Renal And Endocrine Clinmed

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  • 1/22 Questions

    Which of the following ECG changes suggests hypokalemia?

    • Peaked T waves
    • Biphasic QRS-T complexes
    • PR interval prolongation
    • Prominent U waves
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About This Quiz

Explore key concepts in renal and endocrine health with the 'Renal and Endocrine ClinMed' quiz. Assess your understanding of acute renal failure, electrolyte imbalances, and their treatments. Ideal for medical students and professionals keen on sharpening their clinical knowledge.

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  • 2. 

    What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

    • Pseudomonas

    • E.coli

    • Group A strep

    • Drugs

    • Viruses

    Correct Answer
    A. Group A strep
    Explanation
    The most common cause of glomerulonephritis is group A strep. This type of streptococcus bacteria can cause an infection in the throat or skin, which can then spread to the kidneys and lead to inflammation of the glomeruli. This inflammation can impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood, resulting in glomerulonephritis. Other factors such as genetics, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications can also contribute to the development of glomerulonephritis, but group A strep is the most common cause.

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  • 3. 

    What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?

    • Acidosis

    • Infectious diarrhea

    • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

    • Mineralcorticoid deficiency

    • Trauma

    Correct Answer
    A. Infectious diarrhea
    Explanation
    Infectious diarrhea is the most common cause of hypokalemia. Diarrhea can lead to excessive loss of potassium through the stool, resulting in low levels of potassium in the body. This can occur due to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, which can disrupt the normal absorption and transport of electrolytes in the intestines. Hypokalemia can lead to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. Therefore, infectious diarrhea should be considered as a potential cause when evaluating a patient with hypokalemia.

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  • 4. 

    Treating hyperkalemia with intravenous calcium can cause which of the following?

    • Digitalis toxicity

    • Cerebral edema

    • Immediate death

    • Osteitis fibrosa cystica

    Correct Answer
    A. Digitalis toxicity
    Explanation
    Treating hyperkalemia with intravenous calcium can cause digitalis toxicity. Calcium can enhance the effects of digitalis on the heart, leading to an increased risk of toxicity. Digitalis toxicity can manifest as symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias. It is important to monitor patients receiving both intravenous calcium and digitalis closely to prevent this potential complication.

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  • 5. 

    Which is associated with anti-GBM antibodies?

    • IgA nephropathy

    • Goodpasture's syndrome

    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura

    • Minimal change disease

    • Membranous nephropathy

    Correct Answer
    A. Goodpasture's syndrome
    Explanation
    Goodpasture's syndrome is associated with anti-GBM antibodies. This autoimmune disease primarily affects the kidneys and lungs. The antibodies target the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), leading to inflammation and damage to the kidneys. This results in symptoms such as hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), and kidney failure. In addition to renal involvement, Goodpasture's syndrome can also cause pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeding in the lungs). Prompt diagnosis and treatment with immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis are crucial to prevent further damage to the kidneys and lungs.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following is not a finding in acute renal failure?

    • Elevated BUN and creatinine

    • Asterixis

    • Hypokalemia

    • Anion gap metabolic acidosis

    • Clotting disorders

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypokalemia
    Explanation
    Hypokalemia is not a finding in acute renal failure. Acute renal failure is characterized by elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, which indicate impaired kidney function. Asterixis, a tremor of the hand, is also commonly seen in acute renal failure. Anion gap metabolic acidosis, a condition where the body produces excess acid, is another finding in acute renal failure. Additionally, clotting disorders can occur due to the dysfunction of the kidneys. However, hypokalemia, which refers to low levels of potassium in the blood, is not typically associated with acute renal failure.

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  • 7. 

    What is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients?

    • Hyperkalemia

    • Hypocalcemia

    • Hypernatremia

    • Hyponatremia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyponatremia
    Explanation
    Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients. This condition refers to low levels of sodium in the blood. It can be caused by various factors such as excessive fluid intake, certain medications, kidney problems, or hormonal imbalances. Hyponatremia can lead to symptoms like nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Therefore, it is crucial for healthcare providers to monitor and manage sodium levels in hospitalized patients to prevent complications associated with hyponatremia.

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  • 8. 

    Which is a cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis?

    • Spironolactone

    • Licorice

    • Uretero-pelvic shunt

    • Rhabdomyolysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Rhabdomyolysis
    Explanation
    Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by the breakdown of muscle tissue, leading to the release of muscle cell contents into the bloodstream. This can cause an increase in the levels of organic acids in the blood, leading to anion gap metabolic acidosis. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and does not directly cause anion gap metabolic acidosis. Licorice can cause hypertension and hypokalemia but is not a direct cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis. A uretero-pelvic shunt is a surgical procedure used to treat urinary tract obstructions and is not associated with anion gap metabolic acidosis.

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  • 9. 

    Which is a cause of hyperkalemia?

    • Infectious diarrhea

    • Trauma

    • Acidosis

    • Alkaolsis

    • Aldosterone increases

    Correct Answer
    A. Acidosis
    Explanation
    Acidosis is a cause of hyperkalemia because in acidosis, there is an increase in hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood. This leads to a shift of potassium ions (K+) from the intracellular space to the extracellular space, resulting in higher levels of potassium in the blood. This imbalance can disrupt normal electrical activity in the body, leading to various symptoms associated with hyperkalemia.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following is associated with hyperglycemia and mannitol administration?

    • Isotonic hyponatremia

    • Hypertonic hyponatremia

    • Euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

    • Hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

    • Hypovolemic hypertonic hyponatremia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypertonic hyponatremia
  • 11. 

    What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

    • Adrenal hyperplasia

    • Corticosteroid use

    • Adrenal adenoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Adrenal hyperplasia
    Explanation
    Primary hyperaldosteronism refers to a condition where there is excessive production of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal glands. It is most commonly caused by adrenal hyperplasia, which is the abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands. In this condition, the adrenal glands produce an excessive amount of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. This results in high blood pressure and low potassium levels. Adrenal adenoma, a benign tumor of the adrenal gland, can also cause primary hyperaldosteronism, but it is less common than adrenal hyperplasia. Corticosteroid use is not a common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism.

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  • 12. 

    Which electrolyte is usually ignored in the calculation of anion gap?

    • Potassium

    • Chloride

    • Sodium

    • Bicarbonate

    Correct Answer
    A. Potassium
    Explanation
    The correct answer is potassium. The anion gap is a measure of the difference between the measured cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in the blood. It is used to evaluate acid-base disorders. The anion gap is typically calculated using the concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is not included in the calculation because its concentration is usually similar to that of the other cations and does not significantly contribute to the anion gap.

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  • 13. 

    Which is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

    • Prerenal azotemia

    • Acute tubular necrosis

    • Interstitial nephritis

    • Glomerulonephritis

    Correct Answer
    A. Prerenal azotemia
    Explanation
    Prerenal azotemia is the most common cause of acute renal failure. It occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, leading to a reduction in urine output and accumulation of waste products in the blood. This can happen due to conditions such as dehydration, low blood volume, or decreased cardiac output. Acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis are also potential causes of acute renal failure, but they are less common compared to prerenal azotemia.

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  • 14. 

    Which of the following conditions is associated with dense subepithelial deposits or "humps?"

    • Postinfectious glomerulonephritis

    • IgA nephropathy

    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura

    • Goodpasture's syndrome

    • Minimal change disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
    Explanation
    Postinfectious glomerulonephritis is associated with dense subepithelial deposits or "humps" on renal biopsy. This condition occurs following an infection, typically a streptococcal infection, and is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. The immune response to the infection leads to the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane, causing the formation of these humps. This can result in hematuria, proteinuria, and decreased kidney function. IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Goodpasture's syndrome, and minimal change disease are not typically associated with dense subepithelial deposits.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following is associated with foot process effacement on electron microscopy?

    • Goodpasture's syndrome

    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura

    • Minimal change disease

    • Membranous nephropathy

    • IgA nephropathy

    Correct Answer
    A. Minimal change disease
    Explanation
    Minimal change disease is associated with foot process effacement on electron microscopy. Minimal change disease is a type of kidney disease characterized by the loss of the negatively charged particles in the glomerular basement membrane, leading to increased permeability. This results in the effacement or flattening of the foot processes of the podocytes, which can be seen on electron microscopy. Goodpasture's syndrome, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy are not typically associated with foot process effacement.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following is not a cause of euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia?

    • Hyperglycemia

    • Endurance exercise

    • SIADH

    • Use of thiazide diuretics

    • Beer potomania

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperglycemia
    Explanation
    Hyperglycemia is not a cause of euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia. Euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia occurs when there is a dilution of sodium in the body due to excessive water intake or retention. Hyperglycemia, on the other hand, is high blood sugar levels and does not directly cause dilution of sodium.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following is treated with isotonic saline?

    • Isotonic hyponatremia

    • Euvolemic hyponatremia

    • Hypervolemic hyponatremia

    • Hypovolemic hypernatremia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypovolemic hypernatremia
    Explanation
    Hypovolemic hypernatremia is treated with isotonic saline. Hypovolemic hypernatremia occurs when there is a deficit of both water and sodium in the body, leading to an increase in sodium concentration. Isotonic saline, which has the same concentration of sodium as the body, is used to replenish both water and sodium levels and restore fluid balance. This helps to correct the hypernatremia and increase blood volume.

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  • 18. 

    Which electrolyte disturbance manifests with early signs of lethargy, irritability, and weakness and late symptoms of hyperthermia, delirium, seizures and coma?

    • Hypokalemia

    • Hyperkalemia

    • Hypernatremia

    • Hyponatremia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypernatremia
    Explanation
    Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by high levels of sodium in the blood. The early signs of hypernatremia include lethargy, irritability, and weakness. As the condition progresses, symptoms such as hyperthermia (high body temperature), delirium, seizures, and coma may occur. This is because high levels of sodium can disrupt the balance of water in the body, leading to dehydration and neurological symptoms.

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  • 19. 

    What is a cause of secondary central diabetes insipidus?

    • Destruction of vasopressin by a circulating enzyme during pregnancy

    • Defect in the kidney tubules that interferes with water absorption

    • Amyloidosis

    • Pituitary stalk tumor

    • Lithium use

    Correct Answer
    A. Pituitary stalk tumor
    Explanation
    A pituitary stalk tumor can cause secondary central diabetes insipidus. This tumor can disrupt the normal functioning of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for producing and releasing vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). Without sufficient vasopressin, the kidneys are unable to properly reabsorb water, leading to excessive urination and thirst, which are characteristic symptoms of diabetes insipidus.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following is associated with membranous nephropathy?

    • Spike and dome pattern on biopsy

    • Most commonly seen in children

    • Cola-colored urine

    • Peripheral edema

    • Arthralgias

    Correct Answer
    A. Spike and dome pattern on biopsy
    Explanation
    Membranous nephropathy is associated with a spike and dome pattern on biopsy. This pattern is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane, leading to the formation of spikes and domes when viewed under a microscope. This condition is more commonly seen in adults rather than children. Other associated features of membranous nephropathy include cola-colored urine, peripheral edema, and arthralgias.

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  • 21. 

    Which is a cause of increased anion gap acidosis?

    • Hemorrhagic shock

    • Alcoholic ketoacidosis

    • Posthypocapnia

    • Uremia

    • Diabetic ketoacidosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Uremia
    Explanation
    Uremia is a condition characterized by the buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction. This can lead to increased anion gap acidosis, as the kidneys are unable to effectively remove acid from the body. As a result, there is an accumulation of acidic substances in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH and an increase in the anion gap. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath.

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  • 22. 

    Which is false of alkalosis?

    • It is more commonly saline responsive

    • Mild forms are generally well tolerated

    • It may be accompanied by low potassium

    • Symptoms include asterixis and myoclonus

    • It can be treated with NSS and discontinuance of diuretics

    Correct Answer
    A. Symptoms include asterixis and myoclonus
    Explanation
    Alkalosis is a condition characterized by an elevated blood pH level. The given statement that symptoms include asterixis and myoclonus is false. Asterixis and myoclonus are actually associated with acidosis, not alkalosis. Alkalosis can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, hand tremors, and muscle cramps, but not specifically asterixis and myoclonus. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 19, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Mar 19, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Mar 25, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Day4517

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