Med-surg Respiratory

Bronchoscopy is the correct answer because it refers to the procedure of passing a bronchoscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera, into the trachea and bronchi. This allows the doctor to visually examine the airways and collect samples for further testing. Bronchoectomy refers to the surgical removal of a bronchus, while bronchography refers to the X-ray examination of the bronchi using a contrast dye. However, neither of these options accurately describes the act of passing a bronchoscope into the trachea and bronchi.

Cyanosis refers to a condition where the skin appears slightly bluish or slate-like in color. This discoloration is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, known as hypoxia. When the oxygen levels in the blood decrease, the skin and mucous membranes can appear bluish due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Therefore, cyanosis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the symptom of a bluish skin color due to hypoxia.

Pneumothorax refers to the condition where there is a collection of air or gas in the pleural space, which leads to the collapse of the lungs. This can occur due to various reasons such as a puncture or rupture in the lung, chest trauma, or certain medical procedures. It can cause symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. Prompt medical intervention is required to treat pneumothorax and reinflate the collapsed lung.

The word "virulent" is commonly used to describe a pathogen or microorganism that is extremely harmful or infectious and capable of causing disease. It implies that the organism has the ability to cause severe illness or death in a host. Therefore, the statement "virulent means capable of producing disease" is correct.

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space is called effusion. Effusion refers to the abnormal buildup of fluid between the layers of the pleura, which is the membrane that surrounds the lungs. This can occur due to various causes such as infection, inflammation, heart failure, or cancer. Effusion can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing. It is important to diagnose and treat effusion promptly to prevent complications and improve the patient's respiratory function.

The correct answer is ADVENTITIOUS. Adventitious sounds refer to abnormal sounds that are superimposed on breath sounds. These sounds include sibilant wheezes and crackles. The term "productive" refers to the ability to produce or create something, and "subjective" refers to personal opinions or feelings. Therefore, neither of these terms accurately describes the abnormal sounds mentioned in the question.

The effectiveness of heparin is measured by monitoring PTT values. PTT stands for Partial Thromboplastin Time, which is a blood test used to monitor the effectiveness of heparin therapy. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that is used to prevent blood clots. By monitoring PTT values, healthcare providers can determine if the dose of heparin is appropriate and if the patient is receiving the desired anticoagulant effect.

Atelectasis refers to the collapse or closure of alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. This condition prevents the proper exchange of air, leading to impaired oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal. Tachypnea, on the other hand, is an increased respiratory rate, while pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse. However, the collapse of alveoli preventing air exchange is specifically described by atelectasis, making it the correct answer.

Surfactant is the correct answer because it is a substance produced by the cells in the alveoli of the lungs. It helps to reduce the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, allowing the alveoli to expand and contract easily during breathing. Without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse and make it difficult for oxygen to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Most PE (Pulmonary Embolism) originates from DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis). DVT is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. If a clot breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lungs, it can cause a blockage in the pulmonary arteries, leading to a PE. PE can be life-threatening as it affects the ability of the lungs to oxygenate the blood. Therefore, DVT is a common cause of PE.

Epistaxis is the medical term used to describe bleeding from the nose. It is a condition that occurs when the blood vessels in the nose rupture, leading to bleeding. Epistaxis can be caused by various factors such as dry air, trauma, high blood pressure, or certain medical conditions. The term "bleeding from the nose" is synonymous with epistaxis, making it the correct answer in this case.

The common cold is caused by a virus. Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of a living organism. They invade the body, attach to host cells, and use the host's cellular machinery to reproduce and spread. In the case of the common cold, several different types of viruses can be responsible, including rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. These viruses are transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected individuals and can cause symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and congestion. Antibiotics, which are effective against bacteria, are not effective in treating viral infections like the common cold.

Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air moves from the alveoli (where it is highly concentrated) into the bloodstream (where it is lower in concentration), while carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled. This movement of gases occurs due to the concentration gradient created between the alveoli and the bloodstream, allowing for the exchange of gases to occur efficiently. Therefore, diffusion is the correct process for air exchange in the lungs.

The correct answer is THORA because the insertion of a needle into the pleural space is known as thoracentesis. Thoracentesis is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lungs and the chest wall, to remove excess fluid or air. It is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as pleural effusion or pneumothorax. The term "thoracentesis" is derived from the combination of "thorax" (referring to the chest) and "centesis" (meaning puncture or aspiration).

Orthopnea is a medical condition in which a patient experiences difficulty breathing while lying down and must sit upright to breathe without pain. This condition is commonly seen in individuals with heart failure or lung diseases, as lying flat increases fluid accumulation in the lungs and makes breathing more challenging. Therefore, orthopnea is the appropriate term to describe the state where a patient must sit upright to breathe without pain.

Cor pulmonale is the correct answer. Cor pulmonale is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement or hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart. This condition is usually caused by underlying lung diseases or disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary hypertension. The increased workload on the right side of the heart leads to the thickening of the right ventricular walls, which can eventually result in heart failure.

Night sweats are a common symptom closely associated with tuberculosis (TB). It is characterized by excessive sweating during sleep, often soaking through clothes and bedding. Night sweats are caused by the body's immune response to the TB bacteria, leading to an increase in body temperature. This symptom is particularly prominent during the night when the body is at rest. Therefore, night sweats are a significant indicator of TB infection and can help in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.

The right lung weighs more when normal because it has three lobes compared to the left lung's two lobes. The additional lobe in the right lung increases its overall size and weight.

The statement suggests that out of all cases of COPD, 90% are directly caused by smoking. This means that the majority of individuals who develop COPD are smokers. However, it also implies that there are other factors contributing to the development of COPD in the remaining 10% of cases.

COPD patients require low oxygen flow because their lungs are damaged and cannot efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Providing high levels of oxygen can actually be harmful as it can suppress their respiratory drive and lead to respiratory failure. Therefore, a low oxygen flow is necessary to maintain a balance and prevent further complications in COPD patients.

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When a person's lung is positioned downwards, it can worsen hypoxia. This is because the lung will be compressed by the weight of the body, reducing its ability to expand and take in oxygen. This can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, exacerbating the symptoms of hypoxia. Therefore, positioning the affected lung downwards can further impair the already compromised oxygenation in the body.

The given answer, 10, represents the percentage of tuberculosis (TB) infections that progress to the active disease state. This means that out of every 100 TB infections, approximately 10 of them will develop into the active form of the disease. It indicates that the majority of TB infections do not progress to the active state, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment to prevent the spread of the disease.

Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released. In emphysema, these air sacs become damaged and lose their elasticity, leading to difficulty in breathing. This condition is often caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke. As a result of the damage to the alveoli, the lungs are unable to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms.

The correct answer is VISCERAL because the visceral pleura is the inner layer of the pleura that covers the surface of the lungs. The visceral pleura is directly attached to the lung tissue and is responsible for protecting and lubricating the lungs during breathing.

Chest drainage serves two purposes: removing blood, air, and fluid from the pleural space, and restoring negative pressure. By removing these substances from the pleural space, chest drainage helps to prevent complications such as pneumothorax or hemothorax. Additionally, restoring negative pressure helps the lungs to expand and function properly. Restoring positive pressure, on the other hand, is not a purpose of chest drainage and would not be beneficial in this context.

The given condition presents with dyspnea (difficulty breathing) accompanied by abrupt, constant, nonradiating pain that worsens on inspiration. These symptoms are indicative of a pulmonary embolism, which occurs when a blood clot blocks one or more arteries in the lungs. Pneumonia, on the other hand, typically presents with symptoms such as cough, fever, and chest pain that worsens with deep breaths. Asthma is characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, but it does not typically cause constant, nonradiating pain. Therefore, the correct answer is pulmonary embolism.

The mediastinum is best described as the region in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and great vessels. It is located between the lungs and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. This area houses vital structures such as the heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, and various lymph nodes. It does not encompass all open space in the thoracic cavity or only the space lateral to the lungs.

pCO2, or partial pressure of carbon dioxide, is a measure of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. It represents the pressure exerted by carbon dioxide molecules in the blood. This measurement is important in assessing the respiratory function and acid-base balance in the body. Saturation refers to the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin, while acidity refers to the pH level of the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is partial pressure.

Penicillin is an antibiotic medication that is effective against bacterial infections, not viral infections. Combo-therapy refers to the use of multiple medications to treat a condition, but it does not specify any specific medication for viral infections. The correct answer is "none" because there is currently no effective anti-bacterial medication to treat a virus.

Crackles are short, discreet interrupted lung sounds that are usually heard on inspiration. These sounds are often described as a popping or crackling noise and are caused by the movement of air through fluid-filled or collapsed airways. Crackles can be indicative of conditions such as pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or pulmonary fibrosis. They are typically heard during a physical examination using a stethoscope and can help healthcare professionals diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illness in animals and humans. In the case of SARS, the specific coronavirus involved is known as SARS-CoV. This virus was identified as the cause of the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003, which resulted in severe respiratory illness and a significant number of deaths. Therefore, the correct answer is coronavirus.

Coryza is a term used to describe the symptoms of the common cold, such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and a runny nose. It is caused by the rhinovirus, which is one of the most common viruses that causes the common cold. Therefore, coryza is a correct answer as it accurately represents the symptoms and cause of the common cold.

The correct answer is QFT-G. QFT-G stands for QuantiFERON-TB Gold, which is a blood test used to detect tuberculosis (TB) infection. Unlike the PPD (purified protein derivative) test, which requires a skin injection and a follow-up reading, the QFT-G test is a simple blood test that measures the release of interferon-gamma in response to TB antigens. This test is more accurate and convenient compared to the PPD test, making it a preferred method for detecting TB infection.