Amanda comes in complaining of nasal congestion and discharge, fever, and facial pain above her cheek. She says it has been aching and throbbing for two days, and hurts worse when she coughs or sneezes. You decide to prescribe her a decongestant and antibiotic, what diagnosis are you treating?

Strep type A infection of the sinuses

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called benign positional vertigo?

Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.

Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.

Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.

Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called acute labyrinthitis? (**Hint, two correct answers)

Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.

Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.

Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.

Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.

Which of the following correctly describes central vertigo?

Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.

Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.

Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.

Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.

Which of the following describes the condition of anisocoria?

Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS

One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.

The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.

The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.

Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS

Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.

Which of the following describes the condition of Adie's (tonic) pupil?

One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.

Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.

Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS

The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.

The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.

Which of the following describes the condition of Oculomotor nerve paralysis?

The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.

The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.

Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS

Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.

One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.

The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.

H & P Lecture #4

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Quizzes Created: 6 | Total Attempts: 4,869

Questions: 60 | Attempts: 138 | Updated: Mar 21, 2023

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H & P lecture #4, covers exam abnormalities. . . I also got a lot of information from Bates, I don't know how much detail we need to know out of Bates, but its better to be safe than sorry! :)

Questions and Answers

1.

A ____________ headache is not associated with any underlying pathology, and is the most common type of headache. A _____________ headache can be attributed to an underlying pathologic condition, but are a much rarer form of headaches.
- A.
  
  Secondary, primary
- B.
  
  Primary, secondary
- C.
  
  Migraine, cluster
- D.
  
  Tension, cluster
- E.
  
  Primary, cluster
Correct Answer
B. Primary, secondary

Explanation
A primary headache is not associated with any underlying pathology and is the most common type of headache. On the other hand, a secondary headache can be attributed to an underlying pathologic condition but is much rarer.

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2.

You have a patient who comes in complaining of a headache for the past 48 hours. He went out drinking recently, and he thinks this might be what provoked his headache. He thought it was just a hangover, but then it got progressively worse, and is throbbing and achy. He describes sensory and motor auras, phonophobia, photophobia, nausea, and vomiting. He says he is the most comfortable laying down in his bedroom, with the lights off. What is your diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headache
- D.
  
  Acute glaucoma
- E.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Correct Answer
C. Migraine headache

Explanation
Based on the patient's symptoms of throbbing and achy headache, sensory and motor auras, phonophobia, photophobia, nausea, and vomiting, along with the trigger of drinking alcohol, the most likely diagnosis is a migraine headache. Migraines are often triggered by various factors, including alcohol consumption. The symptoms described, such as sensory and motor auras, sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and vomiting, are consistent with a migraine. The patient's preference for lying down in a dark room also aligns with typical migraine behavior.

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3.

Your patient Dorota comes in, complaining of a headache that is very tight and pressing frontally. It has been gradually getting worse since yesterday. She explains that she was up all night typing quizzes while studying for midterms. She has had some slight photophobia, and the only thing that seems to make it feel better is when her wonderful husband Aaron massages her head while she relaxes in between midterms. What is your diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headache
- D.
  
  Acute glaucoma
- E.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Correct Answer
B. Tension headache

Explanation
Based on the information provided, the patient's headache is described as tight and pressing frontally, gradually worsening since yesterday. This is consistent with the symptoms of a tension headache. The fact that the patient was up all night studying and typing quizzes suggests that the headache may be related to stress and muscle tension. The slight photophobia and relief with head massage also support the diagnosis of a tension headache.

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4.

Which of the following types of headaches is associated with unilateral lacrimation, rhinorrhea, miosis, ptosis, eyelid edema, conjunctival injection, and arises episodically for hours at a time, but then goes into remission for weeks or months? (**Hint: this type of headache tends to be provoked by alcohol, and there doesn't seem to be anything that makes it feel better!)
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headache
- D.
  
  Acute glaucoma
- E.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Correct Answer
A. Cluster headache

Explanation
Cluster headaches are associated with unilateral lacrimation, rhinorrhea, miosis, ptosis, eyelid edema, and conjunctival injection. They occur episodically for hours at a time and then go into remission for weeks or months. Alcohol can provoke cluster headaches, and there is no known way to relieve the pain. Therefore, the correct answer is cluster headache.

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5.

Which of the following is not considered a "secondary" headache?
- A.
  
  Migraine headache
- B.
  
  Acute glaucoma
- C.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- D.
  
  Sinusitis
- E.
  
  Temporal arteritis
Correct Answer
A. Migraine headache

Explanation
Migraine headache is not considered a "secondary" headache because it is a primary headache disorder. Secondary headaches are caused by an underlying medical condition or injury, whereas primary headaches occur without any identifiable cause. Migraine headaches are typically recurrent and can be triggered by various factors such as stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, and environmental factors. They are characterized by severe throbbing pain, often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Therefore, migraine headache is the correct answer as it does not fall under the category of secondary headaches.

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6.

Your patient comes in, complaining of a sandy sensation in their eye, with a steady, aching, severe pain. He explains that he was meticulously building a model ship-in-a-bottle all weekend, and ever sense, he has had deep pain around his eye. You notice conjunctival redness, and ciliary injection. What is your diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Chronic glaucoma
- B.
  
  Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
- C.
  
  Acute glaucoma
- D.
  
  Conjunctivitis
- E.
  
  Acanthamoeba keratitis
Correct Answer
C. Acute glaucoma

Explanation
Based on the symptoms described, such as sandy sensation in the eye, severe pain, conjunctival redness, and ciliary injection, the most likely diagnosis is acute glaucoma. Acute glaucoma is a sudden increase in intraocular pressure due to a blockage in the drainage angle of the eye, leading to symptoms like severe eye pain, redness, and blurred vision. The patient's history of meticulously building a ship-in-a-bottle suggests that he may have been in a position that caused increased intraocular pressure, triggering the acute glaucoma episode.

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7.

Amanda comes in complaining of nasal congestion and discharge, fever, and facial pain above her cheek. She says it has been aching and throbbing for two days, and hurts worse when she coughs or sneezes. You decide to prescribe her a decongestant and antibiotic, what diagnosis are you treating?
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headacha
- D.
  
  Sinusitis headache
- E.
  
  Strep type A infection of the sinuses
Correct Answer
D. Sinusitis headache

Explanation
The given symptoms of nasal congestion, discharge, fever, and facial pain above the cheek are indicative of sinusitis. Sinusitis is an inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which can cause pain and pressure in the face. The fact that the pain worsens when coughing or sneezing suggests that there is increased pressure in the sinuses. Therefore, prescribing a decongestant and antibiotic would be appropriate for treating sinusitis.

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8.

Which of the following is usually described as the "worst headache of my life," is associated with nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and neck pain?
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headache
- D.
  
  Temporal arteritis
- E.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Correct Answer
E. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Explanation
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues that cover it. It is often described as the "worst headache of my life" because it is typically sudden and severe. In addition to the intense headache, other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and neck pain are commonly associated with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. This condition requires immediate medical attention as it can be life-threatening.

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9.

You have a patient who comes in complaining of a headache along with scalp tenderness, fever, fatigue, jaw claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica, visual loss, and blindess. The onset was rapid, he is experiencing severe throbbing, pain with movement of his neck and shoulders, and nothing seems to make it better! What is your diagnosis?
- A.
  
  Cluster headache
- B.
  
  Tension headache
- C.
  
  Migraine headache
- D.
  
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- E.
  
  Temporal arteritis
Correct Answer
E. Temporal arteritis

Explanation
The patient's symptoms, including scalp tenderness, fever, fatigue, jaw claudication, polymyalgia rheumatica, visual loss, and blindness, along with the rapid onset and severe throbbing pain, are indicative of temporal arteritis. Temporal arteritis is an inflammation of the blood vessels in the head, particularly the temporal arteries. It commonly affects older individuals and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly. The symptoms described align with the typical presentation of temporal arteritis, making it the most likely diagnosis in this case.

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10.

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as a spinning sensation along with nystagmus and ataxia?
- A.
  
  Vertigo
- B.
  
  Presyncope
- C.
  
  Dysequilibrium
- D.
  
  Psychiatric dizziness
- E.
  
  Multifactorial
Correct Answer
A. Vertigo

Explanation
Vertigo is the correct answer because it is characterized by a spinning sensation, along with nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and ataxia (lack of muscle coordination). Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness that is often caused by problems in the inner ear or the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. Other options like presyncope, dysequilibrium, psychiatric dizziness, and multifactorial do not specifically describe the spinning sensation, nystagmus, and ataxia associated with vertigo.

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11.

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as the feeling of being faint or lightheaded?
- A.
  
  Vertigo
- B.
  
  Presyncope
- C.
  
  Dysequilibrium
- D.
  
  Psychiatric dizziness
- E.
  
  Multifactorial
Correct Answer
B. Presyncope

Explanation
Presyncope is the correct answer because it refers to the feeling of being faint or lightheaded, which is a common symptom of dizziness. Vertigo, on the other hand, is a spinning sensation, while dysequilibrium refers to a sense of unsteadiness or imbalance. Psychiatric dizziness and multifactorial are not specific symptoms of dizziness, but rather describe the underlying causes or factors contributing to dizziness. Therefore, presyncope best matches the description given in the question.

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12.

Which of the following symptoms of dizziness is described as imbalance when walking?
- A.
  
  Vertigo
- B.
  
  Presyncope
- C.
  
  Dysequilibrium
- D.
  
  Psychiatric dizziness
- E.
  
  Multifactorial
Correct Answer
C. Dysequilibrium

Explanation
Dysequilibrium is the correct answer because it refers to a symptom of dizziness characterized by imbalance when walking. This means that individuals experiencing dysequilibrium may feel unsteady or have difficulty maintaining their balance while walking. Vertigo refers to a spinning sensation, presyncope refers to feeling lightheaded or faint, psychiatric dizziness refers to dizziness caused by mental health issues, and multifactorial refers to dizziness caused by multiple factors.

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13.

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as being associated with anxiety, panic disorder, and depression?
- A.
  
  Vertigo
- B.
  
  Presyncope
- C.
  
  Dysequilibrium
- D.
  
  Psychiatric dizziness
- E.
  
  Multifactorial
Correct Answer
D. Psychiatric dizziness

Explanation
Psychiatric dizziness is the correct answer because it is described as being associated with anxiety, panic disorder, and depression. Vertigo refers to a spinning sensation, Presyncope refers to feeling lightheaded or faint, Dysequilibrium refers to a sense of unsteadiness or imbalance, and Multifactorial refers to dizziness caused by multiple factors. Therefore, Psychiatric dizziness is the most appropriate option that aligns with the given description.

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14.

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called benign positional vertigo?
- A.
  
  Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.
- B.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.
- C.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.
- D.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.
- E.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.
Correct Answer
C. Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.
15.

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called acute labyrinthitis? (**Hint, two correct answers)
- A.
  
  Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.
- B.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.
- C.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.
- D.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.
- E.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.
Correct Answer(s)
B. Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.
E. Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.

Explanation
The correct answer describes acute labyrinthitis as sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus. It also states that it is typically associated with a recent upper respiratory infection.

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16.

Which of the following correctly describes central vertigo?
- A.
  
  Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.
- B.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness lasting hours to weeks with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus.
- C.
  
  Sudden onset of dizziness when moving head; accompanied by nystagmus and may or may not have nausea and vomiting.
- D.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with other neurological deficits.
- E.
  
  Sudden dizziness typically associated with recent upper respiratory infection.
Correct Answer
A. Suddent dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis.

Explanation
Central vertigo refers to dizziness that is caused by a central brainstem lesion, such as atherosclerosis. This means that the dizziness is sudden and is a result of a problem in the brainstem. Other options, such as sudden onset of dizziness with nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus, or dizziness associated with a recent upper respiratory infection, do not specifically indicate a central brainstem lesion as the cause. Therefore, the correct answer is "Sudden dizziness due to a central brainstem lesion such as atherosclerosis."

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17.

Closed-angle and Acute-angle closure glaucoma are two names for the same condition. What is another name for this same condition?
- A.
  
  Open-angle glaucoma
- B.
  
  Open-closure glaucoma
- C.
  
  Narrow-angle glaucoma
- D.
  
  Narrow-closure glaucoma
Correct Answer
C. Narrow-angle glaucoma

Explanation
Closed-angle and acute-angle closure glaucoma are both terms used to describe the same condition, which is characterized by a sudden increase in intraocular pressure due to the blockage of the drainage angle of the eye. This blockage causes the iris to push forward, narrowing the angle and obstructing the flow of fluid out of the eye. As a result, pressure builds up and can lead to damage of the optic nerve and vision loss. Therefore, another name for this condition is narrow-angle glaucoma.

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18.

Which of the following "red-eye" conditions is classified by eye pain, headaches, halos around lights, dilated pupils, vision loss, nausea, vomiting, and ciliary injection?
- A.
  
  Conjunctivitis
- B.
  
  Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
- C.
  
  Narrow-angle glaucoma
- D.
  
  Acute iritis
- E.
  
  Open-angle glaucoma
Correct Answer
C. Narrow-angle glaucoma

Explanation
Narrow-angle glaucoma is the correct answer because it is a condition that presents with symptoms such as eye pain, headaches, halos around lights, dilated pupils, vision loss, nausea, vomiting, and ciliary injection. These symptoms are caused by increased pressure in the eye due to a blockage in the drainage system of the eye, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. This can result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss if not treated promptly.

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19.

Which of the following is a condition that often has no symptoms, no shadow when testing the depth of the anterior shadow, but increased IOP leads to damage to the optic nerve and vision loss over time? (**Hint, this condition is not a common cause of red eye)
- A.
  
  Acute iritis
- B.
  
  Open-angle glaucoma
- C.
  
  Conjunctivits
- D.
  
  Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
- E.
  
  Narrow-angle glaucoma
Correct Answer
B. Open-angle glaucoma

Explanation
Open-angle glaucoma is a condition that often has no symptoms and does not show a shadow when testing the depth of the anterior shadow. However, increased intraocular pressure (IOP) can lead to damage to the optic nerve and gradual vision loss over time. Unlike narrow-angle glaucoma, which can cause sudden symptoms and is a common cause of red eye, open-angle glaucoma progresses slowly and is not typically associated with redness or acute symptoms. Therefore, open-angle glaucoma is the correct answer in this context.

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20.

Which of the following eye conditions is described as a pattern of red peripheral conjunctival injection, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection, that causes mild discomfort but no pain, and has ocular discharge present?
- A.
  
  Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- B.
  
  Acute uveitis
- C.
  
  Acute iritis
- D.
  
  Narrow-angle glaucoma
- E.
  
  Conjunctivitis
Correct Answer
E. Conjunctivitis

Explanation
Conjunctivitis is described as a pattern of red peripheral conjunctival injection, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection. It causes mild discomfort but no pain, and has ocular discharge present. Subconjunctival hemorrhage is characterized by blood in the conjunctiva, not redness or infection. Acute uveitis and acute iritis are both conditions that involve inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye, and typically present with pain and discomfort. Narrow-angle glaucoma is a condition characterized by increased pressure in the eye, which can cause severe pain and vision loss. Therefore, the correct answer is conjunctivitis.

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21.

Which of the following red eye conditions looks much worse than it really is, and is commonly caused by trauma, bleeding disorders, or a sudden increase in venous pressure (cough, vomit).
- A.
  
  Narrow-angle glaucoma
- B.
  
  Acute iritis
- C.
  
  Conjunctivitis
- D.
  
  Subconjunctival hemorrhage
- E.
  
  Pterygium
Correct Answer
D. Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Explanation
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a red eye condition that looks much worse than it really is. It is commonly caused by trauma, bleeding disorders, or a sudden increase in venous pressure. This condition occurs when a blood vessel in the conjunctiva, the clear layer that covers the white part of the eye, breaks and causes blood to pool under the conjunctiva. Although it may appear alarming, it is usually harmless and resolves on its own without treatment.

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22.

Which of the following benign conditions is associated with normal aging (but can be seen in young people sometimes), is a grayish-white arc near the edge of the cornea, and can suggest hyperlipidemia? (**Hint--there are THREE correct answers!)
- A.
  
  Pterygium
- B.
  
  Corneal arcus
- C.
  
  Cataracts
- D.
  
  Senile arcus
- E.
  
  Arcus senilis
Correct Answer(s)
B. Corneal arcus
D. Senile arcus
E. Arcus senilis

Explanation
Corneal arcus, senile arcus, and arcus senilis are all correct answers because they are all associated with normal aging. These conditions present as a grayish-white arc near the edge of the cornea and can suggest hyperlipidemia. They may also be seen in young people occasionally.

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23.

Which of the following describes the condition of anisocoria?
- A.
  
  One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.
- B.
  
  The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
- C.
  
  The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.
- D.
  
  Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS
- E.
  
  Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.
Correct Answer
D. Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS

Explanation
Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil size. The correct answer explains that in bright light, the larger pupil is unable to constrict properly due to an impaired parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). On the other hand, in dim light, the smaller pupil is unable to dilate properly due to an impaired sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This explanation highlights the underlying physiological mechanisms that contribute to the condition of anisocoria.

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24.

Which of the following describes the condition of Adie's (tonic) pupil?
- A.
  
  One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.
- B.
  
  Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.
- C.
  
  Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS
- D.
  
  The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
- E.
  
  The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.
Correct Answer
A. One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.

Explanation
Adie's (tonic) pupil is characterized by one pupil being larger, regular, and having a slowed or absent reaction to light. This condition also causes slow accommodation, leading to blurred vision. Additionally, deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) are often decreased in individuals with Adie's pupil.

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25.

Which of the following describes the condition of Oculomotor nerve paralysis?
- A.
  
  The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.
- B.
  
  Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS
- C.
  
  Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.
- D.
  
  One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.
- E.
  
  The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
Correct Answer
E. The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
26.

Which of the following describes the condition of Horner's syndrome?
- A.
  
  The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
- B.
  
  One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.
- C.
  
  The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.
- D.
  
  Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.
- E.
  
  Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS
Correct Answer
C. The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.

Explanation
This answer describes the condition of Horner's syndrome. It states that the affected pupil is small but reacts briskly to light and near effort. It also mentions the presence of ptosis of the eyelid, loss of sweating on the forehead, and a lighter iris in the affected eye compared to the normal eye.

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27.

Which of the following describes the condition of Argyll Robertson pupils?
- A.
  
  The dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort. Ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation is almost always present.
- B.
  
  One pupil is larger, regular, and has a slowed or absent reaction to light. Slow accommodation causes blurred vision and DTRs are often decreased.
- C.
  
  The affected pupil, although small, reacts briskly to light and near effort. Ptosis of the eyelid, with loss of sweating on the forehead, and the affected iris is lighter than the normal eye.
- D.
  
  Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.
- E.
  
  Greater in bright light, the larger pupil cannot constrict properly because of an impaired PNS, and in dim light, the smaller pupil cannot dilate properly because of an impaired SNS
Correct Answer
D. Small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light.

Explanation
Argyll Robertson pupils are characterized by small, irregular pupils that are able to accommodate (constrict and dilate in response to near effort), but do not react to light. This condition is often associated with neurosyphilis, a late stage of syphilis that affects the nervous system. The other options describe different conditions or symptoms, but do not specifically describe the characteristics of Argyll Robertson pupils.

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28.

A full and torturous retinal artery, with increased light reflex is called ___________ wiring, and an artery that is so opaque that no blood is visible within it at all is called ____________ wiring.
- A.
  
  Copper, shiny
- B.
  
  Silver, copper
- C.
  
  Bronze, silver
- D.
  
  Copper, silver
Correct Answer
D. Copper, silver

Explanation
A full and torturous retinal artery, with increased light reflex is called copper wiring, and an artery that is so opaque that no blood is visible within it at all is called silver wiring.

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29.

Which of the following is defined as a firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue that extends beyond the area of injury?
- A.
  
  Cutaneous cyst
- B.
  
  Tophi
- C.
  
  Keloid
- D.
  
  Rheumatoid nodules
- E.
  
  Basal cell carcinoma
Correct Answer
C. Keloid

Explanation
A keloid is a firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue that extends beyond the area of injury. Unlike a normal scar, which remains within the boundaries of the original wound, a keloid grows and spreads beyond the site of the injury. It is characterized by its raised, thickened, and often shiny appearance. Keloids can be caused by various factors such as trauma, surgery, burns, or even minor skin injuries. They are more commonly seen in individuals with darker skin types and can be itchy, painful, and cosmetically bothersome. Treatment options for keloids include corticosteroid injections, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and surgical removal.

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30.

Which of the following is defined as a deposit of uric acid crystals characteristic of chronic tophaceous gout?
- A.
  
  Cutaneous cyst
- B.
  
  Tophi
- C.
  
  Keloid
- D.
  
  Rheumatoid nodules
- E.
  
  Basal cell carcinoma
Correct Answer
B. Tophi

Explanation
Tophi are defined as deposits of uric acid crystals that are characteristic of chronic tophaceous gout. These deposits typically form in the joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues of individuals with gout. Tophi can cause pain, inflammation, and deformity in affected areas. They are usually visible as lumps or nodules under the skin and can be felt as hard, chalky deposits. Tophi are a result of long-term elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, which leads to the formation of urate crystals.

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31.

Which of the following is described as a chronic inflammatory lesion on the helix or antihelix that becomes red, ulcerated, and crusty?
- A.
  
  Cutaneous cyst
- B.
  
  Tophi
- C.
  
  Keloid
- D.
  
  Rheumatoid nodules
- E.
  
  Chrondrodermatitis helicis
Correct Answer
E. Chrondrodermatitis helicis

Explanation
Chrondrodermatitis helicis is described as a chronic inflammatory lesion on the helix or antihelix that becomes red, ulcerated, and crusty. It is a condition that affects the cartilage of the ear and is often caused by pressure or trauma to the area. The inflammation leads to the development of a painful nodule or ulcer on the ear, which can become crusty and may bleed. Treatment usually involves avoiding pressure on the affected area and using medications to reduce inflammation.

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32.

Which of the following is described as a raised nodule that is a common, slow-growing malignancy?
- A.
  
  Chrondrodermatitis helicis
- B.
  
  Rheumatoid nodules
- C.
  
  Tophi
- D.
  
  Basal cell carcinoma
- E.
  
  Keloid
Correct Answer
D. Basal cell carcinoma

Explanation
Basal cell carcinoma is described as a raised nodule that is a common, slow-growing malignancy. It is the most common type of skin cancer and typically appears as a pearly or waxy bump on the skin. It is usually found on areas of the body that are frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and arms. Basal cell carcinoma is known for its slow growth and is rarely life-threatening, but it should still be treated promptly to prevent further damage to the skin.

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33.

Which of the following is described as a dome-shaped lump in the dermis forms a benign closed form sac attached to the epidermis, and is also called a sebaceous cyst?
- A.
  
  Basal cell carcinoma
- B.
  
  Cutaneous cyst
- C.
  
  Chrondrodermatitis helicis
- D.
  
  Tophi
- E.
  
  Keloid
Correct Answer
B. Cutaneous cyst

Explanation
A cutaneous cyst is described as a dome-shaped lump in the dermis that forms a benign closed form sac attached to the epidermis. It is also known as a sebaceous cyst. This type of cyst is formed when the sebaceous gland becomes blocked, leading to the accumulation of sebum. The cyst is typically filled with a cheesy, foul-smelling material and may cause pain or discomfort. Treatment options include drainage or surgical removal of the cyst.

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34.

Which of the following is described as small lumps on the helix or antihelix and is common in chronic RA?
- A.
  
  Chrondrodermatitis helicis
- B.
  
  Tophi
- C.
  
  Rheumatoid nodules
- D.
  
  Cutaneous cyst
- E.
  
  Keloid
Correct Answer
C. Rheumatoid nodules

Explanation
Rheumatoid nodules are small lumps that can develop on the helix or antihelix in individuals with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These nodules are a characteristic feature of RA and are formed due to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue. They can vary in size and are usually painless. Rheumatoid nodules can be found in various locations throughout the body, including the ears. Therefore, in individuals with chronic RA, the presence of small lumps on the helix or antihelix is most likely due to rheumatoid nodules.

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35.

Which of the following is described as holes in the eardrum that usually result from purulent infections of the middle ear and can be classified as central or marginal perforations?
- A.
  
  Tympanosclerosis
- B.
  
  Perforation of the eardrum
- C.
  
  Serous effusion
- D.
  
  Acute otitis media
- E.
  
  Bullous myringitis
Correct Answer
B. Perforation of the eardrum

Explanation
Perforation of the eardrum is described as holes in the eardrum that usually result from purulent infections of the middle ear. These holes can be classified as central or marginal perforations. Tympanosclerosis refers to the hardening of the eardrum, serous effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, acute otitis media refers to an infection of the middle ear, and bullous myringitis refers to a viral infection of the eardrum.

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36.

Which of the following is described as a chalky white patch with irregular margins caused by a deposition of hyaline material within the layers of the TM that sometimes follows a severe case of otitis media?
- A.
  
  Acute otitis media
- B.
  
  Serous effusion
- C.
  
  Bullous myringitis
- D.
  
  Perforation of the eardrum
- E.
  
  Tympanosclerosis
Correct Answer
E. Tympanosclerosis

Explanation
Tympanosclerosis is described as a chalky white patch with irregular margins caused by a deposition of hyaline material within the layers of the tympanic membrane (TM). This condition can occur as a result of a severe case of otitis media, where inflammation and damage to the TM lead to the deposition of hyaline material. It is characterized by a white, opaque appearance on the TM and can cause hearing loss or a decrease in middle ear mobility.

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37.

Which of the following conditions is usually caused by viral URIs or by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure where the Eustachain tube cannot equalize air pressure, so the air is partially absorbed into that blood stream and fluid accumulates behind the TM? (Hint** Symptoms include fullness, popping, mild conductive hearing loss, and pain).
- A.
  
  Tympanosclerosis
- B.
  
  Serous effusion
- C.
  
  Bullous myringitis
- D.
  
  Perforation of the eardrum
- E.
  
  Acute otitis media
Correct Answer
B. Serous effusion

Explanation
Serous effusion is usually caused by viral upper respiratory infections (URIs) or sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. In this condition, the Eustachian tube is unable to equalize air pressure, causing air to be partially absorbed into the bloodstream and fluid to accumulate behind the tympanic membrane (TM). Symptoms of serous effusion include fullness, popping, mild conductive hearing loss, and pain.

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38.

Which of the following is a viral infection characterized by painful hemorrhagic vesicles that appear on the TM, the ear canal, or both? (**Hint--Symptoms include earache, blood-tinged discharge from the ear, and conductive hearing loss)
- A.
  
  Perforated eardrum
- B.
  
  Tympanosclerosis
- C.
  
  Acute otitis media
- D.
  
  Bullous myringitis
- E.
  
  Serous effusion
Correct Answer
D. Bullous myringitis

Explanation
Bullous myringitis is a viral infection characterized by painful hemorrhagic vesicles that appear on the TM (tympanic membrane), the ear canal, or both. The symptoms mentioned in the hint, including earache, blood-tinged discharge from the ear, and conductive hearing loss, are commonly associated with bullous myringitis. Perforated eardrum, tympanosclerosis, acute otitis media, and serous effusion are different conditions and do not present with the specific symptoms mentioned.

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39.

Which of the following is characterized by softening and fissuring of the angles of the mouth?
- A.
  
  Actinic chelitis
- B.
  
  Herpes simplex
- C.
  
  Angioedema
- D.
  
  Angular chelitis
- E.
  
  Hereditary hemorrhagic syndrome
Correct Answer
D. Angular chelitis

Explanation
Angular chelitis is characterized by softening and fissuring of the angles of the mouth. This condition is commonly caused by a fungal or bacterial infection, which leads to inflammation and cracking of the skin at the corners of the mouth. It is often associated with factors such as poor oral hygiene, nutritional deficiencies, or denture use. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as antifungal or antibiotic medications, and improving oral hygiene practices.

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40.

Which of the following is the result of excessive exposure to sunlight, where the lip loses its normal redness and becomes scaly, thickened, and slightly everted?
- A.
  
  Angular chelitis
- B.
  
  Actinic chelitis
- C.
  
  Angioedema
- D.
  
  Herpes simplex
- E.
  
  Hereditary hemorrhagic syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Actinic chelitis

Explanation
Actinic chelitis is the correct answer because it refers to a condition caused by excessive exposure to sunlight. It is characterized by the lip losing its normal redness and becoming scaly, thickened, and slightly everted. Angular chelitis, angioedema, herpes simplex, and hereditary hemorrhagic syndrome do not specifically relate to the symptoms described.

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41.

Which of the following produces recurrent and painful vesicular eruptions of the lips and surrounding skin?
- A.
  
  Herpes zoster
- B.
  
  Herpes simplex
- C.
  
  Angioedema
- D.
  
  Actinic chelitis
- E.
  
  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Correct Answer
B. Herpes simplex

Explanation
Herpes simplex is a viral infection that causes recurrent and painful vesicular eruptions of the lips and surrounding skin. It is characterized by the formation of small, fluid-filled blisters that can be painful and can recur periodically. The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with the affected area.

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42.

Which of the following describes a condition of diffuse, non-pitting, tense swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue?
- A.
  
  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
- B.
  
  Angular chelitis
- C.
  
  Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- D.
  
  Angioedema
- E.
  
  Actinic chelitis
Correct Answer
D. Angioedema

Explanation
Angioedema is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by diffuse, non-pitting, tense swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. This condition is caused by the rapid swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, often in response to an allergic reaction or an underlying medical condition. It can affect various parts of the body, including the lips, face, throat, and extremities. Unlike pitting edema, which leaves an indentation when pressure is applied, angioedema does not pit.

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43.

Which of the following describes multiple small red spots on the lips?
- A.
  
  Angioedema
- B.
  
  Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- C.
  
  Herpes simplex
- D.
  
  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
- E.
  
  Chancre of syphillis
Correct Answer
B. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Explanation
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a genetic disorder that causes abnormal blood vessels to form, leading to the development of small red spots on the lips. This condition is characterized by recurrent nosebleeds, telangiectasias (dilated blood vessels), and arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connections between arteries and veins). It is an inherited condition and can also affect other organs in the body, such as the lungs, liver, and brain.

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44.

Which of the following is described as pigmented spots on the lips that are more prominent than freckling of the surrounding skin?
- A.
  
  Chancre of syphillis
- B.
  
  Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
- C.
  
  Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- D.
  
  Herpes simplex
- E.
  
  Angioedema
Correct Answer
B. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Explanation
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is described as pigmented spots on the lips that are more prominent than freckling of the surrounding skin. This genetic disorder is characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation, particularly on the lips, buccal mucosa, and perianal area. These pigmented spots, known as melanotic macules, are dark brown to black in color and can vary in size. They are typically larger and more prominent than freckles, which are usually smaller and lighter in color.

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45.

Which of the following is described as a firm, button-like lesion that ulcerates and may become crusted?
- A.
  
  Aphthous ulcer
- B.
  
  Kaposi's sarcoma
- C.
  
  Fordyce spots
- D.
  
  Koplik's spots
- E.
  
  Chancre of syphillis
Correct Answer
E. Chancre of syphillis

Explanation
A chancre of syphilis is described as a firm, button-like lesion that ulcerates and may become crusted. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by the development of a painless sore called a chancre at the site of infection. The chancre typically appears as a small, raised bump that can evolve into an ulcer with a firm, button-like texture. If left untreated, syphilis can progress to more serious stages and cause a wide range of complications.

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46.

Which of the following usually affects the lower lip, appears as a scaly plaque, an ulcer without a crust, or as a nodular lesion?
- A.
  
  Carcinoma of the lip
- B.
  
  Basal cell carcinoma
- C.
  
  Chancre of syphillis
- D.
  
  Herpes simplex
- E.
  
  Aphthous ulcer
Correct Answer
A. Carcinoma of the lip

Explanation
Carcinoma of the lip usually affects the lower lip and can present as a scaly plaque, an ulcer without a crust, or as a nodular lesion. This type of cancer commonly occurs in individuals who have a history of chronic sun exposure. It is important to diagnose and treat carcinoma of the lip early as it can be locally invasive and have the potential to spread to nearby lymph nodes.

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47.

A red throat with white exudates on the tonsils is commonly seen in ________________, and a reddened throat without exudates is commonly seen in _________________.
- A.
  
  Tonsilitis, pharyngitis
- B.
  
  Strep throat, pharyngitis
- C.
  
  Pharyngitis, Strep throat
- D.
  
  Sinusitis, tonsilitis
- E.
  
  Strep throat, tonsilitis
Correct Answer
B. Strep throat, pharyngitis

Explanation
A red throat with white exudates on the tonsils is commonly seen in Strep throat, which is an infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. On the other hand, a reddened throat without exudates is commonly seen in pharyngitis, which refers to inflammation of the throat.

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48.

Which of the following rare (but very important) disease presents as a dull red throat with gray exudate on the uvula, pharynx, and tongue?
- A.
  
  Mumps
- B.
  
  Pharyngitis
- C.
  
  Diphtheria
- D.
  
  Rubella
- E.
  
  Strep throat
Correct Answer
C. Diphtheria

Explanation
Diphtheria presents as a dull red throat with gray exudate on the uvula, pharynx, and tongue. This is a characteristic symptom of the disease. Mumps, Pharyngitis, Rubella, and Strep throat do not typically present with this specific symptom.

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49.

Which of the following is a yeast infection in the mouth that appears as thick, white plaques, somewhat adherent to the underlying mucosa? (**Hint, TWO correct answers!)
- A.
  
  Diphtheria
- B.
  
  Thrush
- C.
  
  Leukoplakia
- D.
  
  Aphthous ulcer
- E.
  
  Candidiasis
Correct Answer(s)
B. Thrush
E. Candidiasis

Explanation
Thrush and candidiasis are both yeast infections in the mouth that appear as thick, white plaques. Thrush is caused by the Candida fungus and is commonly seen in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. Candidiasis, on the other hand, refers to a broader range of infections caused by Candida, including oral thrush. Both conditions can cause discomfort and may require antifungal treatment to resolve.

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50.

Which of the following are deep purple lesions that can be raised or flat on the palate, and are common in patients with AIDS?
- A.
  
  Chancre of syphillis
- B.
  
  Kaposi's sarcoma
- C.
  
  Koplik's spots
- D.
  
  Leukoplakia
- E.
  
  Fordyce spots
Correct Answer
B. Kaposi's sarcoma

Explanation
Kaposi's sarcoma is a correct answer because it is a type of cancer that can cause deep purple lesions on the palate. It is commonly seen in patients with AIDS due to their weakened immune system. These lesions can be raised or flat and are one of the characteristic symptoms of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV/AIDS patients.

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H & P Lecture #4

A ____________ headache is not associated with any underlying pathology, and is the most common type of headache. A _____________ headache can be attributed to an underlying pathologic condition, but are a much rarer form of headaches.

Which of the following is not considered a "secondary" headache?

Amanda comes in complaining of nasal congestion and discharge, fever, and facial pain above her cheek. She says it has been aching and throbbing for two days, and hurts worse when she coughs or sneezes. You decide to prescribe her a decongestant and antibiotic, what diagnosis are you treating?

Which of the following is usually described as the "worst headache of my life," is associated with nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and neck pain?

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as a spinning sensation along with nystagmus and ataxia?

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as the feeling of being faint or lightheaded?

Which of the following symptoms of dizziness is described as imbalance when walking?

Which of the following dizziness symptoms is described as being associated with anxiety, panic disorder, and depression?

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called benign positional vertigo?

Which of the following correctly describes the peripheral vertigo called acute labyrinthitis? (**Hint, two correct answers)

Which of the following correctly describes central vertigo?

Closed-angle and Acute-angle closure glaucoma are two names for the same condition. What is another name for this same condition?

Which of the following "red-eye" conditions is classified by eye pain, headaches, halos around lights, dilated pupils, vision loss, nausea, vomiting, and ciliary injection?

Which of the following is a condition that often has no symptoms, no shadow when testing the depth of the anterior shadow, but increased IOP leads to damage to the optic nerve and vision loss over time? (**Hint, this condition is not a common cause of red eye)

Which of the following eye conditions is described as a pattern of red peripheral conjunctival injection, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection, that causes mild discomfort but no pain, and has ocular discharge present?

Which of the following red eye conditions looks much worse than it really is, and is commonly caused by trauma, bleeding disorders, or a sudden increase in venous pressure (cough, vomit).

Which of the following benign conditions is associated with normal aging (but can be seen in young people sometimes), is a grayish-white arc near the edge of the cornea, and can suggest hyperlipidemia? (**Hint--there are THREE correct answers!)

Which of the following describes the condition of anisocoria?

Which of the following describes the condition of Adie's (tonic) pupil?

Which of the following describes the condition of Oculomotor nerve paralysis?

Which of the following describes the condition of Horner's syndrome?

Which of the following describes the condition of Argyll Robertson pupils?

A full and torturous retinal artery, with increased light reflex is called ___________ wiring, and an artery that is so opaque that no blood is visible within it at all is called ____________ wiring.

Which of the following is defined as a firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue that extends beyond the area of injury?

Which of the following is defined as a deposit of uric acid crystals characteristic of chronic tophaceous gout?

Which of the following is described as a chronic inflammatory lesion on the helix or antihelix that becomes red, ulcerated, and crusty?

Which of the following is described as a raised nodule that is a common, slow-growing malignancy?

Which of the following is described as a dome-shaped lump in the dermis forms a benign closed form sac attached to the epidermis, and is also called a sebaceous cyst?

Which of the following is described as small lumps on the helix or antihelix and is common in chronic RA?

Which of the following is described as holes in the eardrum that usually result from purulent infections of the middle ear and can be classified as central or marginal perforations?

Which of the following is described as a chalky white patch with irregular margins caused by a deposition of hyaline material within the layers of the TM that sometimes follows a severe case of otitis media?

Which of the following is a viral infection characterized by painful hemorrhagic vesicles that appear on the TM, the ear canal, or both? (**Hint--Symptoms include earache, blood-tinged discharge from the ear, and conductive hearing loss)

Which of the following is characterized by softening and fissuring of the angles of the mouth?

Which of the following is the result of excessive exposure to sunlight, where the lip loses its normal redness and becomes scaly, thickened, and slightly everted?

Which of the following produces recurrent and painful vesicular eruptions of the lips and surrounding skin?

Which of the following describes a condition of diffuse, non-pitting, tense swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue?

Which of the following describes multiple small red spots on the lips?

Which of the following is described as pigmented spots on the lips that are more prominent than freckling of the surrounding skin?

Which of the following is described as a firm, button-like lesion that ulcerates and may become crusted?

Which of the following usually affects the lower lip, appears as a scaly plaque, an ulcer without a crust, or as a nodular lesion?

A red throat with white exudates on the tonsils is commonly seen in ________________, and a reddened throat without exudates is commonly seen in _________________.

Which of the following rare (but very important) disease presents as a dull red throat with gray exudate on the uvula, pharynx, and tongue?

Which of the following is a yeast infection in the mouth that appears as thick, white plaques, somewhat adherent to the underlying mucosa? (**Hint, TWO correct answers!)

Which of the following are deep purple lesions that can be raised or flat on the palate, and are common in patients with AIDS?

A headache is not associated with any underlying pathology, and is the most common type of headache. A _ headache can be attributed to an underlying pathologic condition, but are a much rarer form of headaches.

A full and torturous retinal artery, with increased light reflex is called _ wiring, and an artery that is so opaque that no blood is visible within it at all is called __ wiring.

A red throat with white exudates on the tonsils is commonly seen in , and a reddened throat without exudates is commonly seen in _.