Mitral Valve Disease Practice Test
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
A mitral valve area of 1.0-1.5cm² is considered to be:
- A.
Severe mitral stenosis
- B.
Mild mitral stenosis
- C.
Moderate mitral stenosis
- D.
Normal
Correct Answer
C. Moderate mitral stenosisExplanation
A mitral valve area of 1.0-1.5cm² is considered to be moderate mitral stenosis. This means that the opening of the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, is narrowed to a moderate degree. This narrowing can impede the flow of blood and lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Severe mitral stenosis would have a smaller valve area, while mild mitral stenosis would have a larger valve area. A valve area within this range is not considered normal, as it indicates some degree of narrowing in the mitral valve.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A mitral valve area of <1.0cm² is considered to be:
- A.
Mild mitral stenosis
- B.
Moderate mitral stenosis
- C.
Severe mitral stenosis
- D.
Normal
Correct Answer
C. Severe mitral stenosisExplanation
A mitral valve area ofRate this question:
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- 3.
A mitral valve area of >1.5cm² is considered to be:
- A.
Mild mitral stenosis
- B.
Moderate mitral stenosis
- C.
Severe mitral stenosis
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Mild mitral stenosisExplanation
A mitral valve area of >1.5cm² is considered to be mild mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis refers to the narrowing of the mitral valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. When the valve area is greater than 1.5cm², it indicates a mild narrowing, meaning that there is some restriction in blood flow but it is not severe. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue, but it is not as significant as moderate or severe mitral stenosis.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which cardiac valve is the 2nd most common to be affected y Rheumatic heart disease?
- A.
Mitral
- B.
Aortic
- C.
Tricuspid
- D.
Pulmonic
Correct Answer
B. AorticExplanation
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition that commonly affects the heart valves. The mitral valve is the most frequently affected valve, while the aortic valve is the second most common. This means that after the mitral valve, the aortic valve is the next most likely to be affected by rheumatic heart disease. The tricuspid and pulmonic valves are less commonly affected by this condition.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Insertion of mitral chordae tendineae into a single papillary muscle is:
- A.
A normal variant
- B.
Physically impossible
- C.
Rheumtic in origin
- D.
Parachute mitral valve
Correct Answer
D. Parachute mitral valveExplanation
A parachute mitral valve is a congenital heart defect where the mitral valve has only one papillary muscle instead of the usual two. This condition is considered a normal variant and is not physically impossible or rheumatic in origin. In a parachute mitral valve, the chordae tendineae are inserted into a single papillary muscle, which is the characteristic feature of this condition.Rate this question:
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- 6.
With A-Fib, mitral stenosis velocity calculations are best performed:
- A.
Averaged over 5-10 beats
- B.
Averaged over 2 beats
- C.
Averaged over 20 beats
- D.
Unable to measure in A-Fib
Correct Answer
A. Averaged over 5-10 beatsExplanation
In atrial fibrillation (A-Fib), the irregular heart rhythm makes it difficult to obtain accurate measurements. Averaging the velocity calculations over a larger number of beats, such as 5-10, helps to minimize the impact of the irregularity and provides a more reliable result. Averaging over a smaller number of beats, like 2, may not provide a representative value due to the variability in the heart rate during A-Fib. Averaging over 20 beats may be excessive and unnecessary. Therefore, averaging over 5-10 beats is the best approach in this scenario.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Given a mitral pressure half time of 400 m/sec, what would the valve area be?
- A.
0.5cm²
- B.
1.0cm²
- C.
1.8cm²
- D.
2.0cm²
Correct Answer
A. 0.5cm²Explanation
Mitral valve area = 220/pressure half timeRate this question:
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- 8.
Given a mitral deceleration time of 400 m/sec, calculate the mitral valve pressure half-time:
- A.
116
- B.
50
- C.
220
- D.
600
Correct Answer
B. 50Explanation
Pressure half-time = Deceleration time x 0.29Rate this question:
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- 9.
A 2-D echo of a 55 year-old woman with an opening mitral snap and a diastolic murmur reveals LA enlargement and thickening and teethering of the MV leaflets. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A.
Mitral Annular Calcification
- B.
Parachute mitral valve
- C.
Mass obstruction
- D.
Rheumatic MS
Correct Answer
D. Rheumatic MSExplanation
Although she has no history of rheumatic fever, she is too young to have degenerative mitral disease. Her 2-D echo also exhibits classic findings that indicate rheumatic MSRate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is NOT a method to calculate MVA?
- A.
Pressure Half-Time
- B.
Continuity Equation
- C.
PISA
- D.
Cardiac Output
Correct Answer
D. Cardiac OutputExplanation
The question asks for a method that is NOT used to calculate MVA (mitral valve area). MVA is typically calculated using methods such as Pressure Half-Time, Continuity Equation, and PISA (proximal isovelocity surface area). However, Cardiac Output is not a method used to calculate MVA. Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and it is not directly related to the calculation of MVA.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A mean gradient of 5mmHg suggests:
- A.
Mild MS
- B.
Moderate MS
- C.
Severe MS
- D.
No MS
Correct Answer
A. Mild MSExplanation
A mean gradient of 5mmHg suggests mild MS because it falls within the range of 3-5mmHg, which is considered mild stenosis. MS stands for mitral stenosis, a condition where the mitral valve in the heart is narrowed, causing obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The severity of MS is determined by the mean gradient across the valve, with higher gradients indicating more severe stenosis. In this case, a mean gradient of 5mmHg indicates mild stenosis.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A mean gradient of >10 mmHg suggests:
- A.
Mild MS
- B.
Moderate MS
- C.
Severe MS
- D.
No MS
Correct Answer
C. Severe MSExplanation
A mean gradient of >10 mmHg suggests severe MS. This means that there is a significant obstruction in the flow of blood through the mitral valve, indicating a severe narrowing of the valve opening. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Severe MS requires prompt medical intervention, such as valve replacement or repair, to improve symptoms and prevent further complications.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A mean gradient of 6-10mmHg suggests:
- A.
Mild MS
- B.
Moderate MS
- C.
Severe MS
- D.
No MS
Correct Answer
B. Moderate MSExplanation
A mean gradient of 6-10mmHg suggests moderate MS. This means that there is a moderate obstruction of blood flow through the mitral valve, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Severe MS would typically have a higher mean gradient, while mild MS would have a lower mean gradient. No MS would indicate that there is no obstruction of blood flow through the mitral valve.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Longstanding MS leads to all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
Congestive Heart Failure
- B.
Pulmonary Hypertension
- C.
LV Dilatation
- D.
LA Dilatation
Correct Answer
C. LV DilatationExplanation
Longstanding MS (mitral stenosis) is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve in the heart. This narrowing impedes the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Over time, this can lead to various complications. Congestive heart failure can occur as a result of the increased pressure in the left atrium and lungs. Pulmonary hypertension is another potential consequence, as the increased pressure in the lungs can cause damage. LA (left atrium) dilatation is a common finding in longstanding MS, as the left atrium enlarges to compensate for the restricted blood flow. However, LV (left ventricle) dilatation is not typically associated with MS.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Patients with MS often develop:
- A.
Heart block
- B.
Aortic stenosis
- C.
Atrial fibrillation
- D.
Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer
C. Atrial fibrillationExplanation
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often develop atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and rapid heartbeats. MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, but it can also have systemic effects on other organs, including the heart. The exact cause of the association between MS and atrial fibrillation is not fully understood, but it is believed that inflammation and autonomic dysfunction may play a role. Additionally, some medications used to treat MS, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of developing atrial fibrillation.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Mitral stenosis has no effect on the aorta.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Mitral stenosis is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. This narrowing restricts blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. However, it does not directly affect the aorta, which is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Therefore, the statement that mitral stenosis has no effect on the aorta is true.Rate this question:
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- 17.
In the presence of severe, long-standing MS that results in pulmonary hypertension, the ____________ may become dilated
- A.
Left ventricle
- B.
Aorta
- C.
Pulmonary artery
- D.
Pulmonary veins
Correct Answer
C. Pulmonary arteryExplanation
In the presence of severe, long-standing MS that results in pulmonary hypertension, the pulmonary artery may become dilated. Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the lungs. This increased pressure can cause the walls of the pulmonary artery to stretch and become dilated. This dilation is a compensatory mechanism that allows for increased blood flow and helps to alleviate the increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Mitral stenosis etiologies
- A.
Rheumatic Heart Disease
- B.
Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)
- C.
Myxomatous Disease
- D.
Marfan's Sydrome
- E.
Mass Obstruction (LA myxoma)
- F.
Endocarditis
- G.
Congential Malformation (parachute mitral valve)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Rheumatic Heart Disease
B. Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC)
E. Mass Obstruction (LA myxoma)
G. Congential Malformation (parachute mitral valve)Explanation
The given etiologies are all potential causes of mitral stenosis. Rheumatic Heart Disease is a common cause, resulting from damage to the mitral valve due to a prior streptococcal infection. Mitral Annular Calcification (MAC) refers to the calcification and stiffening of the mitral valve annulus, which can lead to narrowing of the valve opening. Mass Obstruction, such as a left atrial myxoma, can physically obstruct the flow of blood through the mitral valve. Congenital Malformation, specifically a parachute mitral valve, is a rare condition where the mitral valve has a single papillary muscle instead of the usual two, leading to stenosis.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Diastolic rumble with an opening snap is called a/an:
- A.
Myocardial infarction
- B.
Murmur
- C.
Heart block
- D.
Blood clot
Correct Answer
B. MurmurExplanation
A diastolic rumble with an opening snap is characteristic of a murmur. A murmur is an abnormal sound heard during the cardiac cycle, typically caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves. In this case, the diastolic rumble suggests an abnormal flow of blood during the relaxation phase of the heart, and the opening snap indicates a sudden opening of a valve. This combination of sounds points towards a murmur as the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Obstruction of Mitral orifice causes back up of blood flow, which leads to:
- A.
Increases in regurgitant volume over time
- B.
Progressive LA dilatation
- C.
Increase in LA pressure
- D.
Short onset of significant regurgitation
- E.
LV function preserved
- F.
Transmitted to increased pressures in the pulmonary circuit and then right-sided size and pressures
Correct Answer(s)
B. Progressive LA dilatation
C. Increase in LA pressure
E. LV function preserved
F. Transmitted to increased pressures in the pulmonary circuit and then right-sided size and pressuresExplanation
Obstruction of the Mitral orifice leads to a back up of blood flow, causing an increase in regurgitant volume over time. This leads to progressive LA dilatation and an increase in LA pressure. Despite the obstruction, the left ventricle (LV) function is preserved. The increased pressures in the pulmonary circuit are then transmitted to the right-sided size and pressures, leading to further complications.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Progressive symptoms of mitral stenosis:
- A.
Shortness of breath
- B.
Dyspnea on exertion
- C.
Aortic stenosis
- D.
Syncope
- E.
TIA or stroke
Correct Answer(s)
A. Shortness of breath
B. Dyspnea on exertion
D. Syncope
E. TIA or strokeExplanation
The given answer is a list of progressive symptoms of mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis is a condition where the mitral valve in the heart narrows, causing blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle to be restricted. This leads to symptoms such as shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion, as the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. As the condition worsens, it can lead to syncope (fainting) due to decreased blood flow to the brain, and even TIA or stroke due to blood clots forming in the stagnant blood.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following is NOT an etiology of MS?
- A.
RA myxoma
- B.
Rheumatic fevver
- C.
Parachute MV
- D.
Annular calcification
Correct Answer
A. RA myxomaExplanation
MS, or Mitral Stenosis, is a heart condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve. The etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease. In this case, the correct answer is "RA myxoma" because it is not a known cause of MS. Rheumatic fever, parachute MV (mitral valve), and annular calcification are all recognized etiologies of MS.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Mitral stenosis on an M-mode shows the AML & PML moving together anteriorly rather than opposite from each other in diastole.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
In mitral stenosis, the mitral valve becomes narrowed, causing obstruction to the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. On an M-mode echocardiogram, the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) and posterior mitral leaflet (PML) should normally move in opposite directions during diastole. However, in mitral stenosis, the AML and PML move together anteriorly instead of moving apart. This is due to the restricted opening of the mitral valve. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Mitral Stenosis on an M-Mode shows an increased E-F slope.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
MS shows a DECREASED E-F slope on an M-ModeRate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following has a classic "hockey-stick"appearance with thickening at the MV tips and chordal level?
- A.
Congenital malformation
- B.
Mass obstruction
- C.
Rheumatic MV disease
- D.
MAC
Correct Answer
C. Rheumatic MV diseaseExplanation
Rheumatic MV disease is the correct answer because it is known to cause a classic "hockey-stick" appearance on imaging studies. This refers to thickening at the mitral valve (MV) tips and chordal level, which is characteristic of rheumatic MV disease. Congenital malformation, mass obstruction, and MAC (mitral annular calcification) do not typically present with this specific appearance.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What is the most accurate method of calculating the MVA?
- A.
Using m-mode echo to determine the E-F slope
- B.
Performing 2-D planimetry of the mitral orifice in the short-axis view.
- C.
Determining the Doppler pressure half-time
Correct Answer
B. Performing 2-D planimetry of the mitral orifice in the short-axis view.Explanation
Performing 2-D planimetry of the mitral orifice in the short-axis view is the most accurate method of calculating the MVA. This method involves measuring the area of the mitral valve orifice using 2-dimensional imaging in the short-axis view. By directly measuring the area, it provides a more precise calculation of the mitral valve area compared to other methods such as using m-mode echo to determine the E-F slope or determining the Doppler pressure half-time.Rate this question:
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- 27.
What is the easiest method of calculating the MVA?
- A.
Using M-mode echo to determine the E-F slope
- B.
Performing 2-D planimetry of the mitral orifice in the short-axis view
- C.
Determining the Doppler pressure-half time
Correct Answer
C. Determining the Doppler pressure-half timeExplanation
The easiest method of calculating the MVA is by determining the Doppler pressure-half time. This method involves using Doppler echocardiography to measure the time it takes for the pressure gradient across the mitral valve to decrease by half. This measurement can then be used to calculate the mitral valve area. This method is considered the easiest because it does not require complex measurements or calculations like the other options mentioned.Rate this question:
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- 28.
What is the normal MVA?
- A.
4-6cm²
- B.
2-4cm²
- C.
7-9cm²
- D.
1-2cm²
Correct Answer
A. 4-6cm²Explanation
The normal MVA is typically between 4-6cm².Rate this question:
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- 29.
The Coanda Effect may underestimate jet size.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The Coanda Effect refers to the tendency of a fluid jet to adhere to a nearby surface. In the context of this question, it suggests that when a fluid jet is measured, it may appear smaller than its actual size due to the Coanda Effect causing it to stick to the surface it is flowing along. Therefore, the statement that the Coanda Effect may underestimate jet size is true.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Left Atrial Pressure can be measured from:
- A.
Aortic insufficiency jet
- B.
Tricuspid regurgitation jet
- C.
Pulmonic insufficiency jet
- D.
Mitral regurgitation jet
Correct Answer
D. Mitral regurgitation jetExplanation
Left atrial pressure can be measured from the mitral regurgitation jet because when the mitral valve fails to close properly, blood flows back into the left atrium during systole. This regurgitation jet can be visualized using echocardiography, and the characteristics of the jet can provide information about the pressure in the left atrium. By analyzing the velocity, duration, and other parameters of the mitral regurgitation jet, clinicians can estimate the left atrial pressure, which is an important parameter for assessing cardiac function and diagnosing conditions such as heart failure.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The Left Atrial Pressure (LAP) can be calculated from the MR peak velocity by which formula?
Correct Answer
Systolic BP - MR gradientExplanation
The Left Atrial Pressure (LAP) can be calculated by subtracting the Mitral Regurgitation (MR) gradient from the Systolic Blood Pressure (BP). This formula is used to determine the pressure in the left atrium, which can provide valuable information about cardiac function and potential abnormalities. By subtracting the MR gradient from the systolic BP, the LAP can be estimated, allowing for further assessment and diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions.Rate this question:
- 32.
IF you suspect severe MR, where else should you look?
- A.
Pulmonary vein
- B.
Left ventricle
- C.
Aortic valve
- D.
Left Atrium
Correct Answer
A. Pulmonary veinExplanation
In cases of suspected severe MR (mitral regurgitation), it is important to look for other potential abnormalities. One area to investigate is the pulmonary vein. This is because severe MR can cause a volume overload in the left atrium, leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary veins. Therefore, examining the pulmonary vein can provide valuable information about the severity and potential complications of the MR.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The greatest source of error in measuring PISA is with?
- A.
Length of the regurgitant jet
- B.
Vena contracta measurement
- C.
Radius of the flow convergence
- D.
Peak velocity measurement
Correct Answer
C. Radius of the flow convergenceExplanation
The radius of the flow convergence is the greatest source of error in measuring PISA. This is because accurately measuring the radius of the flow convergence is crucial in determining the flow rate. Any error in measuring the radius will directly affect the accuracy of the calculated flow rate.Rate this question:
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- 34.
A vena contracta may be seen in which type of cardiomyopathy?
- A.
Dilated
- B.
Restrictive
- C.
Infiltrative
- D.
HOCM
Correct Answer
A. DilatedExplanation
A vena contracta is a narrow jet of blood that occurs when blood flows through a narrowed or constricted opening. This phenomenon is commonly seen in dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to poor pumping function. The dilation of the heart chambers causes the valves to become stretched and inefficient, resulting in blood flowing through a narrowed opening and forming a vena contracta. In restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle becomes stiff and rigid, which does not typically result in a vena contracta. Infiltrative cardiomyopathy refers to the infiltration of abnormal substances into the heart muscle, which may or may not cause a vena contracta. HOCM (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle, but it does not typically cause a vena contracta.Rate this question:
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- 35.
A patient comes into the echo lab with acute onset of significant tachypnea, dyspnea and systolic murmur. PISA regurgitant volume indicated 65ml with an EROA of 0.51cm². What is the grade of MR?
- A.
Trivial
- B.
Mild
- C.
Moderate
- D.
Severe
Correct Answer
D. SevereExplanation
Based on the given information, the patient has a significant regurgitant volume of 65ml and an effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) of 0.51cm². These values indicate a large amount of blood is flowing back through the mitral valve during systole, suggesting severe mitral regurgitation (MR).Rate this question:
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- 36.
Mitral regurgiation etiologies
- A.
Myxomatous disease
- B.
Marfan's Syndrome
- C.
Rheumatic heart disease
- D.
Mitral Annular Calcification
- E.
Endocaritis
- F.
Mass obstruction
- G.
Parachute mitral valve
Correct Answer(s)
A. Myxomatous disease
B. Marfan's Syndrome
C. Rheumatic heart disease
E. EndocaritisExplanation
The correct answer includes various etiologies or causes of mitral regurgitation. Myxomatous disease, Marfan's Syndrome, Rheumatic heart disease, and Endocarditis are all known to be associated with mitral regurgitation. Myxomatous disease refers to a condition where the mitral valve becomes floppy and weak, leading to regurgitation. Marfan's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissues, including those in the heart valves. Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of untreated strep throat, which can cause damage to the heart valves. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can also lead to valve damage and regurgitation.Rate this question:
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- 37.
MR Jet Area ratio to LA ara is severe ifthe color jet area is _____ of LA
- A.
<10%
- B.
20-30%
- C.
100%
- D.
>50%
Correct Answer
D. >50%Explanation
The given question states that the MR Jet Area ratio to LA area is severe if the color jet area is greater than 50% of the LA area. This means that if the color jet area covers more than half of the LA area, the MR Jet Area ratio is considered severe.Rate this question:
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- 38.
PISA is based off of __________, which is based off of The Conservation of Mass
- A.
LA size
- B.
Flow Convergence
- C.
Body Surface Area
- D.
MR velocity
Correct Answer
B. Flow ConvergenceExplanation
Flow convergence is the correct answer because PISA (proximal isovelocity surface area) is a method used to measure the flow convergence in the heart. It is based on the principle of conservation of mass, which states that the flow rate of blood entering a region must be equal to the flow rate leaving that region. By measuring the flow convergence, PISA can provide information about the severity of certain heart conditions, such as valvular regurgitation. Therefore, flow convergence is the basis for PISA, which in turn is based on the conservation of mass.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Mitral Valve Prolapse is defined as posterior displacement of the mitral leaflets during diastole
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Mitral Valve Prolapse is defined as posterior displacement of the mitral leaflets during SYSTOLERate this question:
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- 40.
In this condition there is a loss of collagen from the leaflet and an accumulation of glycosaminoglycan.
- A.
Endocarditis
- B.
Myxomatous disease
- C.
Rheumatic disease
- D.
Marfan's Syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Myxomatous diseaseExplanation
Myxomatous disease is the correct answer because it is characterized by a loss of collagen from the leaflet and an accumulation of glycosaminoglycan. This condition affects the connective tissue in the heart valves, leading to valve dysfunction and potentially causing symptoms such as regurgitation or prolapse. Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves, Rheumatic disease is an inflammatory condition that can affect the heart valves, and Marfan's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause abnormalities in the connective tissue, including the heart valves. None of these conditions specifically match the given description.Rate this question:
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- 41.
A genetic disorder that affects connective tissue
- A.
Marfan's Syndrome
- B.
Endocarditis
- C.
Myxomatous disease
- D.
Rheumatic disease
Correct Answer
A. Marfan's SyndromeExplanation
Marfan's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects connective tissue. It is characterized by abnormalities in the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems. People with Marfan's Syndrome often have long limbs, a tall and thin body type, and may experience joint hypermobility. The disorder can also affect the heart valves, leading to conditions such as aortic aneurysms and mitral valve prolapse. Marfan's Syndrome is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene, which encodes for a protein called fibrillin-1 that is essential for the formation of connective tissue.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Causes commissural fusion & chordal fusion and shortening
- A.
MAC
- B.
Endocarditis
- C.
Marfan's Syndrome
- D.
Rheumatic disease
Correct Answer
D. Rheumatic diseaseExplanation
Rheumatic disease can cause commissural fusion and chordal fusion, which refers to the abnormal fusion of the valve leaflets and the tendons that support them. This fusion leads to the shortening of the valve, resulting in a reduction in its ability to open and close properly. This can lead to valve stenosis or regurgitation, causing symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, and heart murmurs.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Causes leaflet destruction, perforation or deformity
- A.
Myxomatous disease
- B.
Endocarditis
- C.
Rheumatic disease
- D.
Marfan's Syndrome
Correct Answer
B. EndocarditisExplanation
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, including the heart valves. It can cause inflammation and damage to the valves, leading to leaflet destruction, perforation, or deformity. This can result in valve dysfunction and potentially serious complications. Myxomatous disease refers to degenerative changes in the heart valves, but it does not typically cause leaflet destruction or perforation. Rheumatic disease can cause valve damage, but it is not specifically associated with leaflet destruction. Marfan's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that can affect connective tissues, including heart valves, but it does not directly cause leaflet destruction either. Therefore, the most likely cause of leaflet destruction, perforation, or deformity is endocarditis.Rate this question:
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- 44.
The regurgitant flow rate is the amount of regurgitant flow per _______ being pushed back into the left atrium
- A.
Minute
- B.
Second
- C.
Beat
- D.
Liter
Correct Answer
B. SecondExplanation
The regurgitant flow rate refers to the amount of regurgitant flow that is being pushed back into the left atrium. It is measured in terms of time, specifically in seconds. This measurement helps determine the severity of regurgitation and assess the efficiency of the heart's function.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Mild regurg EROA (PISA)
- A.
>0.40 cm²
- B.
0.20-0.30cm²
- C.
Correct Answer
C.Explanation
This answer indicates that the effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) in the case of mild regurgitation is 0.40 cm². The range of EROA for mild regurgitation is typically between 0.20-0.30 cm².Rate this question:
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- 46.
Moderate MR EROA
- A.
0.20-0.30cm²
- B.
0.10-0.20cm²
- C.
0.40cm²
- D.
0.05-0.15cm²
Correct Answer
A. 0.20-0.30cm²Explanation
The given options represent different ranges of area measurements. The correct answer is 0.20-0.30cm², which means that the area being referred to falls within this range.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Severe regurg EROA (PISA)
- A.
- B.
- C.
>0.40cm²
- D.
0.20-0.30cm²
Correct Answer
A.Explanation
The given answer suggests that the patient has a severe regurgitant effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) measured by PISA (proximal isovelocity surface area) of 0.40cm². This indicates a significant amount of backflow of blood through the valve during diastole. The normal range for EROA is 0.20-0.30cm², so a measurement of 0.40cm² indicates a more severe regurgitation.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Mild regurg RVol (PISA)
- A.
>60mL
- B.
>0.60mL
- C.
<30mL
- D.
>75mL
Correct Answer
C. <30mLExplanation
The correct answer is "Rate this question:
-
- 49.
Moderate regurg RVol (PISA)
- A.
20-40mL
- B.
10-15mL
- C.
40-69mL
- D.
30-59mL
Correct Answer
D. 30-59mLExplanation
The correct answer is 30-59mL. This range indicates a moderate regurgitant volume (RVol) in the PISA (proximal isovelocity surface area) measurement. PISA is a method used to assess the severity of regurgitation in the heart. The RVol represents the amount of blood that flows backward through a valve during each heartbeat. A moderate RVol suggests a moderate degree of regurgitation, which means there is some backflow of blood but it is not severe.Rate this question:
-
- 50.
Severe regurg RVol (PISA)
- A.
- B.
30-59mL
- C.
>40mL
- D.
>60mL
Correct Answer
A.Explanation
This question is asking about the severity of regurgitant volume (RVol) as measured using the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method. The PISA method is a way to estimate the volume of blood regurgitating through a heart valve. In this case, the options given are 30-59mL, >40mL, and >60mL. The correct answer is likely ">60mL" because a higher regurgitant volume indicates a more severe condition. However, without additional context or information, it is difficult to provide a definitive explanation.Rate this question:
-
Quiz Review Timeline +
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Current Version
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Dec 08, 2018Quiz Created by
Jimschneider1980
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