Bce - Capitol 2
Questions and Answers
- 1.
1. Noua concepţie asupra ciberneticii de ordinul trei consideră ca fiind obiectul de studiu al acesteia:
- A.
A. Mecanismul feedback
- B.
B. Procesele de reglare si autoreglare
- C.
C. Sistemele economice
- D.
D. Sistemele adaptive complexe
Correct Answer
D. D. Sistemele adaptive complexeExplanation
The correct answer is d. Sistemele adaptive complexe. This answer suggests that the new conception of cybernetics focuses on studying complex adaptive systems. These systems are characterized by their ability to adapt and self-regulate in response to changes in their environment. This aligns with the idea that cybernetics is concerned with understanding and modeling the behavior of complex systems, such as biological, social, and ecological systems.Rate this question:
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- 2.
2. Afirmaţia conform căreia “mijloacele cele mai sofisticate de prognoză şi analiză a afacerilor... de regulă eşuează în încercarea de a produce schimbări radicale în conducerea acestora” îi aparţine lui:
- A.
A. Joel Moses
- B.
B. Richetin şi Maier
- C.
C. Flood şi Carlson
- D.
D. Peter Senge
Correct Answer
D. D. Peter SengeExplanation
Peter Senge is the author of the statement that "the most sophisticated means of forecasting and analysis of businesses generally fail to produce radical changes in their management." Senge is known for his work on organizational learning and systems thinking, and his book "The Fifth Discipline" discusses the importance of creating a learning organization to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing world. This statement aligns with Senge's belief that traditional approaches to management and analysis often fall short in driving transformative change.Rate this question:
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- 3.
3. În ce lucrare se introduce termenul de complexitate dinamică?
- A.
A. Complexity and Flexibility
- B.
B. The Fifth Discipline
- C.
C. The Art of System Architecturing
- D.
D. Modeling of Complex Systerms
Correct Answer
B. B. The Fifth DisciplineExplanation
The term "dynamic complexity" is introduced in the book "The Fifth Discipline" by Peter Senge. This book explores the concept of systems thinking and how it can be applied to organizations and management. Dynamic complexity refers to the understanding that systems are constantly changing and evolving, and that their behavior is influenced by a variety of interconnected factors. The book explains how to navigate and manage this complexity in order to create more effective and sustainable organizations.Rate this question:
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- 4.
4. Când nu întâlnim „complexitatea dinamică” conform autorului Peter Senge?
- A.
A. când aceeaşi acţiune are efecte diferite pe termen scurt şi pe termen lung.
- B.
B. Când o acţiune are consecinţe diferite în părţi diferite ale sistemului
- C.
C. când aceeaşi acţiune are efecte similare pe termen scurt şi pe termen lung
- D.
D. când intervenţii obişnuite în sistem produc consecinţe neobişnuite
Correct Answer
C. C. când aceeaşi acţiune are efecte similare pe termen scurt şi pe termen lungExplanation
When we do not encounter "dynamic complexity" according to author Peter Senge, it is when the same action has similar effects in the short term and long term.Rate this question:
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- 5.
5. În care lucrare se prezintă sistemul complex ca fiind compus din din părţi interconectate, sistemul pur şi simplu crescând în complexitate ?
- A.
A. Complexity and Flexibility
- B.
B. The Fifth Discipline
- C.
C. The Art of System Architecturing
- D.
D. Modeling of Complex Systerms
Correct Answer
C. C. The Art of System ArchitecturingExplanation
The correct answer is c. The Art of System Architecturing. This book presents the complex system as being composed of interconnected parts, with the system simply growing in complexity.Rate this question:
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- 6.
6. Care savanţi au făcut pentru prima dată distincţia dintre complexitatea ştiinţifică şi cea matematică?
- A.
A. Coveney şi Highfield
- B.
B. Richetin şi Maier
- C.
C. Flood şi Carlson
- D.
D. Edward G. Wilson şi W.Brian Arthur
Correct Answer
A. A. Coveney şi HighfieldExplanation
Coveney şi Highfield sunt care savanţi care au făcut pentru prima dată distincţia dintre complexitatea ştiinţifică şi cea matematică.Rate this question:
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- 7.
7. Cine este autorul modelului sofware ECHO, care ilustrează modul în care emerge o organizaţie complexă?
- A.
A. Joel Moses
- B.
B. Murray Gell-Mann
- C.
C. W. Brian Arthur
- D.
D. John H. Holand
Correct Answer
D. D. John H. HolandExplanation
John H. Holand is the author of the software model ECHO, which illustrates how a complex organization emerges.Rate this question:
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- 8.
8. Părintele Sinergeticii este considerat a fi:
- A.
A. Charles Darwin
- B.
B. John Holland
- C.
C. Benoit Mandelbrot
- D.
D. Herman Haken
Correct Answer
D. D. Herman HakenExplanation
Herman Haken is considered the Father of Synergetics because he developed the mathematical theory of synergetics, which studies self-organizing systems and their behavior. His work laid the foundation for understanding complex systems and their emergent properties. He introduced the concept of order parameter, which is a measure of the degree of order or coherence in a system. Haken's contributions to synergetics have had a significant impact on various fields, including physics, biology, and social sciences.Rate this question:
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- 9.
9. Părintele „A-Life” este considerat a fi:
- A.
A. H. Maturana
- B.
B. Jay Forrester
- C.
C. Chris Langhton
- D.
D. Benoit Mandelbrot
Correct Answer
C. C. Chris LanghtonExplanation
Chris Langhton is considered the parent of "A-Life," which stands for Artificial Life. Artificial Life is a field of study that focuses on creating and studying life-like behavior in artificial systems, such as computer simulations or robots. Langhton has made significant contributions to the field and is recognized as one of the pioneers in this area of research.Rate this question:
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- 10.
10. Părintele „Biologiei evoluţioniste” este considerat a fi:
- A.
A. H. Maturana
- B.
B. Jay Forrester
- C.
C. Charles Darwin
- D.
D. Benoit Mandelbrot
Correct Answer
C. C. Charles DarwinExplanation
Charles Darwin is considered the "Father of Evolutionary Biology" because of his groundbreaking work on the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" presented evidence for the idea that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. His work revolutionized our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth and laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.Rate this question:
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- 11.
11. Teoria Autopoiesis-ului se poate regăsi şi sub denumirea de:
- A.
A. Teoria grafurilor
- B.
B. Teoria automatelor celulare
- C.
C. Cibernetica de ordin II
- D.
D. Cibernetica de ordin III
Correct Answer
C. C. Cibernetica de ordin IIExplanation
The correct answer is c. Cibernetica de ordin II. The Autopoiesis theory can also be referred to as Cybernetics of the second order.Rate this question:
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- 12.
12. Per Bak şi Chao Tang sunt consideraţi creatorii:
- A.
A. Dinamicii de sistem
- B.
B. Criticalităţii autoorganizate
- C.
C. Geometriei fractale
- D.
D. Reţelelor neuronale
Correct Answer
B. B. Criticalităţii autoorganizateExplanation
Per Bak and Chao Tang are considered the creators of criticality self-organization. Criticality self-organization refers to the phenomenon where complex systems naturally evolve to a state of criticality, where small perturbations can have large effects. Bak and Tang developed the concept of self-organized criticality and studied it extensively in various systems, such as sandpiles and forest fires. They showed that criticality is a common feature in many natural systems and can lead to emergent behavior and power-law distributions.Rate this question:
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- 13.
13. Contribuţia fundamentală la dezvoltarea Teoriei Reţelelor Booleene a avut-o:
- A.
A. Benoit Mandelbrot
- B.
B. St. Kaufmann
- C.
C. Herman Haken
- D.
D. Edward Lorenz
Correct Answer
B. B. St. KaufmannExplanation
St. Kaufmann made the fundamental contribution to the development of Boolean Network Theory.Rate this question:
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- 14.
14. Obiectul de studiu al ciberneticii de ordinul III îl constituie:
- A.
A. sistemul adaptiv complex
- B.
B. bucla feedback
- C.
C. emergenţa
- D.
D. co-evoluţia
Correct Answer
A. A. sistemul adaptiv complexExplanation
The correct answer is a. sistemul adaptiv complex. Cybernetics of the third order focuses on studying complex adaptive systems, which are systems that have the ability to self-organize and adapt to changes in their environment. These systems exhibit emergent behavior, meaning that their overall behavior cannot be predicted by looking at the individual components. Co-evolution, on the other hand, refers to the simultaneous evolution of two or more species that interact with each other. While feedback loops are an important concept in cybernetics, they are not the main focus of the third order.Rate this question:
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- 15.
15. Jay Forrester a dezvoltat metoda:
- A.
A. Dinamicii de sistem
- B.
B. Criticalităţii autoorganizate
- C.
C. Geometriei fractale
- D.
D. Reţelelor neuronale
Correct Answer
A. A. Dinamicii de sistemExplanation
Jay Forrester a dezvoltat metoda dinamicii de sistem. Aceasta este o abordare analitică care se concentrează pe modul în care interacțiunile și relațiile dintre diferitele componente ale unui sistem influențează comportamentul general al acestuia. Metoda dinamicii de sistem este utilizată pentru a modela și a înțelege sisteme complexe, cum ar fi economia, mediul înconjurător sau organizațiile. Prin identificarea și analizarea feedback-urilor și a interacțiunilor între componentele sistemului, metoda dinamicii de sistem permite înțelegerea și anticiparea comportamentului acestora în timp.Rate this question:
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- 16.
16. Noţiunea de peisaj fitness a fost introdusă de:
- A.
A. Ross Ashby
- B.
B. St. Kauffman
- C.
C. S. Wright
- D.
D. Ch. Darwin
Correct Answer
B. B. St. KauffmanExplanation
The correct answer is St. Kauffman. St. Kauffman introduced the concept of fitness landscape, which is a metaphorical representation of the relationship between genotypes and their corresponding fitnesses. The fitness landscape concept is widely used in evolutionary biology to understand how populations evolve and adapt to their environments.Rate this question:
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- 17.
17. Teoria algoritmilor genetici a fost fondată de:
- A.
A. H. von Foerster
- B.
B. John Holland
- C.
C. Stuart Kauffman
- D.
D. Chris Langton
Correct Answer
B. B. John HollandExplanation
John Holland is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the founder of genetic algorithms. He developed the concept of genetic algorithms in the 1960s and 1970s, and his work laid the foundation for the field of evolutionary computation. Holland's research focused on using principles from natural evolution to solve complex optimization problems. His contributions to the field include the development of genetic operators and the exploration of the role of fitness functions in evolutionary processes. Overall, Holland's pioneering work has had a significant impact on the field of genetic algorithms.Rate this question:
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- 18.
18. “Amprenta lui Dumnezeu”, aşa cum a fost denumită mulţimea fractală, a fost descoperită de:
- A.
A. J. M. Keynes
- B.
B. St. Kauffman
- C.
C. E. Lorentz
- D.
D. B. Mandelbrot
Correct Answer
D. D. B. MandelbrotExplanation
The correct answer is d. B. Mandelbrot. Benoit Mandelbrot is credited with discovering and popularizing the concept of fractals, which he referred to as "God's fingerprint" or "Amprenta lui Dumnezeu" in Romanian. He developed the mathematical theory behind fractals and demonstrated their application in various fields, including physics, economics, and computer graphics. Mandelbrot's work revolutionized our understanding of complex and irregular shapes in nature and paved the way for the study of fractal geometry.Rate this question:
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- 19.
19. Dinamica de sistem a fost întemeiată de:
- A.
A. F. Capra
- B.
B. J. Forrester
- C.
C. Waren McCulloch
- D.
D. Julian Bigelow
Correct Answer
B. B. J. ForresterExplanation
The correct answer is J. Forrester. System dynamics was founded by Jay Forrester, an American engineer and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Forrester developed the field of system dynamics in the 1950s and 1960s, which focuses on understanding and modeling complex systems and their behavior over time. His work has had a significant impact on various disciplines, including management, economics, and engineering.Rate this question:
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- 20.
20. Codul DNA al unei întreprinderi se aseamănă cu:
- A.
A. reţeaua neuronilor
- B.
B. genomul uman
- C.
C. combinaţie de gene
- D.
D. mutaţie în gene
Correct Answer
B. B. genomul umanExplanation
The correct answer is b. genomul uman. The DNA code of a company is compared to the human genome because like the human genome, the DNA code of a company contains all the necessary information and instructions for its functioning and growth. Just as the human genome determines the traits and characteristics of an individual, the DNA code of a company determines its unique identity, values, and strategies. Additionally, like the human genome, the DNA code of a company can undergo changes and adaptations over time to ensure its survival and success in a changing environment.Rate this question:
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- 21.
21. Cine a propus o ştiinţă a complexităţii care să includă toate nivelele ştiinţei, de la celulă până la societate:
- A.
A. J. Von Neumann
- B.
B. Keneth Boulding
- C.
C. L. von Bertalanffy
- D.
D. Norbert Wiener
Correct Answer
B. B. Keneth BouldingExplanation
Keneth Boulding is the correct answer because he proposed a science of complexity that encompasses all levels of science, from the cellular level to society. Boulding was an influential economist and systems scientist who believed that understanding complex systems required an interdisciplinary approach. He emphasized the interconnectedness of different levels of organization and the need to study them in a holistic manner. Boulding's work laid the foundation for the field of complexity science, which seeks to understand the behavior of complex systems using principles from various disciplines.Rate this question:
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- 22.
22. Ce şcoală a avut o contribuţie determinantă la apariţia ştiinţelor complexităţii:
- A.
A. Scoala de la Princeton
- B.
B. Scoala de la Yale
- C.
C. Scoala de la Santa Fe
- D.
D. Scoala de la Bucureşti
Correct Answer
C. C. Scoala de la Santa FeExplanation
The correct answer is c. Scoala de la Santa Fe. The Santa Fe Institute, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is a research institute that focuses on the study of complex systems and the emergence of complexity in various fields, including science. It has made significant contributions to the development and understanding of complexity sciences, which have had a profound impact on various scientific disciplines.Rate this question:
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- 23.
23. Teoria haosului, componentă a ştiinţelor complexităţii, studiază:
- A.
A. Senzitivitatea la condiţiile iniţiale
- B.
B. Sistemele neliniare
- C.
C. Mulţimile fractale
- D.
D. Toate cele de mai sus
Correct Answer
D. D. Toate cele de mai susExplanation
Teoria haosului, ca parte a ştiinţelor complexităţii, se ocupă de studierea tuturor aspectelor menţionate în opţiunile a, b şi c. Aceasta analizează sensibilitatea la condiţiile iniţiale în sistemele neliniare şi se concentrează, de asemenea, asupra mulţimilor fractale. Prin urmare, răspunsul corect este d. Toate cele de mai sus.Rate this question:
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- 24.
24. Printre componenţii Şcolii de la Santa Fe care au contribuit la dezvoltarea ştiinţelor complexităţii nu se numără:
- A.
A. Brian Arthur
- B.
B. Steven N. Durlauf
- C.
C. Julian Bigelow
- D.
D. St. Kaufmann
Correct Answer
C. C. Julian BigelowExplanation
The question asks which of the given individuals did not contribute to the development of complexity sciences at the Santa Fe Institute. The correct answer is c. Julian Bigelow.Rate this question:
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- 25.
25. Care dintre următoarele motive sunt considerate ca fiind motive temeinice ale schimbării ştiinţei economice actuale:
- A.
A. Economia este compusă din agenţi interconectaţi, distribuiţi şi eterogeni
- B.
B. Economia nu dispune de un control global
- C.
C. Economia are o organizare de tip ierarhic încrucişat şi recursiv
- D.
D. Toate cele de mai sus
Correct Answer
D. D. Toate cele de mai susExplanation
All of the above reasons are considered valid reasons for the current change in economic science. The first reason states that the economy is composed of interconnected, distributed, and heterogeneous agents, which highlights the complexity and interdependence within the economic system. The second reason suggests that there is no global control over the economy, indicating that it is influenced by various factors and cannot be easily regulated. The third reason highlights the hierarchical and recursive organization of the economy, emphasizing its intricate structure. Therefore, all of these reasons contribute to the ongoing changes in the field of economic science.Rate this question:
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- 26.
26. Cine a făcut afirmaţia următoare ,,Noua economie constă dintr-o meta-reţea globală de interacţiuni tehnologice şi umane complexe...” ?
- A.
A. Fridjof Capra
- B.
B. Karl Marx
- C.
C. John Maynard Keynes
- D.
D. Nicholas Kaldor
Correct Answer
A. A. Fridjof CapraExplanation
Fridjof Capra made the statement that "The new economy consists of a global meta-network of complex technological and human interactions." This suggests that Capra believes that the modern economy is characterized by a highly interconnected and interdependent network of technology and human interactions.Rate this question:
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- 27.
27. Ce savant contemporan a scris „A New Kind of Science”, o adevărată biblie a ştiinţelor complexităţii:
- A.
A. Brian Arthur
- B.
B. St. Kaufmann
- C.
C. J. Holland
- D.
D. St. Wolfram
Correct Answer
D. D. St. WolframExplanation
The correct answer is St. Wolfram. St. Wolfram is a contemporary scientist who wrote "A New Kind of Science", which is considered a true bible of complexity sciences.Rate this question:
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- 28.
28. Cibernetica de ordinul trei mai este denumită:
- A.
A. Cibernetica ciberneticii
- B.
B. Cibernetica biologică
- C.
C. Sociocibernetica
- D.
D. Cibernetica tehnică
Correct Answer
C. C. SociociberneticaExplanation
Sociocibernetica este un termen folosit pentru a descrie cibernetica de ordinul trei. Aceasta se referă la studiul interacțiunii și controlului sistemelor sociale și este o ramură a ciberneticii care se concentrează pe aplicarea principiilor ciberneticii în domeniul social.Rate this question:
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- 29.
29. Între cibernetica de ordinul întâi şi cea de ordinul doi deosebirea fundamentală constă în:
- A.
A. Natura diferită a buclelor feedback
- B.
B. Modul de includere a sistemului observator
- C.
C. Dimensiunea sistemelor cibernetice studiate
- D.
D. Una este statică iar cealaltă dinamică
Correct Answer
D. D. Una este statică iar cealaltă dinamicăExplanation
The fundamental difference between first-order and second-order cybernetics is that one is static while the other is dynamic. First-order cybernetics focuses on the study of static systems, where feedback loops are used to maintain stability and control. Second-order cybernetics, on the other hand, recognizes the dynamic nature of systems and includes the role of the observer in influencing and shaping the system. This distinction highlights the shift from a mechanistic view of systems to a more holistic and interactive perspective in second-order cybernetics.Rate this question:
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- 30.
30. Cibernetica de ordinul trei:
- A.
A. Explică relaţia dintre ştiinţele naturii şi ştiinţele sociale
- B.
B. Explică modul în care funcţionează creierul uman
- C.
C. Se ocupă de relaţia dintre om şi calculator
- D.
D. Studiază sistemele distribuite din diferite domenii ştiinţifice
Correct Answer
A. A. Explică relaţia dintre ştiinţele naturii şi ştiinţele sociale -
- 31.
31. Cibernetica economică, ca o componentă a ciberneticii de ordinul trei, studiază:
- A.
A. Sistemul general din economie
- B.
B. Sistemul legităţilor economice
- C.
C. Sistemul adaptiv complex din economie
- D.
D. Sistemul organizării activităţilor umane
Correct Answer
A. A. Sistemul general din economieExplanation
Cibernetica economică, ca o componentă a ciberneticii de ordinul trei, studiază sistemul general din economie. This means that it focuses on the overall system of the economy, including the interconnections and interactions between different economic entities and factors. It aims to understand and analyze the complex dynamics and feedback mechanisms that exist within the economic system, in order to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. This includes studying the flow of goods, services, and capital, as well as the influence of various economic policies and regulations.Rate this question:
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- 32.
32. Care dintre următoarele domenii ştiinţifice a influenţat cel mai mult dezvoltarea ciberneticii economice:
- A.
A. Dinamica de sistem
- B.
B. Criticalitatea auto-organizată
- C.
C. Biologia evoluţionistă
- D.
D. Teoria sistemelor dinamice deterministe
Correct Answer
A. A. Dinamica de sistemExplanation
Dinamica de sistem a influențat cel mai mult dezvoltarea ciberneticii economice deoarece această ramură a științei se ocupă cu studiul comportamentului sistemelor complexe și interconectate, inclusiv a sistemelor economice. Prin aplicarea principiilor dinamicii de sistem, se pot analiza și modela interacțiunile și feedback-urile din cadrul sistemelor economice, permițând astfel înțelegerea și optimizarea acestora. Astfel, dinamica de sistem a oferit instrumente și metodologii esențiale pentru dezvoltarea ciberneticii economice.Rate this question:
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- 33.
33. Cibernetica economică se aplică în economie doar :
- A.
A. Sistemelor Macroeconomice
- B.
B. Sistemelor Microeconomice
- C.
C. Ecosistemelor de afaceri
- D.
D. Oricărui sistem complex indiferent de nivelul acestuia
Correct Answer
D. D. Oricărui sistem complex indiferent de nivelul acestuiaExplanation
Cibernetica economica se aplica in economie oricarui sistem complex, indiferent de nivelul acestuia. Aceasta inseamna ca principiile ciberneticii economice pot fi utilizate pentru a analiza si gestiona sisteme macroeconomice, microeconomice si ecosistemele de afaceri. Indiferent daca este vorba despre un sistem economic la nivel national, un sector economic specific sau o afacere individuala, cibernetica economica poate oferi instrumente si tehnici pentru a intelege si optimiza functionarea acestora.Rate this question:
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- 34.
34. Care dintre următoarele sisteme nu sunt studiate de către cibernetica economică:
- A.
A. Întreprinderile (firmele)
- B.
B. Pieţele
- C.
C. Reţelele biologice
- D.
D. Sistemul economiei naţionale
Correct Answer
C. C. Reţelele biologiceExplanation
The correct answer is c. Reţelele biologice (biological networks). This is because cybernetics in economics primarily focuses on studying and analyzing the behavior and dynamics of economic systems such as enterprises (firms), markets, and the national economy. Biological networks, on the other hand, belong to the field of biology and are not directly related to the study of economic systems in the context of cybernetics.Rate this question:
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- 35.
35. Printre domeniile cuprinse în cadrul ciberneticii economice nu se regăseşte:
- A.
A. Cibernetica întreprinderilor
- B.
B. Cibernetica economiei naţionale
- C.
C. Cibernetica pieţelor financiare
- D.
D. Cibernetica medicală
Correct Answer
D. D. Cibernetica medicală -
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