CNS Quizzes Online & Trivia

It is likely that the artery that is occluded is the PICA also known as Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery. This is also known as PICA. This is known as one of the main arterial blood supplies that will provide blood to the cerebellum. This is the part of the brain that is located at the back portion. Its main goal is to make sure that it will be able to coordinate and regulate muscular activity. This will make sure that people’s posture and balance are in good working order. If your cerebellum is working properly, you can be sure that you will have better coordination and timing.

1. Motor and sensory function in the left lower limb

Tuberculosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Meningeal inflammation, increase in lymphacytes, mononuclear cells in CSF, absence of bacteria and fungi. Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vommitting, irratiblity, conciousness is in tact.

Paramedian branch of basilar artery

1. Neurofibrillary tangles

1. drug 5-answer: e(katzung, pp 454, brunton, pp 537)drugs that block muscarinic receptors may improve tremor and rigidity of parkinsonism. in thisdisease the loss of dopaminergic neurons results in the loss of balance that normally existsbetween acetylcholine and dopamine mediated neurotransmission. it seems likely that theantimuscarinic agents work by blocking the transmission of cholinergic striatal neurons, therebyminimizing the effect of the relative increase in cholinergic sensitivity.a, b) dopaminergic blockade would exacerbate, not improve, the symptoms of parkinsonism.c, d) adrenergic and gabaergic blockade would have negligible effect on parkinsonism.

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea-answer: b (brunton, pp 539, koda-kimble pp.100-7) the drugs most frequently used in alzheimers disease are cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil, rivastigmine etc. even if these drugs preferentially inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the cns, they can cause most of the adverse effects shared by all cholinergic drugs, which are due to activation of cholinergic receptors. effects affecting the gastrointestinal tract (nausea vomiting and diarrhea) are the most common. a, c, d, e) actually these effects are caused by antimuscarinic drugs, not by cholinergic drugs.

Postural hypotension-answer: c (katzung, pp 241, brunton, pp 169, 534) postural hypotension is the most common cardiovascular adverse effect of levodopa, especially in the early stage of treatment. levodopa is a prodrug and all its effects are due to dopamine. postural hypotension is most likely due both to the activation of e vasodilation d1 receptors in the renal and mesenteric vascular bed, which leads to vasodilation and to the activation of d1 receptors in the proximal tubule which causes inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption, so increasing the diuresis. a) dopamine has negligible effects on accommodation, so blurred vision is unlikely. b) dopamine can activate alpha-1 receptors in the gastrointestinal system. activation of these receptors in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle cause hyperpolarization and relaxation, so diarrhea is unlikely. d) dopamine can activate beta receptor in the heart, so causing tachycardia, not bradycardia. e) dopamine can cause dyskinesias, but bradykinesia is a classic symptoms of parkinsonism, which is in fact alleviated, not caused by levodopa.

A small stroke in the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Measurement of 14-3-3 proteinElevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins are found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 100 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands. The name 14-3-3 refers to the particular elution and migration pattern of these proteins on DEAE-cellulose chromatography and starch-gel electrophoresis. The 14-3-3 proteins eluted in the 14th fraction of bovine brain homogenate and were found on positions 3.3 of subsequent electrophoresis by Moore and Perez (1967). The first symptom of CJD is rapidly progressive dementia, leading to memory loss, personality changes and hallucinations. This is accompanied by physical problems such as speech impairment, jerky movements (myoclonus), balance and coordination dysfunction (ataxia), changes in gait, rigid posture, and seizures. The duration of the disease varies greatly, but sporadic (non-inherited) CJD can be fatal within months or even weeks (Johnson, 1998). In some people, the symptoms can continue for years. In most patients, these symptoms are followed by involuntary movements and the appearance of an atypical diagnostic electroencephalogram tracing. Most victims die six months after initial symptoms appear, often of pneumonia due to impaired coughing reflexes. About 15% of patients survive two or more years. The symptoms of CJD are caused by the progressive death of the brains nerve cells, which is associated with the build-up of abnormal prion proteins forming amyloids. When brain tissue from a CJD patient is examined under a microscope, many tiny holes can be seen where whole areas of nerve cells have died. The word spongiform in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies refers to the sponge-like appearance of the brain tissue.