Blood And Component Donation And Screening/Testing/Storage

FDA licensure is required if a blood center ships blood or components across state lines because the FDA has jurisdiction over the regulation of blood and blood products in the United States. Shipping blood or components across state lines involves interstate commerce, which falls under the purview of the FDA. Licensure ensures that the blood center meets the necessary standards and regulations to ensure the safety and quality of the blood and components being shipped. Therefore, it is true that FDA licensure is required in such cases.

Any changes in the appearance of the unit are considered abnormal, indicating that something is wrong with the unit. Therefore, the unit must be quarantined to prevent any potential issues or malfunctions from affecting other units or systems.

2,3 DPG is necessary to enable hemoglobin to have a normal O2 affinity. 2,3 DPG is a small molecule that binds to hemoglobin and helps regulate its oxygen affinity. It is produced in red blood cells during glycolysis and acts as a negative allosteric regulator of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. By binding to hemoglobin, 2,3 DPG decreases its affinity for oxygen, allowing for efficient unloading of oxygen to tissues. Without 2,3 DPG, hemoglobin would have a higher affinity for oxygen, making it less likely to release oxygen to tissues.

It is important to know some adverse signs of a donor reaction because it allows for early detection and prompt action to prevent any serious complications. By being aware of potential adverse signs such as allergic reactions, dizziness, or difficulty breathing, medical professionals can ensure the safety and well-being of the donor during and after the donation process. This knowledge also helps in providing appropriate care and treatment if any adverse reactions occur. Therefore, the statement "You always need to know some adverse sign of a donor reaction" is true.

The acceptable blood donor temperature is 99.5 degrees F or 37.5 degrees C. This is the correct answer because it falls within the normal range of body temperature for a healthy individual. A temperature of 101.2 degrees F or 39.1 degrees C is considered a fever and would disqualify someone from donating blood. Similarly, a temperature of 84.2 degrees F or 31.1 degrees C is abnormally low and would also disqualify a potential donor. Therefore, the only acceptable temperature for a blood donor is 99.5 degrees F or 37.5 degrees C.

Once a unit of blood has been entered and exposed, the expiration changes to 24 hours. This means that once the blood has been opened and exposed to the environment, it can only be used for a maximum of 24 hours before it becomes unusable. This is because once the blood is exposed, there is a risk of contamination and bacterial growth, which can compromise its safety and effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to use the blood within the specified time frame to ensure patient safety.

The correct answer is 450 mL +/- 45 mL. This means that the amount of whole blood to be collected can range from 405 mL to 495 mL. The range of +/- 45 mL allows for some variability in the collection process while still ensuring that the minimum requirement of 450 mL is met.

Adenine is added to the anticoagulant CPDA-1, which gives it a shelf life of 35 days.

CPD and CP2D have a unit shelf life of 21 days.

CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine) is an anticoagulant solution used for preserving donated blood. It contains additional additives that help to extend the shelf life of the donor units. These additives prevent the breakdown of red blood cells and maintain their viability for a longer period of time. Therefore, the statement that additional additives are added to further extend the shelf life of donor units from CPDA-1 is true.

Apheresis is a method used to collect specific blood components, such as platelets and plasma, from a donor. It involves removing blood from the donor, separating the desired components, and returning the remaining blood components back to the donor. This process allows for the collection of a higher concentration of platelets or plasma compared to traditional blood donation methods. Therefore, apheresis is the correct method used for collecting platelets and plasma components at WTRBC.

Frozen products typically have a longer shelf life compared to platelet products, which need to be stored at room temperature. The given answer of "1 year, 5 days" suggests that frozen products can be stored for up to one year after the date of collection, while platelet products can only be stored for up to five days at room temperature. This shorter shelf life for platelet products is likely due to their higher susceptibility to bacterial contamination and degradation.

Autologous refers to a type of donation where the intended recipient makes a donation for themselves. This means that the individual donates their own body tissues, blood, or organs for their own use in medical procedures or treatments. Autologous donations are commonly used in situations where a person requires a transplant or a transfusion, and their own tissues or blood are used to minimize the risk of rejection or complications.

Platelets are stored at temperatures between 20-24 degrees Celsius because this range provides an optimal environment for their preservation. Additionally, platelets require constant agitation to prevent clumping and ensure an even distribution of nutrients and oxygen. Agitation helps maintain the functionality and viability of platelets during storage. Therefore, the correct answer is 20-24 degrees Celsius with agitation.

In order for the segments to be used for a transfusion, they must remain attached to the unit at all times. This is because the segments contain the necessary components for a transfusion, such as blood cells and plasma. If the segments were detached from the unit, they would not be able to be used for a transfusion as they would not have the necessary components. Therefore, it is true that the segments must remain attached to the unit at all times for a transfusion.

The Western Blot is a confirmatory test used to detect antibodies against specific viruses, such as HIV and HTLV. In this case, the screening tests mentioned (Anti-HIV 1/2 EIA, Anti-HIV 2EIA, and Anti-HTLV I/II) are used to initially screen for the presence of antibodies against HIV and HTLV. If any of these screening tests are positive, the Western Blot is performed to confirm the results. Therefore, the statement that these screening tests have the Western Blot as their confirmatory test is true.

CMV stands for Cytomegalovirus, which is a common virus that can cause severe complications in premature infants. A test for CMV can help detect the virus early on and prevent the infants from developing a life-threatening infection. The other options (ISBT and ABO/Rh) are not relevant to detecting the virus in premature infants.

The minimum blood donor weight is 110 lbs. This means that individuals who weigh less than 110 lbs cannot donate blood.

The primary anticoagulant used is CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose), and from this comes CP2D (citrate phosphate dextrose with adenine). CPD is commonly used to prevent blood clotting during blood transfusions, while CP2D is a modified version of CPD that also includes adenine, which helps to preserve red blood cell viability during storage. Therefore, CPD is the precursor for CP2D.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that if the expiration date is greater than 4 weeks, it is shortened. This means that the expiration date is adjusted to be less than 4 weeks. However, if the expiration date is exactly 4 weeks, it is not shortened and remains the same. Therefore, the statement "If the expiration date is greater than 4 weeks, we shorten it but if it is equal to 4 weeks we keep the date" is true.

Patients in renal failure (dialysis patients) should receive fresh red cells because they often have anemia as a result of their condition. Fresh red cells have higher levels of oxygen-carrying capacity, which can help improve their oxygenation and overall well-being. Additionally, dialysis patients often undergo frequent blood transfusions, and fresh red cells can help minimize the risk of adverse reactions or complications associated with older blood. Therefore, it is essential to provide them with fresh red cells to optimize their treatment and enhance their quality of life.

FFP and Cryo prefer to be thawed at -18 degrees Celsius with constant agitation.

Pre-donation screening refers to the process of evaluating potential donors for any health, travel, medication, or infectious disease risks that could potentially expose the recipient to infections. This screening is crucial to prevent the transmission of diseases through blood transfusions or organ donations. By identifying any potential risks beforehand, healthcare professionals can ensure the safety of the recipients and minimize the chances of infections or complications. Therefore, pre-donation screening plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of the healthcare system and protecting the health of both donors and recipients.

The correct answer is 4, 1-6. This means that the ideal temperature for RBCs (red blood cells) is 4 degrees Celsius, but a range of 1-6 degrees Celsius is also acceptable. This temperature range is important for maintaining the integrity and function of the RBCs, as extreme temperatures can lead to cell damage or death.

When blood units are irradiated, it means they have been exposed to radiation to kill any potential pathogens. This process can affect the shelf life of the blood, as it may cause changes in the blood's properties. Therefore, irradiated units of blood must have a changed expiration date to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the blood product. In this case, the expiration date is changed from 42 days to 28 days, indicating that the statement is true.

ATP is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes. In stored blood, the decrease in ATP levels is associated with the conversion of a normal biconcave disc-shaped red blood cell to a sphere-shaped red blood cell. This change in shape makes the red blood cell more fragile.

It is VERY IMPORTANT to invert bag several times to mix the anticoagulant with the blood

When the collection is complete, the collector must make divisions or separate the collection bag tubing into smaller parts. These smaller parts are referred to as segments or segments. The use of the plural form "segments" suggests that there may be multiple divisions or parts that need to be made. The capitalization of "Segments" and "Segment" indicates that these options are also correct, as they are alternative ways of referring to the same concept.

Standard operating procedures are a set of guidelines and instructions that are established by organizations to ensure consistency and efficiency in their operations. In the context of a blood bank, these procedures would outline the steps and protocols for various processes such as donor screening, blood collection, testing, storage, and distribution. These procedures are typically developed in accordance with regulations and standards set by governing agencies to ensure the safety and quality of blood products. Therefore, standard operating procedures are the most appropriate term to describe the policies and procedures in place in a blood bank.

Potassium is predominantly found inside cells, making it intracellular. Sodium, on the other hand, is mainly found outside of cells, making it extracellular.

Blood Banking has MORE standards and regulations than any of the other laboratory disciplines

If the unbound serum proteins are not washed or inadequately washed, they can neutralize the AHG reagent and lead to false negative reactions. To prevent this, it is necessary to wash with an IAT (Indirect Antiglobulin Test) procedure.

CPDA-1 is an anticoagulant that provides phosphate and adenine. Phosphate is a crucial component in the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule, which is the main source of energy in cells. Adenine is one of the nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA, and it plays a role in ATP synthesis. Therefore, the presence of both phosphate and adenine in CPDA-1 contributes to the ATP pool and allows ATP synthesis. The other options, sodium and potassium, are not directly involved in ATP synthesis or contribute to the ATP pool.

Blood collection facilities and transfusion services are monitored by multiple agencies, including the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the College of American Pathology (CAP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO). These agencies ensure that the facilities adhere to strict guidelines and regulations to maintain the safety and quality of blood products and transfusion services.

The correct answer is "directed" or "Directed". In this context, directed donation refers to a specific type of donation where the collections are assigned or designated for a particular patient or recipient. It is also known as defined or patient-specific donation.

Both the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are primarily involved in donor screening regulations and conduct inspections of hospital blood banks. The AABB sets standards for blood banking and transfusion practices, while the FDA regulates and enforces these standards to ensure the safety and quality of the blood supply. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A & B".

The pH of a unit of blood decreases as hydrogen ions accumulate as the result of conversion of glucose to lactate. This is because the conversion of glucose to lactate produces hydrogen ions, which increases the acidity of the blood. As a result, the pH of the blood decreases.

The acceptable blood donor blood pressure is 180/100. This means that the systolic pressure is 180 mmHg and the diastolic pressure is 100 mmHg. Blood pressure within this range is considered acceptable for blood donation as it falls within the normal range for blood pressure readings.

The autologous donations are labeled with a green tag.

The minimum testing required for a patient to get their own blood back is an ABO/Rh test and a crossmatch. This means that the patient's blood type and Rh factor are determined, and then a crossmatch is performed to ensure compatibility between the patient's blood and the blood that will be transfused back to them. This testing is necessary to prevent any adverse reactions or complications during the transfusion process.

Frozen products are shipped in a cooler with cold packs to maintain a temperature range of 1-10 degree Celsius. This range ensures that the products remain frozen but not extremely cold. Platelets, on the other hand, need to be stored at a slightly higher temperature than frozen products, so they will also be placed in a cooler but not in a cold environment.

The acceptable blood donor pulse is 50-100 bpm. This range indicates a normal resting heart rate, which is important for ensuring that the donor is in good cardiovascular health. A pulse rate below 50 bpm may indicate bradycardia, a condition where the heart beats too slowly, while a pulse rate above 100 bpm may indicate tachycardia, a condition where the heart beats too fast. Both conditions can be concerning for blood donation as they may indicate underlying health issues or physiological stress on the heart. Therefore, a pulse rate between 50-100 bpm is considered acceptable for blood donation.

When a directed unit of blood is donated by a blood relative family member of the intended recipient (e.g., mother, father, child), it undergoes irradiation. This process helps to prevent a condition called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the immune cells in the donated blood attack the recipient's tissues. The irradiated blood unit is labeled with yellow tags and labels to indicate that it has undergone this special treatment.

The correct answer includes the steps of the donor screening process. Medical history obtained in pre-donation is important to assess the donor's eligibility and identify any potential risk factors. Physical examination helps to evaluate the donor's overall health and detect any signs of illness or infection. Serological testing on donor blood is necessary to screen for infectious diseases and ensure the safety of the donated blood. These steps are crucial in identifying suitable donors and preventing the transmission of diseases through blood transfusions.

Blood used for neonatal exchange transfusions should be less than 7 days old to minimize the risk of complications, such as infection or hemolysis. After 7 days, the blood may have degraded and may not provide the necessary oxygen-carrying capacity. Therefore, it is important to use fresh blood for neonatal exchange transfusions to ensure the best possible outcomes for the newborn.

The minimum blood donor age is 17. This means that individuals who are at least 17 years old are eligible to donate blood.

Sodium moves into red cells and potassium moves out. This is because red cells have a higher concentration of potassium inside compared to the surrounding plasma, so potassium diffuses out of the cell. At the same time, sodium moves into the cell in order to maintain the Na-K balance. Therefore, the correct answer is Sodium, Potassium.

The Centers for Biological Evaluation and Research (CBER) is responsible for regulating collection for transfusion and reporting errors, accidents, and adverse effects. This agency falls under the umbrella of the FDA and focuses specifically on the evaluation and research of biological products, including blood and blood products. They ensure that these products are safe, effective, and properly regulated to protect public health.

CAP (College of American Pathologists) and AABB (formerly known as American Association of Blood Banks) are both regulatory bodies that oversee the operations and quality standards of hospital blood banks. They ensure that blood banks follow proper procedures for collecting, testing, and storing blood products. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) also has regulatory authority over blood banks, but it is not mentioned in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is CAP, AABB.

Additives such as adsol, optisol, and nutricel can extend the shelf life to 42 days.