villi and microvilli, which facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The stomach primarily functions in the digestion of food, while the colon and large intestine are mainly involved in the absorption of water and electrolytes.

An adult having a pulse of 120 beats per minute is reported to the supervisor at once because it is considered abnormal. A normal resting heart rate for adults is typically between 60-100 beats per minute. A pulse rate of 120 beats per minute may indicate an underlying medical condition or an elevated heart rate due to physical exertion or stress. It is important to report this to the supervisor to ensure appropriate medical attention or intervention if necessary.

The systolic blood pressure is the point where the first sound is heard. This is because the first sound, known as Korotkoff sound, is produced when the blood starts flowing through the constricted artery as the pressure cuff is slowly released. This sound indicates the highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during a heartbeat, which is the systolic blood pressure.

People with speech and language disorders often face emotional challenges, particularly in social interactions. Difficulty communicating can lead to misunderstandings, frustration, and isolation, making it harder to connect with family and friends. Over time, these challenges can impact relationships and self-esteem, highlighting the importance of communication support and therapy.

It is false that older adults should avoid exercise. In fact, regular exercise is crucial for maintaining muscle strength, flexibility, and bone health. Range of motion exercises can help slow the progression of musculoskeletal changes, improve mobility, and reduce pain from stiff or painful joints. Exercise, when done appropriately, can enhance the overall quality of life for older adults by improving strength, balance, and coordination, and by reducing the risk of falls and fractures.

• Aging leads to a natural reduction in digestive juices, such as stomach acid and enzymes, which are essential for breaking down and processing foods, especially fats. Fried and fatty foods are harder to digest and may cause discomfort or indigestion in older adults due to this decrease. Choosing easily digestible foods helps support their digestive health and prevents gastrointestinal distress.

Fecal impaction occurs when stool hardens and accumulates in the rectum, making it difficult or impossible to pass naturally. It often results from chronic constipation or insufficient fiber and fluid intake. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and a feeling of fullness. Left untreated, fecal impaction can lead to complications such as rectal damage or infection. Treatment usually involves manual removal, enemas, or laxatives. Constipation is a less severe difficulty in bowel movement, while diarrhea and anal incontinence involve the uncontrolled or frequent release of stool rather than retention.

Down syndrome occurs at fertilization when an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, typically due to an error in the formation of the egg or sperm. This results in a fertilized egg with three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the normal two. This genetic abnormality is present from the very beginning of development, and it is not caused by external factors such as trauma or occurring later in pregnancy. Down syndrome is present from conception and continues throughout a person’s life.

An acute illness is characterized by its sudden onset and short duration. Unlike a slow, progressive illness, an acute illness develops rapidly and resolves quickly. It does not result in disability, as people usually recover from it. This answer accurately describes the defining characteristics of an acute illness.

The team approach to healthcare offers opportunities for collaboration among healthcare professionals. Collaboration allows for the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and resources, leading to improved patient outcomes. By working together, healthcare team members can combine their skills and perspectives to develop comprehensive and effective treatment plans. Collaboration also promotes communication and coordination, ensuring that all team members are on the same page and working towards a common goal. This approach fosters a supportive and cohesive healthcare environment, enhancing the quality of care provided to patients.

Flexion involves bending the body part. This means that the joint angle decreases, bringing two body segments closer together. Flexion is a movement that occurs in many joints, such as the elbow, knee, and spine. It allows for a range of motion and is essential for various activities, such as walking, reaching, and sitting.

Kathy's belief that she is a famous actor, despite no evidence to support this, is an example of delusions of grandeur. This type of delusion involves an exaggerated sense of self-importance or power, and is common in conditions like schizophrenia. These delusions can lead to individuals believing they have special abilities, connections, or fame that others do not recognize, which is a hallmark symptom of the disorder.

The statement "people with substance dependence disorder have only themselves to blame" is false. Substance dependence disorder is a complex condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Blaming individuals solely ignores the many contributing factors such as trauma, mental health issues, and societal influences. It is crucial to approach addiction with empathy, offering support for recovery, rather than attributing blame, to help individuals overcome their dependency in a compassionate manner.