Quiz CVS,Dm.GI And Respiratory.Pathophysiology Final , #abo5atib

In the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), all of the mentioned options are necessary. Volume replacement is required to correct dehydration and restore fluid balance. Insulin is needed to lower blood glucose levels and promote the metabolism of ketones. Magnesium supplementation is necessary as DKA can lead to magnesium depletion. Therefore, all three components are essential for effective DKA treatment.

An aneurysm is the correct answer because it refers to a weakening of an artery wall that causes a bulge or distention of the artery. This bulge can be dangerous as it can rupture and lead to severe bleeding or other complications. Aneurysms can occur in various parts of the body, but are most commonly found in the brain, aorta, and other major blood vessels.

Kussmaul's sign is the correct answer because it refers to an abnormal increase in jugular venous pressure during inspiration. This can be observed by the jugular vein bulging or not collapsing during inhalation. It is often associated with conditions such as constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, or right-sided heart failure. Ankle edema, pleural effusion, and ascites are not specifically related to elevated jugular venous pressure.

Hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood, which can appear similar to coffee grounds due to the digestion of blood in the stomach. This condition is often associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and can be caused by various factors such as ulcers, liver disease, or esophageal varices. Chronic cough, acute cough, and hemoptysis are not related to the appearance of coffee ground vomit.

The correct answer is "Output of purulent and bloody stool." In the context of the question, the exudative mechanism of diarrhea refers to the presence of purulent (pus-filled) and bloody stool. This suggests an inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to the release of inflammatory exudate into the stool. This mechanism is different from excessive osmotic forces, voluminous stool, and defective absorption, which are associated with other types of diarrhea. The presence of purulent and bloody stool indicates an underlying infection or inflammation in the intestines.

H.pylori does not inhibit gastric acid and increase pH. In fact, it produces an enzyme called urease which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in gastric pH. This allows H.pylori to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Salmonella is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that can cause a condition called typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is characterized by high fever, weakness, stomach pain, and sometimes a rash. It is usually contracted by consuming contaminated food or water.

The given answer, "Most common in juvenile onset," is not related to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 DM is typically characterized by insulin resistance and relative deficiency of insulin, which is the first option. Nonketonic hyperglycemia with stress can also be seen in Type 2 DM. However, the fact that it is most common in juvenile onset is not applicable to Type 2 DM, as it is more commonly associated with adult onset.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract. It causes inflammation and damage to the lining of the intestines, leading to a reduced intestinal surface area. This can result in malabsorption of nutrients, as the damaged intestines are unable to effectively absorb them. Symptoms of Crohn's disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment usually involves medication to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, as well as dietary changes to ensure proper nutrition.

During an acute asthma attack, bronchiolar constriction, inflammatory swelling, and mucus hypersecretion are major events that contribute to the narrowing of the airways and difficulty in breathing. However, hyperinflation of alveoli is not a major event in acute asthma attacks. Hyperinflation refers to the excessive expansion of the alveoli, which is not typically observed in asthma attacks. Instead, the focus is on the constriction and inflammation of the airways, as well as the increased production of mucus, leading to airway obstruction.

Bradycardia refers to a slower than normal heart rate, which is often observed in athletes due to their high level of physical fitness. Regular exercise and training can lead to an increase in the size and strength of the heart muscle, known as cardiomegaly. This allows the heart to pump a larger volume of blood with each beat, resulting in a lower resting heart rate. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bradycardia physiology."

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are examples of sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and play a crucial role in the "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors, specifically the A1, A2, B1, and B2 receptors, to elicit various physiological responses such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.

Diuretics are the first line of treatment for high blood pressure because they help the body get rid of excess salt and water, reducing the volume of blood and thus lowering blood pressure. They are effective in treating hypertension and are often prescribed as initial therapy due to their proven efficacy and safety profile. Diuretics work by increasing urine production, which helps to decrease the amount of fluid in the blood vessels, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. They are commonly used in combination with other antihypertensive medications to achieve optimal blood pressure control.

In the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, performing a duodenal ulcer biopsy during an OGD (oesophagogastroduodenoscopy) is correct to rule out the presence of H. pylori bacteria. H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers, and obtaining a biopsy sample allows for testing to determine if the bacteria is present. This information is important for guiding treatment decisions, as eradicating H. pylori is necessary for successful management of peptic ulcers.

In cirrhosis, the liver is damaged and its function is impaired. This can lead to a decrease in the filtration rate of the kidneys, resulting in an increase in serum creatinine levels. Therefore, the statement that serum creatinine decreases in cirrhosis is incorrect.

Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is not a characteristic of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that includes elevated triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, and impaired fasting glucose. These conditions increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. However, hypotension is not typically associated with metabolic syndrome.

MgSO4 refers to magnesium sulfate, which acts as a bronchodilator and causes relaxation of smooth muscle by acting as a calcium antagonist. This means that it helps to open up the airways and relieve symptoms of bronchospasm. SABA and LABA are also bronchodilators, but they work through different mechanisms. Ventilation, on the other hand, refers to the process of breathing and is not directly related to bronchodilation.

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. It is formed from angiotensin I through the action of the enzyme ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). Angiotensin II acts on blood vessels, causing them to constrict, which leads to an increase in blood pressure. This vasoconstriction helps to maintain blood flow to vital organs, especially in situations where blood volume is low or blood pressure is reduced. Additionally, angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, further contributing to an increase in blood pressure.

Digitalis (digoxin) is not an example of ACE inhibitors or spironolactone. Digoxin is a medication that belongs to the class of cardiac glycosides, not beta blockers. Beta blockers are a different class of medication that work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the body, while digoxin works by increasing the strength of the heart muscle contractions. Therefore, the correct answer is beta blockers.

The correct answer is "Enzyme adenine cyclise converts ATP to CAMP". This is because adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). cAMP is an important secondary messenger molecule that regulates various cellular processes, including signal transduction pathways mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Therefore, in the context of alpha stimulation in GPCRs, adenylate cyclase plays a crucial role in converting ATP to cAMP, which then activates downstream signaling pathways.

Hypochondriasis is the correct answer because it refers to a psychological disorder where individuals have excessive worry and fear about having a serious medical condition, despite having no or only minor physical symptoms. It is characterized by a preoccupation with one's health and a tendency to interpret normal bodily sensations as signs of illness. This disorder does not have a physical origin but rather stems from psychological factors.

In compensated shock, the body tries to maintain blood flow to vital organs by shunting blood away from less essential areas. This is known as shunting of blood to main core organs. This mechanism helps to ensure that organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, despite the decreased overall blood flow. This peripheral effect is an important adaptive response in the body's attempt to compensate for the reduced cardiac output and maintain organ function.

Trans pulmonary pressure refers to the difference between intra-alveolar and intra-pleural pressure. When the trans pulmonary pressure increases, it causes the expansion of the lungs, resulting in an increase in the volume of air inside the lungs. Therefore, the statement "More trans pulmonary pressure, less volume of air inside the lungs" is incorrect.

The left coronary artery branches into two main arteries: the anterior interventricular artery (also known as the left anterior descending artery) and the circumflex artery. The anterior interventricular artery supplies blood to the anterior part of the interventricular septum and the anterior walls of both ventricles. The circumflex artery supplies blood to the left atrium and the lateral walls of the left ventricle. Therefore, the correct answer is "Anterior interventricular and circumflex."

Patients with a predominant emphysema usually have normal PaCO2 levels. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, leading to decreased lung function. In emphysema, the ability to exhale fully is impaired, resulting in air trapping and increased residual volume. However, the PaCO2 levels remain normal because the patient can still effectively eliminate carbon dioxide. This is in contrast to conditions such as chronic bronchitis, where the PaCO2 levels are elevated due to impaired carbon dioxide elimination.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) usually represents a high V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) ratio in pulmonary tests. This is because COPD is characterized by airflow limitation and obstruction in the lungs, which leads to decreased ventilation in relation to perfusion. In other words, there is inadequate airflow to match the blood flow in the lungs, resulting in a high V/Q ratio. This imbalance can cause impaired gas exchange and difficulty breathing in individuals with COPD.

Oral ribavirin is not considered an antiviral drug for Hepatitis. While Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, and Epivir-HBV are all antiviral drugs used in the treatment of Hepatitis, ribavirin is primarily used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and not specifically for Hepatitis.

Portal Systemic Encephalopathy (hepatic coma) is a condition that occurs due to liver dysfunction, specifically in cases of advanced liver disease. It is characterized by impaired brain function and mental changes. The correct answer states that it is caused by a decrease in ammonia levels, which is incorrect. In fact, Portal Systemic Encephalopathy is caused by an increase in ammonia levels in the blood, as the liver is unable to properly process and eliminate ammonia. This leads to toxic levels of ammonia in the brain, resulting in the symptoms associated with the condition.

Misoprostol is considered a prostaglandin analogue used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Prostaglandins are naturally occurring substances that help protect the lining of the stomach and intestines. Misoprostol works by increasing the production of these protective prostaglandins, thereby reducing the risk of ulcers and promoting healing. Tums, Cimetidine, and Lansoprazole are not prostaglandin analogues and have different mechanisms of action in treating peptic ulcer disease.

The correct answer is "Decrease velocity and increase refractory period." In fibrillation, the heart muscle contracts in an uncoordinated manner, leading to a rapid and irregular heartbeat. Decreasing the velocity of the electrical signals in the heart can help to prevent the abnormal contractions from spreading too quickly. Additionally, increasing the refractory period, which is the time during which the heart muscle cannot be stimulated again, can help to regulate the heartbeat and prevent further chaotic contractions. Therefore, decreasing velocity and increasing refractory period are the main explanatory reasons for the Berserk movement in fibrillation.