Block 2 Pace Quiz 2

The patient's presentation of severe abdominal pain and high amylase levels suggests acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, leading to the release of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase into the bloodstream. This can cause severe abdominal pain and can lead to shock if not treated promptly. The normal albumin levels and liver enzymes suggest that there is no liver dysfunction or blockage of the bile duct, making those options less likely. Acute hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, and Wilson's disease are also not consistent with the patient's presentation and laboratory findings.

Vitamin K is essential for the production of clotting factors in the blood. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to impaired blood clotting, resulting in a bleeding tendency. Iron deficiency anemia, chronic heart failure, sickle cell disease, and emphysema do not directly affect the clotting process and therefore do not favor a bleeding tendency.

Because of the presence of maternal antibodies in the infant’s blood, the baby could suffer transient myasthenia and should be monitored for any breathing difficulty. Avoid the answers with “MUST” With good monitoring of the infant, the prognosis is good so D is not a choice.

Titin is a protein that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. It is the largest known protein and acts as a molecular spring, providing elasticity to the muscle. In addition to its role in muscle contraction, titin also functions as an anchor for the thick filaments of the muscle to the Z disks. This anchoring helps to maintain the structural integrity of the muscle and allows for efficient transmission of force during muscle contraction. Therefore, titin is responsible for anchoring the thick filaments to the Z disks.

When a patient with paralyzed gluteus medius and minimus muscles on the left side attempts to stand on the left limb only, the right side of the pelvis typically drops. This is because the gluteus medius and minimus muscles play a crucial role in stabilizing the pelvis during single limb support. Without the support from these muscles, the pelvis on the opposite side (right side) is unable to maintain its normal level position and drops downwards. This compensatory movement helps to shift the center of gravity towards the left side and maintain balance during the stance phase of walking.

Cardiac muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes, are responsible for the contraction of the heart. They possess sarcomeres and myofibrils, which are the structural components responsible for muscle contraction. Sarcomeres are the basic units of muscle contraction and consist of overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Myofibrils are long, cylindrical structures within the muscle cells that contain the sarcomeres. These sarcomeres and myofibrils allow cardiac muscle cells to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

A deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin primarily affects the lungs. Alpha 1-antitrypsin is a protein that helps protect the lungs from damage caused by enzymes released by white blood cells. Without enough alpha 1-antitrypsin, these enzymes can cause inflammation and destruction of lung tissue, leading to conditions such as emphysema. While alpha 1-antitrypsin is also produced in the liver, a deficiency does not typically cause significant liver problems. Therefore, the correct answer is lung.

Respiratory distress is the key feature of the myasthenic crisis

Meroanencephaly is a serious congenital malformation that occurs when the cranial neuropore fails to close properly. This leads to incomplete development of the brain and skull. Unlike other conditions listed, such as rachischisis, myelocele, spina bifida occulta, and spina bifida cystica, meroanencephaly specifically refers to the failure of closure of the cranial neuropore.

Smooth muscle is a type of muscle tissue found in various organs of the body. Unlike skeletal muscle, it lacks the organized sarcomeres and striations. However, smooth muscle does contain myofilaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction. These myofilaments are composed of actin and myosin proteins, which slide past each other during contraction. Therefore, myofilaments can be found in smooth muscle.

The correct answer is somatic motor fibers. Somatic motor fibers are responsible for innervating the extrafusal fibers, which are the main contractile fibers in skeletal muscles. These fibers are responsible for generating force and movement. Sensory fibers transmit sensory information from the muscles to the central nervous system, while sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers are involved in the autonomic control of smooth muscles and glands, not skeletal muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is somatic motor fibers.

DiGeorge Syndrome is a congenital disorder that is caused by the lack of normal development and migration of neural crest cells. These cells play a crucial role in the development of various structures in the body, including the thymus gland, parathyroid gland, and craniofacial structures. The failure of neural crest cells to develop and migrate properly leads to the characteristic features of DiGeorge Syndrome, such as craniofacial malformations, immunological defects, and calcium metabolic defects. Therefore, the correct answer is lack of normal development and migration of neural crest cells.

The correct answer is the posterior tibial artery. The question describes a scenario where a spear passes through the leg, severing an artery. The location of the injury is described as medial to lateral and posterior to the medial malleolus, which corresponds to the location of the posterior tibial artery. Therefore, the posterior tibial artery is the artery that is severed in this scenario.

Activated platelets secrete serotonin, which is a vasopermeability factor. Serotonin is released from platelets during the clotting process and acts as a vasoconstrictor, causing the blood vessels to constrict and increase permeability. This allows for the recruitment of immune cells and the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the site of injury or inflammation. Serotonin also plays a role in platelet aggregation and clot formation.

When the person starts the second rep with his biceps at their maximum normal length, the active tension of the skeletal muscles would decrease because the muscle fibers are not as optimally positioned to generate force. The passive tension would increase because the muscle fibers are stretched beyond their optimum length, causing passive resistance. The total tension would decrease compared to the first rep because the decrease in active tension outweighs the increase in passive tension.

When an organophosphate compound is applied topically to the eye, the expected effect would be miosis. Miosis refers to the constriction of the pupil, which is caused by the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity by organophosphates. This inhibition leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine, resulting in the constricted pupil.

The Nernst potential is the membrane potential at which the net diffusion of an ion across the nerve membrane is zero, meaning there is no movement of the ion in either direction. This occurs at equilibrium, where the concentration gradient of the ion is balanced by the electrical gradient. In the given scenario, the child's electrolyte imbalance due to diarrhea is corrected using a solution. Therefore, after treatment, the statement that the Nernst potential would give the potential that would prevent the net diffusion of an ion across her nerve membrane at equilibrium is most likely to be correct.

Atropine is the correct answer because it is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine on the heart, leading to an increase in heart rate. Since parathion causes bradycardia, which is a decreased heart rate, administering atropine can counteract this effect and restore a normal heart rate.

The loss of cutaneous sensation on the medial side of the leg suggests damage to the nerve responsible for innervating that area. The saphenous nerve is the main sensory nerve of the medial side of the leg, so if it was cut during the surgical opening of the adductor canal, it would explain the loss of sensation in that area.

A beta receptor blocker decreases the levels of cAMP, which is an important signaling molecule in cardiac muscle cells. This decrease in cAMP leads to a decrease in the activation of L-type calcium channels, which are responsible for allowing calcium ions into the cardiac myocytes. Therefore, the overall effect of a beta receptor blocker on cardiac muscle stimulation-contraction coupling is a decrease in both cAMP and L-type calcium channel activation.

The paralysis seen in the patient is most likely due to the competitive inhibition of binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Curare is a neuromuscular blocking agent that acts by competitively inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles, leading to paralysis. The other options listed do not explain the mechanism of action of curare.

The correct answer is to immediately have the surgery with no hormonal steroid supplements. This is because aggressive ovarian cancer is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment. Removing the ovaries does not result in an abortion, as the fetus is not dependent on the ovaries for survival. Hormonal steroid supplements are not necessary in this case, as they are not directly related to the treatment of ovarian cancer.

The absence of a ventral mesocardium, which is a double-fold of coelomic membrane connecting the heart to the ventral body wall, is a result of a bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heart. This connection prevents the formation of the ventral mesocardium, leading to its absence.

After the twentieth week of gestation, the placental membrane consists of three layers: syncytiotrophoblast, connective tissue of the villus, and fetal capillary endothelium. The syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the placental membrane and is responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and the fetus. The connective tissue of the villus provides structural support to the placenta. The fetal capillary endothelium is the innermost layer and is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Therefore, the correct answer is syncytiotrophoblast – connective tissue of the villus – fetal capillary endothelium.

The person in the question was lost in the woods for two days with access to water but no food or drink, and the temperature exceeded 35 degrees Celsius on both days. This suggests that the person experienced dehydration and potentially electrolyte imbalances. The plasma sodium level of 129 mEq/L (normal 140) indicates hyponatremia, which is a lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood. Secondary active transport is responsible for the movement of calcium ions across cell membranes, using the energy from the movement of another molecule, such as sodium. Therefore, the ionic imbalance in this person's plasma sodium level may compromise the secondary active transport of calcium to the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Twitching of the face in response to tapping on the side of the face is known as Chovstek's sign and is commonly associated with hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for proper nerve and muscle function, and low levels can lead to increased excitability of nerves and muscles, resulting in twitching. Therefore, hypocalcemia is the most likely cause of the twitching observed in this patient after neck surgery.