Pathophysiology Of Pain Quiz
Please select the best answer from the options provide for each question below. There are twenty questions and a score of at least 60% is needed to obtain 1.0 category A credit. You have unlimited attempts to successfully complete this quiz.
- 1.
Which of the following may be involved in chronic pain?
- A.
The central nervous system
- B.
Euroendocrine pathways
- C.
Both A & B
Correct Answer
C. Both A & BExplanation
Chronic pain can involve both the central nervous system and neuroendocrine pathways. The central nervous system plays a crucial role in processing pain signals and transmitting them to the brain. Neuroendocrine pathways, on the other hand, involve the interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, which can contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Therefore, both A (the central nervous system) and B (neuroendocrine pathways) can be involved in chronic pain.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following may achieve desensitization?
- A.
Occupational therapy
- B.
Acupuncture
- C.
Both A & B
Correct Answer
C. Both A & BExplanation
Both occupational therapy and acupuncture may achieve desensitization. Occupational therapy involves using specific techniques and activities to help individuals overcome sensory sensitivities and gradually become less sensitive to certain stimuli. Acupuncture, on the other hand, can stimulate specific points in the body to help regulate the nervous system and reduce sensitivity to certain triggers. Therefore, both options can be effective in achieving desensitization.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Central nervous system inhibition can be elicited by causing constant, frequent stimulation in the peripheral nervous system:
- A.
Peripheral stimulation has nothing to do with central processing
- B.
False
- C.
True
Correct Answer
C. TrueExplanation
Constant and frequent stimulation in the peripheral nervous system can lead to central nervous system inhibition. This is because the peripheral nervous system is connected to the central nervous system, and any excessive or prolonged stimulation can disrupt the normal functioning of the central nervous system. This can result in decreased activity or inhibition of the central nervous system. Therefore, the statement "Peripheral stimulation has nothing to do with central processing" is false, and the correct answer is true.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Acupuncture as a treatment modality for chronic pain can have an effect on:
- A.
Psychosocial context & neuroendocrine pathways
- B.
CNS processing & psychosocial context
- C.
CNS processing & neuroendocrine pathways
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. CNS processing & neuroendocrine pathwaysExplanation
Acupuncture as a treatment modality for chronic pain can have an effect on CNS processing and neuroendocrine pathways. This means that acupuncture can impact how the central nervous system processes pain signals and how hormones and other chemicals are released in the body in response to pain. By targeting these pathways, acupuncture may help alleviate chronic pain by reducing inflammation, promoting relaxation, and increasing the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Catgut acupuncture causes constant stimulation of acupuncture points. The study referred to in the presentation found this novel approach to be useful in:
- A.
Fibromyalgia
- B.
Low back pain
- C.
IBS pain
- D.
Pelvic pain syndrome
Correct Answer
C. IBS painExplanation
Catgut acupuncture causes constant stimulation of acupuncture points, which has been found to be useful in relieving IBS pain. The study mentioned in the presentation likely showed positive results in using catgut acupuncture as a treatment for IBS pain. This suggests that this novel approach can potentially help alleviate the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome.Rate this question:
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- 6.
In order to elicit constant stimulation of acupuncture points, without implanting sheep intestine into the acupuncture point, we may consider what as an alternative?
- A.
Tapping the needles
- B.
Acupressure
- C.
Press needles or seeds
- D.
Implanting a synthetic tissue instead
Correct Answer
C. Press needles or seedsExplanation
Press needles or seeds can be considered as an alternative to implanting sheep intestine into the acupuncture point in order to elicit constant stimulation. Press needles or seeds are small, non-invasive devices that can be applied to acupuncture points and left in place for a certain period of time. They exert continuous pressure on the acupuncture point, providing stimulation without the need for invasive procedures. This alternative method allows for the desired effect without the use of animal products or synthetic tissues.Rate this question:
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- 7.
When addressing the psychosocial context in chronic pain patient’s, we should consider their:
- A.
Access to resources
- B.
Support networks
- C.
Both A & B
Correct Answer
C. Both A & BExplanation
When addressing the psychosocial context in chronic pain patients, it is important to consider their access to resources and support networks. Access to resources refers to the availability of healthcare services, financial assistance, and other necessary support systems that can help manage their pain. Support networks include family, friends, and other individuals who provide emotional support and understanding. Considering both A (access to resources) and B (support networks) is crucial in understanding and addressing the psychosocial factors that can impact a chronic pain patient's well-being and treatment outcomes.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Animal studies have shown that Persicaria hydropiper..
- A.
Affects inflammatory markers only
- B.
Affects inflammatory markers & opioid receptors
- C.
Affects inflammatory markers, opioid receptors & glutamatergic pathways
- D.
Has no analgesic affect
Correct Answer
C. Affects inflammatory markers, opioid receptors & glutamatergic pathwaysExplanation
Persicaria hydropiper has been found to affect inflammatory markers, opioid receptors, and glutamatergic pathways in animal studies. This suggests that it has a multifaceted mechanism of action and can potentially modulate pain through various pathways. The involvement of inflammatory markers indicates its anti-inflammatory properties, while the interaction with opioid receptors suggests its potential analgesic effects. Additionally, the modulation of glutamatergic pathways suggests its ability to regulate pain transmission and perception.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Animal studies have shown that Vanda tessellate..
- A.
Affects inflammatory markers only
- B.
Affects inflammatory markers & CNS pain processing
- C.
Affects inflammatory markers, CNS & PNS pain processing
- D.
Has no analgesic affect
Correct Answer
C. Affects inflammatory markers, CNS & PNS pain processingExplanation
The correct answer is "Affects inflammatory markers, CNS & PNS pain processing." This is because the statement in the question suggests that Vanda tessellate has an impact on both inflammatory markers and pain processing in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Animal studies have shown that Vanda tessellate affects these aspects, indicating its potential analgesic properties.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Animal studies have shown that Croton cordiifolius..
- A.
Affects inflammatory markers only
- B.
Affects inflammatory markers & opioid receptors
- C.
Affects inflammatory markers & glutamatergic pathways
- D.
Has no analgesic affect
Correct Answer
C. Affects inflammatory markers & glutamatergic pathwaysExplanation
Croton cordiifolius has been found to affect both inflammatory markers and glutamatergic pathways in animal studies. This suggests that the plant may have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties by modulating these pathways. Inflammatory markers are indicators of inflammation in the body, and the plant's effect on these markers suggests its ability to reduce inflammation. Additionally, the plant's impact on glutamatergic pathways, which are involved in pain transmission, suggests its potential analgesic effect. Therefore, the correct answer is that Croton cordiifolius affects both inflammatory markers and glutamatergic pathways.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following statements regarding TENS is most true?
- A.
TENS is only effective in certain individuals because of differences in gene expression
- B.
TENS is only effective in specific pain conditions
- C.
It is most effective when intensity is increased throughout the treatment and when pain is at its worst
- D.
Studies have shown TENS has no efficacy in the treatment of chronic pain
Correct Answer
C. It is most effective when intensity is increased throughout the treatment and when pain is at its worstExplanation
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) is a therapy that uses low-voltage electrical currents to relieve pain. The statement that TENS is most effective when intensity is increased throughout the treatment and when pain is at its worst suggests that gradually increasing the intensity of the electrical stimulation can provide better pain relief. This approach allows for the adjustment of the treatment to match the individual's pain levels, providing optimal pain management.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following statements regarding TENS is most true?
- A.
The mechanism is unknown
- B.
Causes sensitization and inhibits opioid receptors
- C.
Causes desensitization and stimulates opioid receptors
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Causes desensitization and stimulates opioid receptorsExplanation
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) is a therapy that involves the use of low-voltage electrical currents to relieve pain. It works by stimulating the nerves and blocking pain signals from reaching the brain. The statement "Causes desensitization and stimulates opioid receptors" is the most true because TENS can lead to desensitization of the nerves, reducing pain sensitivity, and it also stimulates the release of endorphins, which are natural pain-relieving substances that act on opioid receptors in the body.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Other neurocutaneous electrical stimulation devices:
- A.
Use differing frequencies & intensities "scramble" afferent pain signals and replace pain signals with "non-pain" information through conventional lines of neural transmission.
- B.
Have the potential to affect gene expression
- C.
Both A & B
Correct Answer
C. Both A & BExplanation
Both A & B are correct because other neurocutaneous electrical stimulation devices use differing frequencies and intensities to "scramble" afferent pain signals and replace them with "non-pain" information through conventional neural transmission. Additionally, these devices have the potential to affect gene expression.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following statements regarding B12 is most true?
- A.
Its analgesic affect remains elusive
- B.
It is only an effective analgesic when a person is deficient
- C.
Animal studies show it has an analgesic effect independent of deficiency
- D.
Deficiency is rare in pain conditions
Correct Answer
C. Animal studies show it has an analgesic effect independent of deficiencyExplanation
Animal studies have shown that B12 has an analgesic effect independent of deficiency. This means that B12 can act as a pain reliever even when a person is not deficient in it. This suggests that B12 may have potential as an analgesic treatment option beyond just treating deficiencies.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Serotonin is involved in chronic pain because:
- A.
It is the way the brain and gut communicate
- B.
People who are depressed always have chronic pain
- C.
Some serotenergic activation inhibits spinal nociception and some activation enhances spinal nociception
- D.
People who are happy never experience pain
Correct Answer
C. Some serotenergic activation inhibits spinal nociception and some activation enhances spinal nociceptionExplanation
Serotonin is involved in chronic pain because it has a dual effect on spinal nociception. Some activation of serotonin inhibits spinal nociception, meaning it reduces the transmission of pain signals in the spinal cord. On the other hand, some activation of serotonin enhances spinal nociception, which means it increases the transmission of pain signals. This dual effect suggests that serotonin plays a complex role in modulating pain perception. It is not accurate to say that people who are depressed always have chronic pain or that people who are happy never experience pain.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The difference in people with chronic pain who respond to SSRI’s and those that do not may in part be explained by:
- A.
The health of their gut
- B.
Protein intake in the diet
- C.
Polymorphisms in genes involved in serotonin receptors
- D.
The preconceived ideas the individual has regarding antidepressant drug therapy
Correct Answer
C. Polymorphisms in genes involved in serotonin receptorsExplanation
The difference in response to SSRI's in people with chronic pain can be partly explained by polymorphisms in genes involved in serotonin receptors. This means that variations in these genes can affect how individuals respond to SSRIs, as these drugs work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. Polymorphisms in these genes can alter the structure or function of serotonin receptors, leading to differences in drug efficacy and response.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Acceptance-based therapy:
- A.
Does not apply to chronic pain
- B.
Is only useful in patients with chronic pain and a diagnosed psychological condition
- C.
Teaches patients to stay in contact with negative emotions, sensations, and thoughts instead of using ineffective control & / or avoidance strategies
- D.
Can only be administered in interdisciplinary rehabilitation settings
Correct Answer
C. Teaches patients to stay in contact with negative emotions, sensations, and thoughts instead of using ineffective control & / or avoidance strategiesExplanation
Acceptance-based therapy teaches patients to stay in contact with negative emotions, sensations, and thoughts instead of using ineffective control and avoidance strategies. This therapy is not limited to patients with chronic pain or those with a diagnosed psychological condition. It can be applied to various conditions and is not restricted to interdisciplinary rehabilitation settings.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Whether or not serotonergic inhibits nociception
- A.
Is dependent on the gut microbiome
- B.
Is dependent on tryptophan intake
- C.
Is receptor dependent
- D.
Is dependent on the mood of the individual
Correct Answer
C. Is receptor dependentExplanation
The correct answer is that whether or not serotonergic inhibits nociception is receptor dependent. This means that the effect of serotonergic activity on pain perception is determined by the specific receptors that are activated or inhibited by serotonin. Different receptors may have different effects on nociception, so the outcome can vary depending on which receptors are involved.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Vitamin D:
- A.
Has no effect on pain
- B.
Only affects musculoskeletal pain
- C.
Deficiency is common in pain conditions and supplementation often reduces pain
- D.
Has no correlation with the risk of statin-induced myalgia
Correct Answer
C. Deficiency is common in pain conditions and supplementation often reduces painExplanation
The correct answer is that deficiency of vitamin D is common in pain conditions and supplementation often reduces pain. This means that many individuals who experience pain conditions also tend to have low levels of vitamin D in their bodies. By taking vitamin D supplements, these individuals may find relief from their pain symptoms. It is important to note that vitamin D does not have an effect on all types of pain, but specifically on musculoskeletal pain. Additionally, there is no correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of statin-induced myalgia, which is a different type of pain condition.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The gut microbiome is potentially associated with chronic pain because:
- A.
It has an effect on dopamine levels
- B.
It can decrease epinephrine levels, therefore decreasing the stress response
- C.
It has an effect serotonergic pathways and serotonin synthesis
- D.
It enhance tryptophan absorption
Correct Answer
C. It has an effect serotonergic pathways and serotonin synthesisExplanation
The gut microbiome can influence serotonergic pathways and serotonin synthesis. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and pain perception. The gut microbiome produces and regulates serotonin levels, which can impact pain perception and the development of chronic pain conditions. By influencing serotonergic pathways and serotonin synthesis, the gut microbiome may play a role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain.Rate this question:
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