Bce - Capitol 2

Cibernetica economica se aplica in economie oricarui sistem complex, indiferent de nivelul acestuia. Aceasta inseamna ca principiile ciberneticii economice pot fi utilizate pentru a analiza si gestiona sisteme macroeconomice, microeconomice si ecosistemele de afaceri. Indiferent daca este vorba despre un sistem economic la nivel national, un sector economic specific sau o afacere individuala, cibernetica economica poate oferi instrumente si tehnici pentru a intelege si optimiza functionarea acestora.

When we do not encounter "dynamic complexity" according to author Peter Senge, it is when the same action has similar effects in the short term and long term.

The correct answer is d. Sistemele adaptive complexe. This answer suggests that the new conception of cybernetics focuses on studying complex adaptive systems. These systems are characterized by their ability to adapt and self-regulate in response to changes in their environment. This aligns with the idea that cybernetics is concerned with understanding and modeling the behavior of complex systems, such as biological, social, and ecological systems.

Sociocibernetica este un termen folosit pentru a descrie cibernetica de ordinul trei. Aceasta se referă la studiul interacțiunii și controlului sistemelor sociale și este o ramură a ciberneticii care se concentrează pe aplicarea principiilor ciberneticii în domeniul social.

The correct answer is c. Reţelele biologice (biological networks). This is because cybernetics in economics primarily focuses on studying and analyzing the behavior and dynamics of economic systems such as enterprises (firms), markets, and the national economy. Biological networks, on the other hand, belong to the field of biology and are not directly related to the study of economic systems in the context of cybernetics.

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John H. Holand is the author of the software model ECHO, which illustrates how a complex organization emerges.

The correct answer is c. Cibernetica de ordin II. The Autopoiesis theory can also be referred to as Cybernetics of the second order.

The correct answer is a. sistemul adaptiv complex. Cybernetics of the third order focuses on studying complex adaptive systems, which are systems that have the ability to self-organize and adapt to changes in their environment. These systems exhibit emergent behavior, meaning that their overall behavior cannot be predicted by looking at the individual components. Co-evolution, on the other hand, refers to the simultaneous evolution of two or more species that interact with each other. While feedback loops are an important concept in cybernetics, they are not the main focus of the third order.

The correct answer is b. genomul uman. The DNA code of a company is compared to the human genome because like the human genome, the DNA code of a company contains all the necessary information and instructions for its functioning and growth. Just as the human genome determines the traits and characteristics of an individual, the DNA code of a company determines its unique identity, values, and strategies. Additionally, like the human genome, the DNA code of a company can undergo changes and adaptations over time to ensure its survival and success in a changing environment.

All of the above reasons are considered valid reasons for the current change in economic science. The first reason states that the economy is composed of interconnected, distributed, and heterogeneous agents, which highlights the complexity and interdependence within the economic system. The second reason suggests that there is no global control over the economy, indicating that it is influenced by various factors and cannot be easily regulated. The third reason highlights the hierarchical and recursive organization of the economy, emphasizing its intricate structure. Therefore, all of these reasons contribute to the ongoing changes in the field of economic science.

Peter Senge is the author of the statement that "the most sophisticated means of forecasting and analysis of businesses generally fail to produce radical changes in their management." Senge is known for his work on organizational learning and systems thinking, and his book "The Fifth Discipline" discusses the importance of creating a learning organization to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing world. This statement aligns with Senge's belief that traditional approaches to management and analysis often fall short in driving transformative change.

Jay Forrester a dezvoltat metoda dinamicii de sistem. Aceasta este o abordare analitică care se concentrează pe modul în care interacțiunile și relațiile dintre diferitele componente ale unui sistem influențează comportamentul general al acestuia. Metoda dinamicii de sistem este utilizată pentru a modela și a înțelege sisteme complexe, cum ar fi economia, mediul înconjurător sau organizațiile. Prin identificarea și analizarea feedback-urilor și a interacțiunilor între componentele sistemului, metoda dinamicii de sistem permite înțelegerea și anticiparea comportamentului acestora în timp.

Teoria haosului, ca parte a ştiinţelor complexităţii, se ocupă de studierea tuturor aspectelor menţionate în opţiunile a, b şi c. Aceasta analizează sensibilitatea la condiţiile iniţiale în sistemele neliniare şi se concentrează, de asemenea, asupra mulţimilor fractale. Prin urmare, răspunsul corect este d. Toate cele de mai sus.

Charles Darwin is considered the "Father of Evolutionary Biology" because of his groundbreaking work on the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" presented evidence for the idea that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. His work revolutionized our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth and laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.

St. Kaufmann made the fundamental contribution to the development of Boolean Network Theory.

The correct answer is J. Forrester. System dynamics was founded by Jay Forrester, an American engineer and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Forrester developed the field of system dynamics in the 1950s and 1960s, which focuses on understanding and modeling complex systems and their behavior over time. His work has had a significant impact on various disciplines, including management, economics, and engineering.

The correct answer is c. Scoala de la Santa Fe. The Santa Fe Institute, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is a research institute that focuses on the study of complex systems and the emergence of complexity in various fields, including science. It has made significant contributions to the development and understanding of complexity sciences, which have had a profound impact on various scientific disciplines.

Fridjof Capra made the statement that "The new economy consists of a global meta-network of complex technological and human interactions." This suggests that Capra believes that the modern economy is characterized by a highly interconnected and interdependent network of technology and human interactions.

The fundamental difference between first-order and second-order cybernetics is that one is static while the other is dynamic. First-order cybernetics focuses on the study of static systems, where feedback loops are used to maintain stability and control. Second-order cybernetics, on the other hand, recognizes the dynamic nature of systems and includes the role of the observer in influencing and shaping the system. This distinction highlights the shift from a mechanistic view of systems to a more holistic and interactive perspective in second-order cybernetics.

John Holland is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the founder of genetic algorithms. He developed the concept of genetic algorithms in the 1960s and 1970s, and his work laid the foundation for the field of evolutionary computation. Holland's research focused on using principles from natural evolution to solve complex optimization problems. His contributions to the field include the development of genetic operators and the exploration of the role of fitness functions in evolutionary processes. Overall, Holland's pioneering work has had a significant impact on the field of genetic algorithms.

The question asks which of the given individuals did not contribute to the development of complexity sciences at the Santa Fe Institute. The correct answer is c. Julian Bigelow.

Herman Haken is considered the Father of Synergetics because he developed the mathematical theory of synergetics, which studies self-organizing systems and their behavior. His work laid the foundation for understanding complex systems and their emergent properties. He introduced the concept of order parameter, which is a measure of the degree of order or coherence in a system. Haken's contributions to synergetics have had a significant impact on various fields, including physics, biology, and social sciences.

The correct answer is St. Kauffman. St. Kauffman introduced the concept of fitness landscape, which is a metaphorical representation of the relationship between genotypes and their corresponding fitnesses. The fitness landscape concept is widely used in evolutionary biology to understand how populations evolve and adapt to their environments.

The correct answer is d. B. Mandelbrot. Benoit Mandelbrot is credited with discovering and popularizing the concept of fractals, which he referred to as "God's fingerprint" or "Amprenta lui Dumnezeu" in Romanian. He developed the mathematical theory behind fractals and demonstrated their application in various fields, including physics, economics, and computer graphics. Mandelbrot's work revolutionized our understanding of complex and irregular shapes in nature and paved the way for the study of fractal geometry.

The correct answer is St. Wolfram. St. Wolfram is a contemporary scientist who wrote "A New Kind of Science", which is considered a true bible of complexity sciences.

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Cibernetica economică, ca o componentă a ciberneticii de ordinul trei, studiază sistemul general din economie. This means that it focuses on the overall system of the economy, including the interconnections and interactions between different economic entities and factors. It aims to understand and analyze the complex dynamics and feedback mechanisms that exist within the economic system, in order to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. This includes studying the flow of goods, services, and capital, as well as the influence of various economic policies and regulations.

Dinamica de sistem a influențat cel mai mult dezvoltarea ciberneticii economice deoarece această ramură a științei se ocupă cu studiul comportamentului sistemelor complexe și interconectate, inclusiv a sistemelor economice. Prin aplicarea principiilor dinamicii de sistem, se pot analiza și modela interacțiunile și feedback-urile din cadrul sistemelor economice, permițând astfel înțelegerea și optimizarea acestora. Astfel, dinamica de sistem a oferit instrumente și metodologii esențiale pentru dezvoltarea ciberneticii economice.

The term "dynamic complexity" is introduced in the book "The Fifth Discipline" by Peter Senge. This book explores the concept of systems thinking and how it can be applied to organizations and management. Dynamic complexity refers to the understanding that systems are constantly changing and evolving, and that their behavior is influenced by a variety of interconnected factors. The book explains how to navigate and manage this complexity in order to create more effective and sustainable organizations.

Coveney şi Highfield sunt care savanţi care au făcut pentru prima dată distincţia dintre complexitatea ştiinţifică şi cea matematică.

Per Bak and Chao Tang are considered the creators of criticality self-organization. Criticality self-organization refers to the phenomenon where complex systems naturally evolve to a state of criticality, where small perturbations can have large effects. Bak and Tang developed the concept of self-organized criticality and studied it extensively in various systems, such as sandpiles and forest fires. They showed that criticality is a common feature in many natural systems and can lead to emergent behavior and power-law distributions.

Keneth Boulding is the correct answer because he proposed a science of complexity that encompasses all levels of science, from the cellular level to society. Boulding was an influential economist and systems scientist who believed that understanding complex systems required an interdisciplinary approach. He emphasized the interconnectedness of different levels of organization and the need to study them in a holistic manner. Boulding's work laid the foundation for the field of complexity science, which seeks to understand the behavior of complex systems using principles from various disciplines.

The correct answer is c. The Art of System Architecturing. This book presents the complex system as being composed of interconnected parts, with the system simply growing in complexity.

Chris Langhton is considered the parent of "A-Life," which stands for Artificial Life. Artificial Life is a field of study that focuses on creating and studying life-like behavior in artificial systems, such as computer simulations or robots. Langhton has made significant contributions to the field and is recognized as one of the pioneers in this area of research.