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  • Spinal tap is contraindicated in patients with

  • A 54-year-old white male who emigrated from UK to Virginia 5 years ago developed symptoms of mental confusion and unsteady gait. During a progressive illness lasting 4 months he became disabled, bed-ridden, and died. His brain at autopsy showed spongiform encephalopathy. What characterizes this pathogen?

  • A 44-year-old African-American homeless male alcoholic in Miami is brought to the ER by a friend because he was not eating much for a month and was “acting strange.”  He was febrile, emaciated, lethargic, and disoriented. The cerebrospinal fluid fluid showed 620 white blood cells per mm3, which were all mononuclears, and a low glucose of 24 mg/dL. The Gram stain and fluorochrome stains revealed no organisms. What is a likely diagnosis?

  • A 55-year old male was admitted to the hospital after suffering from a stroke. He later succumbed. The diagram below represents a cross section from his lower pons obtained at autopsy. The dark shaded area presents a lesion resulting from an embolus in which artery?

  • An infarct involving the hypothalamus would most likely result from occlusion of the?

  • A neurological examination of a 51-year old woman indicated that she had a loss of pain and temperature sense on the ri9ht side of her body, a decreased sense of taste on the left side and hoarseness of voice when speaking. She also complained of dizziness and nausea. Which of the following arteries may be occluded in this patient?

  • Which of the following statements correctly pair the drugs used in parkinsonism with their appropriate mechanism of action? (Check all that apply)

  • Damage of basal ganglia can produce either hyperkinetic or hypokinetic disorders. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of cholinergic and dopaminergic agonists on these conditions?

  • The following table shows the relative intensities of blockade of CNS receptors of five new drugs, each of which may have potential therapeutic value. Which of the drugs is most likely to be useful in treating Parkinson’s disease?

  • A 37-year-old man who is HIV-1-positive has had increasing memory problems for the past year. He is depressed. During the past 3 months, he has had increasing problems with motor function and is now unable to stand or walk. For the past 3 days, he has had fever, cough, and dyspnea. A bronchoalveolar lavage shows cysts of Pneumocystis jiroveci. MRI of the brain shows diffuse cerebral atrophy; no focal lesions are identified. On microscopic examination of the brain, which of the following findings is most likely to be present?

  • A term infant is born to a 32-year-old woman whose pregnancy was uncomplicated. A newborn physical examination shows a small lower lumbar skin dimple with a protruding tuft of hair. A radiograph shows that the underlying L4 vertebra has lack of closure of the posterior arches. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  • A 5-year-old boy has been irritable for the past 2 days and has complained of an earache for the past 5 days. On physical examination, he has a temperature of 39.1°C. Laboratory examination of the CSF from a lumbar puncture shows numerous neutrophils, slightly increased protein level, and decreased glucose concentration. On Gram staining of the CSF, which of the following is most likely to be seen microscopically?
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