Pathophysiology Unit 11 Knowledge Check

Explanation
The use of tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. This type of cancer commonly occurs in the mouth, throat, or lips and is strongly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Both tobacco and alcohol can cause DNA damage and increase the risk of developing cancerous cells in the oral cavity. Therefore, individuals who engage in these habits are more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma in this area.

Explanation
Cholelithiasis is a medical condition characterized by the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Therefore, the common term for cholelithiasis is "gallstones." Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. Ulcers and heartburn are unrelated conditions that involve the stomach and esophagus, respectively. Jaundice can be a symptom of cholelithiasis, but it is not the common term for the condition.

Explanation
A prosthetic tube or stent may be used to treat advanced cases of esophageal cancer. This is because esophageal cancer can cause narrowing or blockage of the esophagus, making it difficult for food and liquids to pass through. A prosthetic tube or stent can be inserted into the esophagus to help keep it open and allow for better swallowing and digestion. This treatment option is often used in advanced cases where surgery is not possible or as a palliative measure to improve quality of life.

Explanation
Heavy, long-term alcohol use is the most common cause of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver becomes scarred and damaged, leading to impaired liver function. Excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption can cause inflammation and damage to the liver cells, leading to the formation of scar tissue. Over time, this scar tissue can replace healthy liver tissue, causing cirrhosis. Other factors such as hepatitis infections and certain genetic disorders can also contribute to cirrhosis, but heavy, long-term alcohol use is the primary cause.

Explanation
Kidney stones can occur in both men and women. While it is true that men are more likely to develop kidney stones, women can also be affected by this condition. Factors such as diet, family history, and certain medical conditions can increase the risk of kidney stones in both genders. Therefore, the statement that kidney stones occur most commonly in women is false.