Fundamentals Final (Ch 1-7)

Computers operate using machine code, a low-level language that consists of binary instructions. However, humans typically write programs in high-level languages such as C++, Java, or Python. To bridge this gap, a compiler is used to translate the source code written by humans into machine code that the computer can understand and execute. Therefore, the statement that computers do not understand source code and require a compiler to translate it into machine code is true.

This statement is true because in object-oriented programming, inheritance allows objects to inherit methods and attributes from their parent or superclass. This means that an object can access and use the methods defined in its superclass without having to redefine them. Inheritance promotes code reuse and allows for creating hierarchies of classes, where subclasses inherit the behavior of their superclasses. Therefore, objects do inherit methods from their superclasses.

The given code uses the Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(100) method to generate a random number between 0 and 99. If the generated number is less than 45, it will display "JCCC", otherwise it will display "Cavaliers". Since the condition is checking if the generated number is less than 45, which means it has a 45% chance of being true, the statement "JCCC" will be displayed approximately 45% of the time. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Variable declarations in programming languages require both a data type and a variable name. The data type specifies the type of data that the variable can hold, such as integer, float, or string. The variable name is used to identify and refer to the variable in the code. Without a data type, the programming language would not know how to allocate memory for the variable, and without a variable name, the programmer would not be able to access or manipulate the variable. Therefore, both a data type and a variable name are necessary for variable declarations.

The correct answer is "else" because in programming, the "else" statement is used in conjunction with the "if" statement to specify an alternative action to be taken if the condition in the "if" statement evaluates to false. It allows the program to execute a different set of instructions when the condition is not met.

Instance variables are associated with objects and are stored in memory as long as the object exists. They can be accessed and used by the object's methods and can retain their values even after the method execution is completed. Therefore, anything stored in an instance variable will be remembered and accessible as long as the object exists.

Objects are created from classes. In object-oriented programming, a class is a blueprint or template that defines the properties and behaviors of an object. It is like a blueprint for creating objects. When we create an object, we are essentially creating an instance of a class, which allows us to access and use the properties and behaviors defined within the class. Therefore, classes are used to create objects.

The correct answer is "if statement". An if statement is a programming command that allows the program to make a decision based on true or false conditions. It is used to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is true. This helps in controlling the flow of the program and making it more dynamic and responsive to different scenarios.

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The exclamation mark (!) is used to indicate "NOT" in programming languages and logical expressions. It is commonly used to negate a condition or reverse the truth value of a statement. In this context, putting the exclamation mark in front of something means that the opposite or negation of that something is true.

When we need to repeat code or do a similar task repeatedly, we need a loop. A loop is a programming construct that allows us to execute a block of code multiple times. It helps in automating repetitive tasks and saves us from writing the same code multiple times. By using loops, we can iterate over a collection of data, perform calculations, or execute a set of instructions until a certain condition is met. Overall, loops provide a way to efficiently and effectively repeat code and perform repetitive tasks in programming.

The correct answer is "null." In programming, "null" is a special expression that represents the absence of a value or the lack of an object. It is often used to indicate that a variable or reference does not currently point to any valid data.

Java is a case-sensitive programming language, meaning that the capitalization of letters matters. In this case, "Body" and "body" are considered as two distinct things in Java. Therefore, the statement is true because Java treats "Body" and "body" as different identifiers.

A parameter is a mechanism used to pass additional information to a method. It allows the method to accept values or variables that can be used within the method's code block. By providing parameters, we can make the method more flexible and reusable as it can work with different values each time it is called. Therefore, the correct answer is "parameter".

Methods with void return types represent commands because they are used to perform a specific action or operation without returning any value. These methods are typically used to modify the state of an object or perform some side effect, such as printing output or updating a database. The absence of a return type indicates that the method's primary purpose is to carry out a task rather than compute or retrieve a value.

The symbols "&&" represent the logical operator "AND" in programming. It is used to join two conditions and evaluates to true only if both conditions are true. In other words, it checks if both conditions are satisfied simultaneously.

A method with a void return type does not return a value. In programming, the return type of a method determines the type of value that the method can return. When a method has a void return type, it means that the method does not return any value. This is useful for methods that perform actions or have side effects but do not need to return a result.

Actors are classes that are placed into the world. This means that in a programming context, actors are objects or instances of a class that can be placed or instantiated within a virtual or physical environment. They can interact with other actors and the environment, and perform actions or behaviors defined by their class. This is a common concept in game development, where actors can represent characters, objects, or other entities within the game world.

The correct answer is "scores[3] = 5;" because it correctly assigns the value of 5 to the element at index 3 in the scores array.

The correct answer is "return type". In programming, a method is a block of code that performs a specific task. When a method is called, it can return a value or perform an action. The return type specifies the type of data that the method will return after it has completed its execution. It could be a primitive type like int or double, or a non-primitive type like a class or an array. The return type is important as it helps the programmer understand what kind of data they can expect to receive from the method.

Java is case-sensitive, meaning that it distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters. This means that variables, method names, and other identifiers must be written with the correct capitalization in order for the code to compile and run correctly. For example, "myVariable" and "myvariable" would be considered as two different variables in Java. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

When calling a method from a different class, the class name must be specified before the method name using dot notation. Dot notation is a way to access members (methods or variables) of a class by using the class name followed by a dot (.) and then the member name. This allows the program to identify which class the method belongs to and execute the correct method. Parenthetical citation, curly braces, and spaces are not used for this purpose.

To pass additional data to a method, we specify a parameter. A parameter is a variable that is used to receive and store the additional data that is passed into the method when it is called. By specifying a parameter, we can provide the necessary information for the method to perform its task effectively.

Methods are blocks of code that are used to perform specific tasks or actions. They are associated with objects and can be called upon to execute a particular set of instructions. Methods can have parameters, which are variables that are passed into the method to provide it with necessary information. In this context, methods are the correct answer because they are the code blocks responsible for performing specific tasks or actions within objects.

In object-oriented programming, a class serves as a model or template that defines the properties and behaviors of objects. It specifies the attributes (data) and methods (functions) that an object of that class can have. Objects are instances of a class, meaning they are created based on the class definition. Therefore, the correct answer is "a model or template from which objects are created."

An array is a data structure that allows us to store multiple values of the same type and access them using an index. In this case, the example given is whiteKeys[2], which would access the third element in the array. Arrays are commonly used when we need to store and manipulate a collection of values in a systematic way.

The given code snippet demonstrates the creation of a multi-line comment in Java. The comment starts with /* and ends with */. It is used to provide explanatory or descriptive information about the code. In this case, the comment states that the image on the screen should be replaced and then moved right by 10 pixels. Since this is a valid way to create a multi-line comment in Java, the correct answer is True.

An instance variable is a bit of memory that belongs to an object and is used to store information. It is different from a method call, which is a way to invoke a method or function in an object. The return type, on the other hand, refers to the type of value that a method or function returns. Therefore, the correct answer is instance variable.

In Java, it is considered good coding practice to declare all variables at the top of the class. This is known as variable declaration at the class level. By declaring variables at the top of the class, it becomes easier to locate and understand all the variables used in the class. It also helps in avoiding any confusion or errors that may arise from declaring variables in different parts of the class. Additionally, declaring variables at the top of the class allows for better organization and readability of the code.

The correct answer is "public int count = 0;" because it declares an integer instance variable called "count" and initializes its initial value to 0. This statement follows the correct syntax for declaring and initializing an integer instance variable in Java.

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Static methods belong to the class itself rather than to any specific instance of the class. They can be accessed using the class name without creating an object of the class. The keyword "static" is used to mark these methods.

Class names in Java should always start with a capital letter. This is a convention followed by Java programmers to make the code more readable and distinguish class names from variables and methods. Starting class names with a capital letter helps to easily identify and differentiate them from other elements in the code. It is a widely accepted practice in the Java community and adhering to this convention improves the overall code consistency and maintainability.

The correct answer is "act()". This method is automatically created in each new class in Greenfoot and is executed when you click on Act or Run in the window. It is responsible for defining the actions that an object should perform during each frame of the simulation.

The expression is evaluating whether the statement "(x > z) || (y
The expression consists of three parts connected by logical operators.

1) (x > z) - This part checks if the value of x is greater than the value of z. In this case, x is 3 and z is -4, so this part evaluates to true.

2) (y
3) !(y
Finally, the expression is evaluated using the logical operators. The "&&" operator has higher precedence than the "||" operator, so the expression is evaluated as follows:

(y
(x > z) || false = true || false = true

Therefore, the overall expression evaluates to true.

In Java, it is a convention to start method names with a small letter but use capital letters for the beginning of words with no spaces. This convention is known as camel casing. By following this convention, it improves code readability and consistency. Starting method names with a capital letter is not a convention in Java.

The correct answer is "public void randomMove()". This is the correct method signature for a method named "randomMove" that has no parameters and does not return a value. The "public" keyword indicates that the method can be accessed from other classes. The "void" keyword indicates that the method does not return any value.

The correct answer is "String city = "Overland Park";" because it declares a local variable named "city" and initializes it with the value "Overland Park". This statement follows the correct syntax for declaring and initializing a string variable in Java.

The data types in Java include int, double, boolean, and String. However, "constant" is not a data type in Java. Constants in Java are typically declared using the "final" keyword and can have data types such as int, double, boolean, or String, but constant itself is not a data type.

The arrays "int[] scores;" and "float[] rates;" are declared correctly by good programming standard. In Java, it is recommended to declare arrays using the square brackets immediately after the data type. Therefore, "int[] scores;" and "float[] rates;" follow this convention and are considered to be declared correctly. On the other hand, "int scores [];" and "float rates [];" also work in Java, but they are not considered as good programming practice.

The specification of a method, which includes its return type, name, and parameters, is called its signature. The signature acts as a unique identifier for the method and helps distinguish it from other methods in the program. It provides crucial information about the method's functionality and how it can be used.

The given Boolean expression is evaluating whether either a is equal to c or a is equal to b. In this case, a is not equal to c (7 is not equal to 12) and a is not equal to b (7 is not equal to 12), so the expression evaluates to False.

Another name for an object is an instance. In object-oriented programming, an instance refers to a specific occurrence or realization of a class. A class is a blueprint or template that defines the properties and behaviors of an object, while an instance is a unique entity created from that class. Therefore, the term "instance" is synonymous with "object" in this context.

A constant is a named value that is used like a variable, but unlike a variable, it cannot be changed once it is assigned a value. It remains constant throughout the program and cannot be modified by any other classes or methods. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it states that a constant can be changed by other classes, which is not true.

A method call is an instruction that tells an object to perform a specific task using programming code. It is used to invoke a method, which is a block of code that performs a particular action. By calling a method, the object executes the code within that method and carries out the desired task. Therefore, a method call is the correct term for this type of instruction.