Pathophysiology Practice Quiz With Questions And Answers

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  • 1/50 Questions

    When a disease emerges suddenly but usually has a short duration, it is referred to as:

    • Chronic
    • Acute
    • Infectious
    • Communicable
    • Idiopathic
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About This Quiz

What is the basic definition of pathophysiology? Check out these Pathophysiology practice questions with answers as they are based on the lecture outline for Introduction to Pathophysiology, and the test consists of the essential questions related to this topic.

In this quiz, you'll have the opportunity to test your knowledge of various disease processes, including their etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. Explore the molecular and cellular basis of diseases, and learn how genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to their development.

From cardiovascular disorders and respiratory conditions to neurological diseases and infectious illnesses, this quiz covers a wide range of pathophysiological concepts. You'll also have the chance to explore the principles of pharmacology and treatment modalities used to manage different diseases.

Pathophysiology Practice Quiz With Questions And Answers - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    What disease develops gradually and stays for a long period of time?

    • Chronic

    • Acute

    • Infectious

    • Communicable

    • Idiopathic

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic
    Explanation
    Chronic is the correct answer because it refers to a disease that develops gradually and stays for a long period of time. Unlike acute diseases that have a sudden onset and short duration, chronic diseases persist over an extended period, often for months or even years. These conditions require ongoing medical management and can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Examples of chronic diseases include diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, and asthma.

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  • 3. 

    Which of the following are considered to be risk factors:

    • Age

    • Sex

    • Occupation

    • Dietary deficiencies

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the mentioned factors, including age, sex, occupation, and dietary deficiencies, are considered to be risk factors. Risk factors are characteristics or conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a certain disease or health condition. Age can be a risk factor as certain diseases are more common in older individuals. Sex can also play a role as certain diseases may be more prevalent in one gender. Occupation can expose individuals to various hazards or toxins that can increase the risk of certain health problems. Lastly, dietary deficiencies can lead to inadequate nutrient intake, which can contribute to the development of certain diseases.

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  • 4. 

    Arthritis is classified as a(n) ___________________ disease, with regard to its onset.

    • Chronic

    • Acute

    • Infectious

    • Communicable

    • Idiopathic

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic
    Explanation
    Arthritis is classified as a chronic disease because it is a long-term condition that typically worsens over time. Unlike acute diseases that have a sudden onset and short duration, arthritis is characterized by persistent inflammation and pain in the joints. It is not infectious or communicable, meaning it cannot be spread from person to person. Additionally, it is considered idiopathic, meaning the exact cause is unknown.

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  • 5. 

    What is the name for the study of disease involving the functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes?

    • Pathophysiology

    • Pharmacology

    • Immunology

    • Pathology

    • Pathogenicity

    Correct Answer
    A. Pathophysiology
    Explanation
    Pathophysiology is the study of disease involving the functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes. It focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which diseases develop and progress, including the alterations in cellular and organ function. This field of study helps healthcare professionals, such as doctors and nurses, to better understand the underlying causes of diseases and develop effective treatment strategies. Pharmacology, immunology, pathology, and pathogenicity are related fields but do not specifically focus on the functional or physiological changes that occur in the body due to disease processes.

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  • 6. 

    A disease that originates or is produced outside the body is called what?

    • Indigenous

    • Exergonic

    • Exogenous

    • Endogenous

    • Endergonic

    Correct Answer
    A. Exogenous
    Explanation
    Exogenous refers to something that originates or is produced outside the body. In the context of diseases, exogenous means that the disease is caused by external factors such as infections or environmental factors. It is the opposite of endogenous, which refers to diseases that originate from within the body. Indigenous, exergonic, and endergonic are not applicable in this context and do not describe diseases originating outside the body.

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  • 7. 

    Patient-reported perceptions such as pain, nausea, and chills are known as what?

    • Suffering

    • Signs

    • Syndromes

    • Symptoms

    • Stupors

    Correct Answer
    A. Symptoms
    Explanation
    Patient-reported perceptions such as pain, nausea, and chills are known as symptoms. Symptoms are subjective experiences or sensations that a patient reports and are not directly observable by others. They are important indicators of a patient's condition and can help healthcare professionals diagnose and treat various medical conditions.

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  • 8. 

    A subjective indication of disease that is not obvious to an observer is referred to as what?

    • Suffering

    • Sign

    • Syndrome

    • Symptom

    • Stupor

    Correct Answer
    A. Symptom
    Explanation
    A subjective indication of disease that is not obvious to an observer is referred to as a symptom. Symptoms are experienced by the individual affected by the disease and may include feelings of pain, discomfort, or changes in bodily functions. Unlike signs, which are objective and can be observed by others, symptoms are personal experiences that the person may describe or report to a healthcare professional.

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  • 9. 

    ___________________ is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

    Correct Answer
    Homeostasis
    Explanation
    Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism or system to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate temperature, pH levels, blood pressure, and other factors within a narrow range. This balance is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs. Homeostasis ensures that essential bodily functions are carried out optimally, allowing organisms to adapt and survive in a changing environment.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following is an example of a symptom.

    • Pain

    • Lethargy

    • Nausea

    • Chills

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the options listed - pain, lethargy, nausea, and chills - are examples of symptoms. A symptom is a subjective indication or characteristic of a disease or condition that is experienced by the patient. In this case, each option represents a different symptom that a person may experience. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

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  • 11. 

    A ___________________ is presumed to be a medication but has no therapeutic effect.

    Correct Answer
    Placebo
    Explanation
    A placebo is a substance or treatment that is given to a patient with the belief that it will have a therapeutic effect, even though it actually has no active ingredients or therapeutic properties. It is commonly used in medical research and clinical trials to compare the effectiveness of a new treatment against a control group. Placebos are often used to measure the psychological and physiological effects of the patient's belief in the treatment, known as the placebo effect.

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  • 12. 

    What is the term that indicates the probability of recovery or likelihood of other health outcomes?

    • Diagnosis

    • Synopsis

    • Apoptosis

    • Prognosis

    • Halitosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Prognosis
    Explanation
    Prognosis is the term that indicates the probability of recovery or likelihood of other health outcomes. It is a medical prediction or forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or condition based on the individual's specific circumstances. It takes into account various factors such as the nature and severity of the condition, response to treatment, and overall health of the patient. A prognosis helps healthcare professionals and patients make informed decisions about treatment options and future healthcare planning.

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  • 13. 

    A rash is an example of what?

    • Suffering

    • Sign

    • Syndrome

    • Symptom

    • Stupor

    Correct Answer
    A. Sign
    Explanation
    A rash is an example of a sign because it is a visible or measurable indication of a medical condition or disease. Signs are objective and can be observed or measured by a healthcare professional. In the case of a rash, it can be visually identified and often indicates an underlying issue such as an allergic reaction, infection, or skin disorder.

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  • 14. 

    ___________________ is the number of deaths from a specific disease in a population.

    Correct Answer
    Mortality
    Explanation
    Mortality refers to the number of deaths caused by a particular disease within a specific population. It is a measure that quantifies the impact of the disease in terms of the number of deaths it causes. Mortality rates are often used to assess the severity and impact of diseases on a population, and they provide valuable information for public health interventions and policy decisions.

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  • 15. 

    A designation assigned to a disease of unknown cause is what?

    • Idiopathic

    • Enigmatic

    • Illusory illness

    • Indeterminate origin

    • Mysterious origin

    Correct Answer
    A. Idiopathic
    Explanation
    The term "idiopathic" refers to a disease or condition that has an unknown cause. It is used when the exact origin or underlying factors of a disease cannot be determined or identified. This term is commonly used in medical contexts to describe conditions where the cause is unclear or unknown. The other options, such as enigmatic, illusory illness, indeterminate origin, and mysterious origin, do not specifically convey the concept of an unknown cause, making them incorrect choices.

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  • 16. 

    The control group receives the ___________________.

    Correct Answer
    Placebo, standard treatment
    Explanation
    In the context of pathophysiology and scientific experiments, the control group receives the placebo or standard treatment. The control group is used for comparison to the experimental group, which receives the treatment being tested. By administering a placebo or standard treatment to the control group, researchers can assess the effectiveness of the experimental treatment and determine if it produces meaningful results beyond what would occur naturally or with a known standard.

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  • 17. 

    A disease that originates or is produced within the body is known as what?

    • Indigenous

    • Ergogenic

    • Exogenous

    • Endogenous

    • Emergent

    Correct Answer
    A. Endogenous
    Explanation
    Endogenous refers to a disease that originates or is produced within the body. This means that the disease is not caused by external factors or agents, but rather by internal factors such as genetic predisposition or malfunctioning of bodily systems. It is important to distinguish endogenous diseases from exogenous diseases, which are caused by external factors such as infections or toxins.

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  • 18. 

    Tendencies that promote the development of disease are referred to as what?

    • Risk factors

    • Causal factors

    • Underlying disease threats

    • Infectious agents

    • Stressors

    Correct Answer
    A. Risk factors
    Explanation
    Risk factors are tendencies or conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a disease. These factors can include lifestyle choices, genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and other variables that contribute to the development of a specific illness. By identifying and understanding risk factors, healthcare professionals can assess an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases and implement preventive measures or interventions to reduce the chances of disease occurrence.

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  • 19. 

    ___________________ is programmed cell death.

    Correct Answer
    Apoptosis
    Explanation
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is a natural process in which cells undergo self-destruction to maintain tissue homeostasis, remove damaged or unnecessary cells, and regulate development. This process is tightly regulated and involves a series of biochemical events, including DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, immune response, and elimination of cancerous cells.

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  • 20. 

    An objective indication of disease that is obvious to an observer is referred to as what? 

    • Suffering

    • Sign

    • Syndrome

    • Symptom

    • Stupor

    Correct Answer
    A. Sign
    Explanation
    A sign is an objective indication of a disease that is obvious to an observer. Unlike symptoms, which are subjective experiences reported by the patient, signs can be observed and measured by others. Signs can include physical abnormalities, such as a rash or abnormal vital signs, that can be detected through medical examination.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following is an example of a local manifestation?

    • Fever

    • Lethargy

    • Redness

    • General body aches

    Correct Answer
    A. Redness
    Explanation
    Redness is an example of a local manifestation because it is a specific symptom that is localized to a particular area of the body. It is a visible sign that can be observed and measured, indicating inflammation or irritation in a specific region. In contrast, fever, lethargy, and general body aches are more generalized symptoms that can affect the entire body rather than being localized to a specific area.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a sign?

    • Rash

    • Bruise

    • Altered vitals

    • Drainage

    • Tingling sensation

    Correct Answer
    A. Tingling sensation
    Explanation
    A tingling sensation is not an example of a sign because it is a subjective symptom that can only be felt by the individual experiencing it. Signs, on the other hand, are objective and observable indicators of a medical condition that can be detected by others, such as a rash, bruise, altered vitals, or drainage.

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  • 23. 

    What are the structures in the nucleus of a cell that store genetic information?

    • Centrosome

    • Chromosomes

    • Cytoplasm

    • Genotype

    • Mitochondria

    Correct Answer
    A. Chromosomes
    Explanation
    Chromosomes are the structures in the nucleus of a cell that store genetic information. They are made up of DNA and proteins, and they carry the genes that determine the characteristics and traits of an organism. Chromosomes are responsible for passing on genetic information from one generation to the next during cell division. They are essential for the proper functioning and development of an organism.

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  • 24. 

    What is the term for a period in which the manifestations of a disease subside?

    • Exacerbation

    • Remission

    • Aggravation

    • Recuperation

    Correct Answer
    A. Remission
    Explanation
    Remission is the term used to describe a period in which the manifestations or symptoms of a disease decrease or temporarily go away. It refers to a period of improvement or relief from the symptoms, but does not necessarily mean that the disease has been cured or eliminated. During remission, the disease may still be present in the body, but the symptoms are not as severe or noticeable.

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  • 25. 

    What is a deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness?

    • Functional impairment

    • Debilitated state

    • Dysfunction

    • Disease

    • Infirmity

    Correct Answer
    A. Disease
    Explanation
    A deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness is referred to as a disease. Disease is a broad term that encompasses any abnormal condition or disorder that affects the body's normal functioning. It can manifest in various ways, such as physical symptoms, mental impairments, or biochemical abnormalities. Diseases can be caused by pathogens, genetic factors, environmental factors, or a combination of these. They can range from mild to severe and can have short-term or long-term effects on an individual's well-being.

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  • 26. 

    How many pairs of chromosomes are present in each cell in the human body?

    • 2

    • 4

    • 46

    • 23

    • 92

    Correct Answer
    A. 23
    Explanation
    Each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. This is because humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 coming from each parent. These chromosomes carry genetic information and determine various traits and characteristics in an individual. Therefore, the correct answer is 23.

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  • 27. 

    Carcinogens are an example of which of the following causal factors:

    • Indigenous

    • Exergonic

    • Exogenous

    • Endogenous

    • Endergonic

    Correct Answer
    A. Exogenous
    Explanation
    Exogenous factors refer to external agents or substances that can cause a certain effect or condition. Carcinogens, which are substances that can cause cancer, are examples of exogenous factors because they are typically acquired from the environment, such as through exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain behaviors like smoking. These external factors can initiate or promote the development of cancer cells in the body.

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  • 28. 

    What is the term that describes conditions in which the signs and symptoms increase?

    • Exacerbation

    • Remission

    • Aggravation

    • Recuperation

    • Infestation

    Correct Answer
    A. Exacerbation
    Explanation
    Exacerbation is the correct term that describes conditions in which the signs and symptoms increase. This term is commonly used in medical contexts to refer to a worsening or flare-up of a disease or condition. It indicates a period of time when the symptoms become more severe or intense, leading to a decline in the overall health or well-being of the individual.

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  • 29. 

    Genetics is an example of which of the following causal factors:

    • Indigenous

    • Exergonic

    • Exogenous

    • Endogenous

    • Endergonic

    Correct Answer
    A. Endogenous
    Explanation
    Genetics is an example of an endogenous causal factor because it refers to the internal factors within an organism that determine its genetic traits and characteristics. These factors are inherited and are unique to each individual, playing a significant role in shaping their physical and biological makeup. Unlike exogenous factors that originate from external sources, genetics is an inherent and intrinsic aspect of an organism's biology.

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  • 30. 

    What is a term that is used to refer to the clinical evidence or effects of the disease?

    • Manifestations

    • Indications

    • Causal factors

    • Outward appearance

    • Diagnosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Manifestations
    Explanation
    Manifestations refers to the clinical evidence or effects of a disease. It includes the symptoms, signs, and other observable characteristics that indicate the presence of a particular disease. This term is commonly used in medical and healthcare settings to describe the outward presentation of a disease or condition.

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  • 31. 

    What is the development of disease or the sequence of events that leads to a disease process?

    • Etiology

    • Disease Intensity

    • Pathogenesis

    • Pathophysiology

    • Pathology

    Correct Answer
    A. Pathogenesis
    Explanation
    Pathogenesis refers to the development of a disease or the sequence of events that leads to a disease process. It involves understanding the mechanisms and processes by which a disease develops, including the interactions between the pathogen, the host, and the environment. Pathogenesis helps to explain how a disease progresses, from initial infection or exposure to the manifestation of symptoms and complications. It is an important concept in understanding and studying diseases, as it provides insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential targets for interventions and treatments.

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  • 32. 

    What is the term used for a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that contains information on protein synthesis?

    • Chromosome

    • Gene

    • Nucleotide

    • Genome

    • Lysosome

    Correct Answer
    A. Gene
    Explanation
    A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that contains information on protein synthesis is called a gene. Genes are responsible for encoding the instructions that determine the traits and characteristics of an organism. They are composed of specific sequences of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. Chromosomes are structures that contain genes, while a genome refers to the complete set of genetic material in an organism. Lysosomes are organelles involved in cellular waste disposal and have no direct relation to genes or DNA.

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  • 33. 

    ___________________ is the number of new disease cases in a given population at a specific time.

    Correct Answer
    Incidence
    Explanation
    Incidence refers to the number of new disease cases in a specific population at a particular time. It measures the rate at which new cases of a disease develop in a population, providing valuable information about the risk and spread of the disease. By tracking the incidence, healthcare professionals can identify patterns, monitor the effectiveness of interventions, and develop strategies to control and prevent the disease.

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  • 34. 

    What is the term that is applied to new secondary problems that develop after the emergence of the original disease?

    • Side effects

    • Complications

    • Mutations

    • Sequelae

    • Collateral damage

    Correct Answer
    A. Complications
    Explanation
    Complications refer to new secondary problems that arise after the initial disease or condition has emerged. These complications can be caused by the disease itself or by its treatment. They may be unexpected or unintended, and can vary in severity. Complications can further complicate the management and treatment of the original disease, requiring additional interventions and care.

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  • 35. 

    What is the term that is used to refer to the period of recovery and the resulting return to a normal, healthy state following an illness?

    • Convalescence

    • Relapse

    • Remission

    • Infirmity

    • Exacerbation

    Correct Answer
    A. Convalescence
    Explanation
    Convalescence refers to the period of recovery and the resulting return to a normal, healthy state following an illness. It is the time when a person gradually regains their strength and health after being sick. During convalescence, individuals may still need to take certain precautions or follow specific guidelines to ensure a complete and successful recovery.

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  • 36. 

    A collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as what?

    • Illness

    • Symptomatic

    • Synarthrosis

    • Syndrome

    • Pathogen

    Correct Answer
    A. Syndrome
    Explanation
    A collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a syndrome. This term is used to describe a specific set of symptoms that commonly occur in relation to a particular illness or disease. It helps healthcare professionals identify and classify certain conditions based on their characteristic symptoms, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment.

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  • 37. 

    Influenza is classified as a(n) ___________________ disease, with regard to its onset.

    • Chronic

    • Acute

    • Infectious

    • Communicable

    • Idiopathic

    Correct Answer
    A. Acute
    Explanation
    Influenza is classified as an acute disease because it has a sudden and severe onset. Acute diseases typically have a short duration and a rapid progression of symptoms. In the case of influenza, individuals may experience symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue that come on suddenly and can last for a few days to a couple of weeks. This acute nature of influenza distinguishes it from chronic diseases, which have a longer duration and a slower progression of symptoms.

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  • 38. 

    ___________________ is the science of tracking the pattern and occurrence of disease.

    Correct Answer
    Epidemiology
    Explanation
    Epidemiology is the branch of science that focuses on studying and understanding the patterns and occurrences of diseases. It involves tracking and analyzing various factors such as the spread of diseases, their causes, and their impact on different populations. Epidemiologists collect and analyze data to identify trends, risk factors, and potential interventions to prevent and control diseases. By studying the distribution and determinants of diseases, epidemiology plays a crucial role in informing public health policies and strategies to protect and improve the health of communities.

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  • 39. 

    What is the period of time between the initial exposure and the appearance of clinical signs of the disease condition?

    • Latent stage

    • Clinical stage

    • Sub-clinical stage

    • Prodromal period

    • Festering stage

    Correct Answer
    A. Latent stage
    Explanation
    The latent stage refers to the period of time between the initial exposure to a disease and the appearance of clinical signs or symptoms. During this stage, the disease may be present in the body but is not yet causing noticeable symptoms. This stage can vary in duration depending on the specific disease and individual factors. It is important to note that not all diseases have a distinct latent stage, and some may progress directly from exposure to clinical signs without an intermediate stage.

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  • 40. 

    What is the term that is used to identify a factor that triggers an acute episode?

    • Precipitating factor

    • Stress-inducing factor

    • Contributing factor

    • Determining factor

    • Causal factor

    Correct Answer
    A. Precipitating factor
    Explanation
    A precipitating factor is a term used to identify a factor that triggers an acute episode. It refers to something that brings about or causes a specific event or condition. In the context of the question, a precipitating factor would be something that triggers an acute episode, such as a sudden increase in stress or exposure to a specific trigger. Other options like stress-inducing factor, contributing factor, determining factor, and causal factor may have similar connotations but do not specifically refer to the triggering of an acute episode.

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  • 41. 

    A disease that arises from the activity (treatment, procedures or errors) of a physician is known as what?

    • Adverse event

    • Idiopathic

    • Iatrogenic

    • Malpractice

    • Psychogenic

    Correct Answer
    A. Iatrogenic
    Explanation
    Iatrogenic refers to a disease or condition that is caused by medical treatment, procedures, or errors made by a physician. It can include complications from surgeries, adverse reactions to medications, or infections acquired in a healthcare setting. This term highlights the potential harm that can occur as a result of medical intervention, emphasizing the importance of patient safety and the need for healthcare providers to minimize iatrogenic risks.

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  • 42. 

    ___________________ is the number of new and old disease cases in a given population at a specific time.

    Correct Answer
    Prevalence
    Explanation
    Prevalence refers to the total number of both new and existing cases of a disease within a specific population at a particular point in time. It provides an understanding of the overall burden of the disease in the population, including both new cases and those who have had the disease for a longer duration. Prevalence is an important measure in epidemiology to assess the extent and impact of a disease on a population.

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  • 43. 

    What is the term that refers to a period when a person is aware that something is wrong but does not exhibit specific signs of the disease?

    • Latent stage

    • Clinical stage

    • Sub-clinical stage

    • Prodromal period

    • Festering stage

    Correct Answer
    A. Prodromal period
    Explanation
    The prodromal period refers to a phase when a person is aware that something is wrong but does not exhibit specific signs of the disease. This stage is characterized by general symptoms that may indicate the onset of a particular illness. It is often considered as an early warning sign before the disease fully manifests itself.

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  • 44. 

    The test group receives the ___________________.

    Correct Answer
    Treatment
    Explanation
    The test group receives the treatment. This suggests that the group is being subjected to a specific intervention or procedure that is being tested for its effectiveness or impact. The term "treatment" implies that the group is being given a specific course of action or substance, which is different from the control group or other groups in the experiment.

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  • 45. 

    ___________________ is the frequency with which a disease appears in a population.

    Correct Answer
    Morbidity
    Explanation
    Morbidity refers to the frequency or rate at which a disease or illness occurs within a population. It is a measure of the overall burden of disease in a specific population and is often used to assess the health status of a community. Morbidity can be measured in various ways, such as the number of cases or the prevalence of a disease within a given time period. By understanding the morbidity of a disease, healthcare professionals can develop strategies to prevent, control, and treat the illness effectively.

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  • 46. 

    What is the term that applies to situations in which the disease progression is gradual with only vague or mild signs?

    • Acute

    • Chronic

    • Insidious

    • Invasive

    • Terminal

    Correct Answer
    A. Insidious
    Explanation
    The term that applies to situations in which the disease progression is gradual with only vague or mild signs is "insidious." This term is used to describe diseases that develop slowly and subtly over time, often with symptoms that are not easily recognizable or alarming. Unlike acute diseases that have a sudden onset and severe symptoms, chronic diseases that are long-lasting, invasive diseases that spread aggressively, or terminal diseases that are incurable, insidious diseases progress slowly and may go unnoticed or misdiagnosed for a long period of time.

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  • 47. 

    ___________________ refers to the process in which subjects are randomly assigned to the test and control groups.

    Correct Answer
    Randomization
    Explanation
    Randomization refers to the process of randomly assigning subjects to the test and control groups. This is done to ensure that there is no bias or pre-determined selection in the assignment of participants. Randomization helps to create comparable groups and increases the validity of the study by reducing the likelihood of confounding variables influencing the results. By randomly assigning subjects, researchers can be more confident that any differences observed between the test and control groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors.

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  • 48. 

    What is the name for potential unwanted outcomes that arise from the primary condition?

    • Side effects

    • Complications

    • Mutations

    • Sequelae

    • Collateral damage

    Correct Answer
    A. Sequelae
    Explanation
    Sequelae refers to potential unwanted outcomes that arise from the primary condition. It can include complications, side effects, mutations, or collateral damage that occur as a result of the primary condition.

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  • 49. 

    What is the term that applies to a period in the development of disease in which pathologic changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are detectable?

    • Latent stage

    • Clinical stage

    • Sub-clinical stage

    • Prodromal period

    • Festering stage

    Correct Answer
    A. Sub-clinical stage
    Explanation
    The term that applies to a period in the development of disease in which pathologic changes occur, but no obvious manifestations are detectable is the sub-clinical stage. During this stage, the disease is present in the body, but the symptoms are not yet apparent. This stage can be detected through laboratory tests or medical imaging, even though the individual may not be experiencing any noticeable symptoms.

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