CVS Exam Trivia! Quiz

The correct answer is "Deoxygenated - oxygenated". This is because veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart, except for the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Oxygenated blood is then pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body through arteries. Therefore, the blood transported in veins is deoxygenated, except in the case of pulmonary veins where it is oxygenated.

The correct answer is "All answers are true". This means that all of the given pairs (Muscular arteries - distribution, Capillaries - exchange, Veins - capacitance) are correct and accurately describe the functions of these blood vessels. Muscular arteries are responsible for distributing blood to various parts of the body, capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues, and veins have the ability to stretch and hold a large volume of blood, thus acting as capacitance vessels.

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart rate. It acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart and controls the rate at which the heart contracts. Therefore, the SAN has the highest rate of discharge compared to the other options listed (AVN, Purkinje fibers, None).

Elevation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a specific marker for myocardial damage. In the context of severe chest pain and dyspnea, it strongly suggests acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which is commonly known as a heart attack. AMI occurs when there is a blockage in the blood supply to the heart, leading to the death of heart muscle cells. The release of cTnI into the bloodstream indicates the extent of myocardial damage and is used as a diagnostic tool for AMI. The other options, avulsion fraction, myositis, and rhabdomyosarcoma, are not associated with elevated cTnI levels.

Based on the picture, the phase of the cardiac cycle shown is rapid ventricular filling. This can be determined by observing the valves in the picture and identifying the specific phase they are in.

Increase in venous return leads to an increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV) and preload, which in turn increases the force of contraction. This phenomenon is explained by Starling's law, which states that the greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers during diastole, the stronger the subsequent contraction during systole. Therefore, the correct answer is Starling's law.

The left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle. This is because the left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, while the right ventricle only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left ventricle needs to generate more force to push the blood throughout the body, so it is larger and more muscular than the right ventricle.

The cardiac plexus is formed by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The parasympathetic nerves that contribute to the cardiac plexus come from the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is responsible for regulating the heart rate and controlling the release of acetylcholine, which slows down the heart rate. Therefore, the correct answer is Vagus nerve.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation, which is the circulation between the heart and the lungs. It then pumps this oxygenated blood through the aortic artery to the systemic circulation, which is the circulation that supplies oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

All answers are true because venous return, which is the flow of blood back to the heart, can be affected by various factors. Gravity plays a role in venous return by assisting the blood flow from the lower extremities back to the heart. Blood volume also affects venous return, as an increase in blood volume can lead to increased venous return. Muscle contraction, especially in the legs, helps to squeeze the veins and propel blood back to the heart, thereby affecting venous return. Therefore, all of these factors can affect venous return.

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease is a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. This leads to insufficient oxygen and nutrients reaching the heart, which can cause damage over time. Congestive heart failure is a common consequence of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease, as the weakened heart muscle struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.

Ventricular fibrillation is a cause of death because it is a life-threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the heart's electrical signals become chaotic, causing the ventricles to quiver instead of pumping blood effectively. This can lead to a sudden loss of blood flow to the body and vital organs, resulting in cardiac arrest and death if not treated immediately. Atrial fibrillation, valve stenosis, and tricuspid stenosis are not typically direct causes of death, although they can contribute to other complications or conditions that may ultimately result in death.

Troponin is a protein found in cardiac muscle cells. During an acute coronary syndrome, such as a heart attack, the blood flow to the heart is reduced or blocked, leading to damage of the cardiac muscle cells. Troponin is released into the bloodstream as a result of this damage. Therefore, troponin is considered a late cardiac marker, as it takes some time for it to be detectable in the blood after the onset of symptoms. Hence, the given statement that troponin is a late cardiac marker of acute coronary syndrome is true.

The primary cause of right-side heart failure is left-sided heart failure. Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to effectively pump blood to the body. This can lead to a backup of blood in the lungs and an increase in pressure in the right side of the heart. Over time, this increased pressure can cause the right side of the heart to weaken and eventually fail. Therefore, left-sided heart failure is the primary cause of right-side heart failure.

In the non-contractile cardiac muscle, the slow response action potential is initiated by a decreased potassium permeability and constant influx of sodium and calcium. This means that the muscle allows less potassium to leave the cell, leading to a depolarization caused by the constant influx of sodium and calcium ions. This depolarization triggers the slow response action potential in the non-contractile cardiac muscle.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Aspirin also inhibits COX-1, and both drugs compete for the same binding site on the enzyme. This competition is transient, meaning that it is temporary and reversible. Therefore, ibuprofen transiently competes with aspirin for the inhibition of COX-1.

The endocardial cushions play multiple roles in the development of the heart. They help to divide the common atrioventricular (A/V) canal into separate right and left A/V canals. They also participate in the formation of the membrane portion of the interventricular septum (IVS). Additionally, they contribute to the closure of the ostium primum, a hole between the atria that needs to be closed during development. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct regarding the role of endocardial cushions.

High levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood can lead to the development of atheromatous plaques in blood vessels. LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it can accumulate in the walls of arteries, leading to the formation of plaques that can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. On the other hand, high density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove LDL from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of plaque formation. Chylomicrons and lipoprotein lipase are not directly associated with the development of atheromatous plaques.

In the ventricular pressure-volume loop, the aortic valve closes during phase C. This is because phase C represents the isovolumetric relaxation phase, where the ventricles are relaxing and the pressure in the ventricles decreases. As the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from the aorta into the ventricles.

High density lipoprotein (HDL) functions as transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. HDL is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for processing and excretion. This process is known as reverse cholesterol transport and plays a crucial role in maintaining cholesterol balance in the body. HDL is considered beneficial for cardiovascular health as it helps prevent the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Conductivity refers to the ability of the cardiac muscle to transmit the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract. This allows the excitation wave to spread from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, to all parts of the heart, ensuring coordinated contractions and efficient pumping of blood.

Digoxin is considered a late treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) because it is typically prescribed when other treatments have not been effective in managing the symptoms of CHF. It is a medication that helps to strengthen the heart's contractions and regulate the heart rhythm, which can improve symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Digoxin is often used in combination with other medications to provide additional relief for patients with advanced or severe CHF. Carvidelol, Isosorbide, and Hydralazine are other medications commonly used in the treatment of CHF, but they are not specifically considered late treatments.

The smooth posterior part of the right atrium contains the openings of the coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava. The posterior cardiac veins do not open into the right atrium.

Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart muscle fibers just before contraction. An increase in preload means that the initial length of the heart muscle fibers is increased. This increased stretch allows for a more forceful contraction, resulting in an increased stroke volume and cardiac output. Therefore, an increase in initial length is the correct answer to the question.

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta. During fetal development, the umbilical vein is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing fetus. This blood is rich in oxygen and nutrients, as it has been supplied by the mother's circulatory system. Once the blood reaches the fetus, it is distributed to various organs and tissues, providing them with the necessary oxygen and nutrients for growth and development.

When the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery is occluded, it leads to a lack of blood supply to the anterior wall of the left ventricle. This can result in ischemia or infarction of the myocardium in that region, leading to symptoms such as chest pain and potentially compromising the function of the left ventricle.

The sinus venosum gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium. This is because the sinus venosum is a part of the embryonic heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the venous system. As development progresses, the sinus venosum becomes incorporated into the right atrium and forms the smooth-walled part of the atrium. The rough part of the right atrium is formed by the incorporation of the primitive atrium.

In jugular venous pulse, the graph will show 3 positive waves and 2 negative waves.

Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels. Obesity and physical inactivity are known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis as they contribute to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance. Hyperlipidemia, on the other hand, refers to high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, not a minor factor. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperlipidemia.

The lipoprotein system did not evolve to solve the problems of transporting vitamins in the plasma. While the lipoprotein system does play a role in transporting lipids, including fat-soluble vitamins, in the bloodstream, its primary function is to transport cholesterol and triglycerides. The system also helps regulate lipid metabolism and plays a role in cardiovascular health. Therefore, the statement is false.

The dicrotic wave is caused by the bouncing back of blood in the aorta after the closure of the aortic valve. This closure creates a brief increase in pressure, causing the blood to rebound and create the dicrotic wave.

NADPH is not derived from cholesterol. It is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic reactions, including fatty acid synthesis and detoxification processes. On the other hand, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts are all derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones, such as cortisol and testosterone, are synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal glands and gonads. Vitamin D is produced in the skin through a series of reactions involving cholesterol, and bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and are essential for the digestion and absorption of dietary fats.

The floor of the fossa ovalis is derived from the septum primum. During embryonic development, the septum primum grows from the roof of the primitive atrium towards the endocardial cushions. As it grows, a small opening called the ostium primum forms. Eventually, the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions, closing the ostium primum and forming the floor of the fossa ovalis. The septum secundum is a separate structure that develops on the right side of the septum primum and forms the majority of the interatrial septum. The sinum venosum is a part of the embryonic heart that gives rise to the smooth-walled part of the right atrium.

The transverse sinus of the pericardium is formed by the breaking of the dorsal mesocardium. The mesocardium is a double layer of pericardium that connects the heart to the dorsal body wall during early development. As the heart grows and rotates, the dorsal mesocardium breaks, forming the transverse sinus. The ventral mesocardium, on the other hand, connects the heart to the ventral body wall and does not play a role in the formation of the transverse sinus. Therefore, the correct answer is dorsal mesocardium.

When the right coronary artery is occluded, it leads to ischemia (lack of blood supply) in the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the right ventricle. This is because the right coronary artery supplies blood to these areas of the heart. The occlusion of this artery can result in decreased oxygen and nutrient supply to the affected regions, which can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) and damage to the posterior walls of the left and right ventricles.

The correct statement regarding anti-atherogenic process is that an elevated level of HDL-cholesterol confirms it. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for processing and elimination. This process, known as reverse cholesterol transport, plays a crucial role in preventing the buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis. Therefore, an elevated level of HDL-cholesterol is indicative of a healthy anti-atherogenic process.

Parasympathetic stimulation has a negative inotropic action on Starling's law. This means that it decreases the force of contraction of the heart muscle. Starling's law states that the force of contraction of the heart is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fibers. Parasympathetic stimulation reduces the force of contraction by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, which decreases calcium influx into the muscle cells and ultimately leads to a decrease in contractility.

Increase in body temperature can affect the autorhythmicity of the heart. When the body temperature increases by 2 degrees Celsius, it leads to an increase in heart rate. The correct answer, 30 beat/min, suggests that a 2-degree Celsius increase in body temperature will cause the heart rate to increase by 30 beats per minute.

Ca++Rigor refers to the condition when contraction occurs without relaxation in the cardiac muscle. This means that the muscle remains contracted and does not relax, leading to a state of rigidity. This can occur due to an imbalance in calcium ions (Ca++) within the muscle cells, which are responsible for initiating and regulating muscle contractions. When this balance is disrupted, the muscle is unable to relax properly, resulting in Ca++Rigor.

In the given graph, the fast-response action potential in contractile cardiac muscle is shown. The phases in which the cardiac muscle lost its excitability are Phase 0, Phase 1, Phase 2, and the first half of Phase 3. This can be observed by looking at the graph and identifying the points where the action potential curve returns to the baseline or decreases significantly, indicating a loss of excitability in the muscle.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common dysrhythmia, characterized by rapid and irregular electrical impulses in the atria of the heart. This leads to an irregular and often fast heart rate. Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of blood clots, stroke, and other heart-related complications. Ventricular fibrillation, on the other hand, is a life-threatening dysrhythmia that occurs in the ventricles and can result in cardiac arrest. Systolic and diastolic dysfunction refer to abnormalities in the heart's pumping function, but they are not dysrhythmias themselves.

The given answer "True" suggests that the genetic classification of lipoprotein disorders is not effective. This means that using genetic information to categorize and understand lipoprotein disorders is not a reliable or accurate method. It implies that genetic factors may not provide sufficient information or may not be the primary determinant of these disorders.

Superimposed lesions refer to additional abnormalities or changes that occur on top of an existing condition. Coronary artery edema is not a superimposed lesion because it is the primary abnormality itself, involving swelling or fluid accumulation in the coronary artery. On the other hand, coronary artery thrombosis, acute plaque changes, and coronary artery vasospasm are all examples of superimposed lesions as they represent additional abnormalities or changes that occur on top of the underlying coronary artery disease.

The site of the pulmonary valve is located at the 3rd costal cartilage. This means that the valve is positioned at the junction between the 3rd rib and its corresponding cartilage. This location is important for medical professionals to accurately identify and assess the pulmonary valve during physical examinations or diagnostic procedures.

Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening of the blood vessels. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Due to its size and location, the aorta is particularly susceptible to the development of atherosclerosis. The constant flow of blood and the high pressure within the aorta make it more prone to plaque formation, which can eventually lead to serious complications such as heart attack or stroke.

Ischemic heart diseases refers to a group of conditions that occur when the blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. This can lead to a heart attack or myocardial infarction, which is a common cause of sudden cardiac death. When the blood supply to the heart is disrupted, the heart muscle can become damaged or die, leading to a loss of heart function and potentially fatal arrhythmias. Therefore, ischemic heart diseases are the most common cause of sudden cardiac death.

Coronary vasculitis is a rare cause of ischemic heart disease. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the blood vessels, including the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. Inflammation in the coronary arteries can lead to narrowing or blockage, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle and causing ischemia. This can result in symptoms such as chest pain and can potentially lead to a heart attack. While coronary artery thrombosis, vasospasm, and edema can also cause ischemic heart disease, coronary vasculitis specifically refers to inflammation as the underlying cause.

Excessive destruction of the septum premium is the cause of patent foramen ovale. The septum premium is a muscular wall that separates the left and right atria of the heart during fetal development. If this septum is excessively destroyed, it can result in a hole or opening between the atria, known as a patent foramen ovale. This allows blood to flow between the atria, bypassing the normal route through the lungs, which can lead to various complications.

Lipoprotein(a) is a type of lipoprotein that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) can lead to the formation of blood clots, a process known as thrombogenesis. These blood clots can block blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, an elevation in lipoprotein(a) indicates an increased risk of thrombogenesis.

During isometric relaxation, there is no blood ejection occurring. Isometric relaxation is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are relaxed and the pressure in the ventricles is falling. This phase allows the ventricles to refill with blood from the atria in preparation for the next contraction. However, no blood is being ejected from the heart during this phase.