SQTL : ISTQB Paper-2

Independent testing provides the benefit of identifying additional defects that may not have been found by the development team. Independent testers have a fresh perspective and are not influenced by the biases or assumptions of the developers. This helps in uncovering hidden issues and ensuring a higher level of quality in the software. Additionally, independent testing allows for a more objective evaluation of the system, as it is not influenced by the vested interests of the development team.

Regression testing should be performed when a defect has been fixed, when the test environment has changed, and when the software has changed. This ensures that any changes or fixes made to the software do not introduce new defects or issues, and that the software continues to function correctly in the updated environment.

Each test level having test objectives specific to that level is a characteristic of good testing in any life cycle model. This means that at each stage of testing, there are clear objectives and goals that need to be achieved. This ensures that the testing process is focused and targeted, leading to more effective and efficient testing. It also helps in identifying and addressing specific risks and issues at each level of testing.

A functional system test is designed to test the system's ability to perform its intended functions. The requirement "The system must allow a user to amend the address of a customer" directly relates to the system's functionality. This requirement tests whether the system can successfully handle the task of allowing a user to update a customer's address. Therefore, it is a requirement that would be tested by a functional system test.

The objective of debugging is to both localize and fix defects. Localizing a defect means identifying the specific location or cause of the issue in the code or program. Fixing a defect involves making the necessary changes or adjustments to eliminate the issue and ensure the program functions correctly. Therefore, options i and ii are the correct answers. Option iii, "To show value," is not directly related to the objective of debugging. Option iv, "To increase the range of testing," is also not a primary objective of debugging, although debugging can help identify areas for further testing.

The valid Boundary Value Analysis test case is £33501 because it falls within the boundary of the next tax bracket. The employee's salary is tax-free up to £4000, the next £1500 is taxed at 10%, and the next £28000 after that is taxed at 22%. Therefore, any amount between £28501 and £31501 would be taxed at 22%. Since £33501 is greater than £31501, it would be taxed at the next rate of 40%.

Test analysis and design is the correct answer because this activity involves evaluating the testability of the requirements and system. During this phase, the testers analyze the requirements and design test cases and test scenarios based on the identified risks and test objectives. They also evaluate the testability of the system by checking if the requirements are clear, unambiguous, and measurable. This activity helps in identifying any gaps or issues in the requirements or system design that may affect the testability and helps in planning the testing activities effectively.

The number of test cases not yet executed would be a valid measure of test progress because it indicates how much testing still needs to be done. As test cases are executed and completed, the number of remaining test cases decreases, reflecting the progress made in testing the product. This measure helps track the completion of testing activities and provides an indication of how much work is left to be done.

The phases of a formal review usually occur in the following order: planning, kick off, preparation, meeting, rework, and follow up. This sequence ensures that the necessary preparations are made before the review meeting takes place. The planning phase involves determining the objectives, scope, and participants of the review. The kick off phase involves initiating the review process and setting expectations. The preparation phase involves gathering and reviewing the necessary documents or materials. The meeting phase is where the actual review takes place, with discussions and evaluations. The rework phase involves addressing any identified issues or making necessary changes. Finally, the follow up phase ensures that the outcomes and actions from the review are documented and implemented.

A test execution tool is most likely to contain a comparator because it is used to compare the actual results of a test with the expected results. The comparator in the tool helps in identifying any discrepancies or differences between the actual and expected results, allowing testers to determine the success or failure of the test. This helps in identifying any bugs or issues in the software being tested. Dynamic analysis tools are used to analyze the behavior of an application during runtime, static analysis tools are used to analyze the source code for defects, and security tools are used to identify vulnerabilities in the software. None of these tools necessarily require a comparator for their primary function.

Static testing and dynamic testing are described as complementary because they both aim to identify defects in software, but they differ in the types of defects they find. Static testing involves reviewing and analyzing the software code, requirements, and design documents to identify defects, while dynamic testing involves executing the software and observing its behavior to find defects. Therefore, both types of testing are necessary to ensure comprehensive defect identification and improve the overall quality of the software.

The correct answer is i, ii and iv. These objectives are valid for testing because testing is conducted to find defects, gain confidence in the level of quality, and prevent defects. By finding defects, testers can identify and fix issues in the software. Gaining confidence in the level of quality means ensuring that the software meets the desired standards. Preventing defects involves implementing measures to avoid introducing defects in the software. Therefore, these objectives are important in the testing process.

The correct answer explains that project risks are related to the project's ability to achieve its objectives, while product risks are potential areas of failure in the software or system being developed. This means that project risks focus on the overall success of the project, while product risks focus on the specific functionality and quality of the end product.

The given specification divides the age range into three equivalence partitions: less than 18, between 18 and 30 inclusive, and over 30. According to the specification, anyone less than 18 is too young to be insured, so 17 is in a different equivalence partition than 18 and above. Similarly, anyone over 30 is not eligible for a discount, so 31 is in a different equivalence partition than 30 and below. Therefore, the values 18, 29, and 30 are in the same equivalence partition because they fall within the range of 18 to 30 inclusive and are eligible for a 20% discount.

Determining the test approach is a major task of test planning because it involves deciding on the overall strategy and approach that will be used to conduct the testing. This includes determining factors such as the test objectives, scope, test levels, test types, and test techniques that will be used. The test approach helps to ensure that the testing is planned and executed in a systematic and efficient manner, in line with the project requirements and constraints.

The objective of a pilot project for the introduction of a testing tool is to assess whether the benefits of using the tool will be achieved at a reasonable cost. This means that the pilot project aims to determine if the tool will provide the expected benefits and if the cost of implementing and using the tool is justified. The pilot project helps in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the tool and helps in making an informed decision about its adoption. It is not about evaluating testers' competence, completing testing of a key project, or discovering tool requirements.

Component testing is a type of testing that focuses on finding defects in individual components or modules of a software system. It involves testing each component separately to ensure that it functions correctly and meets its intended requirements. This statement is most often true because component testing is specifically designed to identify and address defects within individual programs or modules, allowing for more effective and efficient testing of the software system as a whole.

The scope of maintenance testing is defined by the size and risk of any change(s) to the system. This means that the extent of testing required for maintenance activities depends on the magnitude and potential impact of the changes being made to the system. The larger and riskier the changes, the more comprehensive and thorough the testing needs to be in order to ensure that the system continues to function correctly and remains stable after the modifications are implemented.

The series of state transitions A, B, E, B, C, F, D provides 0-switch coverage because it covers all the states in the given state transition. Each letter represents a different state, and the transitions between them are represented by the commas. Therefore, this series of state transitions ensures that all the states are covered at least once, resulting in 0-switch coverage.

During the evaluation of test exit criteria, we determine if more tests are needed. Test exit criteria define the conditions under which testing should be stopped, such as achieving a certain level of test coverage or meeting specific quality metrics. By evaluating these criteria, we can assess if the testing performed so far is sufficient or if additional tests are required to meet the desired level of quality. This activity helps in ensuring that all necessary tests have been conducted before the software is ready for release.

The basis for black box techniques involves using models of the system or software (ii) and performing an analysis of the test basis documentation (iii). These techniques focus on testing the functionality of the software without considering its internal structure or construction details. Therefore, the correct combination of statements that describes the basis for black box techniques is ii and iii.

The correct order of activities in the process of identifying and designing tests is as follows:
1. Analyze requirements and specifications to determine test conditions (iii).
2. Elaborate and describe test cases in detail by using test design techniques (i).
3. Specify expected results (iv).
4. Specify the order of test case execution (ii).

The main purpose of impact analysis for testers is to determine how the existing system may be affected by changes. This involves analyzing the potential impact of changes on different aspects of the system, such as functionality, performance, and usability. By conducting impact analysis, testers can identify potential risks and prioritize their testing efforts accordingly. This helps ensure that any changes made to the system do not have unintended consequences and that the system continues to function properly after the changes are implemented.

An independent tester may be more effective at finding defects missed by the person who wrote the software because they have a fresh perspective and are not biased by their familiarity with the software. They can approach the testing process objectively and identify potential issues that the software developer may have overlooked. This helps to ensure that all possible defects are identified and addressed before the software is released to the users.

The main purpose of a Master Test Plan is to communicate how testing will be performed. This document outlines the overall approach, objectives, and scope of the testing activities for a project. It provides a roadmap for the testing team, detailing the test strategy, test objectives, test deliverables, test environments, test schedules, and resources required. The Master Test Plan ensures that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of the testing process and helps to align expectations. It serves as a reference guide for the testing team and helps in coordinating and managing the testing effort effectively.

The correct answer is i, ii, iv. Incident reports serve multiple purposes, including providing feedback to developers and other parties to help identify and correct problems, providing ideas for test process improvement, and allowing testers to track the quality of the system under test. Assessing tester competence is not typically an objective of incident reports.

The level of product risk identified directly affects the extent of testing that needs to be conducted. Higher levels of product risk require more extensive testing to ensure that all potential issues and vulnerabilities are identified and addressed. Therefore, the extent of testing is determined by the level of product risk identified.

The test procedure specification defines the sequence in which tests should be executed. It provides detailed instructions on how to execute each test case, including the order in which they should be performed. This document outlines the specific steps, inputs, and expected outputs for each test, ensuring that the testing process is organized and systematic. The test plan, test case specification, and test design specification are important documents in the testing process but do not specifically define the sequence of test execution.

For test case A, the condition "Frequent Flyer Member" is true and the condition "Class" is Business, which matches with Rule 1. According to Rule 1, the action "Offer upgrade to First" is set to Yes, so the expected result is to offer an upgrade to First class.

For test case B, the condition "Frequent Flyer Member" is false and the condition "Class" is Economy, which matches with Rule 2. According to Rule 2, the action "Offer upgrade to Business" is set to Yes, so the expected result is not to offer any upgrade.

Static analysis is a method used to analyze code without actually executing it. It can detect various issues such as parameter type mismatches, undeclared variables, and uncalled functions. However, static analysis is not designed to detect errors in requirements. Requirements are typically specified in documentation or through discussions with stakeholders, and static analysis focuses on analyzing the code itself rather than the requirements. Therefore, errors in requirements would not be detected by static analysis.

For test case A, Fred is a 32-year-old smoker resident in London. According to the decision table, he is a UK resident (True), his age is between 18-55 (True), and he is a smoker (False). Based on these conditions, the expected result is to insure the client (True) without offering a 10% discount (False).

For test case B, Jean-Michel is a 65-year-old non-smoker resident in Paris. According to the decision table, he is not a UK resident (False) and his age is not between 18-55 (False). Based on these conditions, the expected result is to not insure the client (False).

Reviews and inspections cannot be automated as they involve human judgment and analysis. However, test planning, test execution, and data generation can be automated to improve efficiency and accuracy in the testing process. Automated test planning can help in generating test cases and test scripts, while automated test execution can execute these test cases and scripts. Data generation can also be automated to create test data sets for different scenarios. Therefore, the correct answer is i, iv, v.

The most important reason to use risk to drive testing efforts is because testing everything is not feasible. This means that it is not practical or possible to test every aspect of a software system, so it is important to prioritize testing based on the level of risk associated with different areas or features. By focusing on high-risk areas, resources can be allocated effectively and potential issues can be identified and addressed in a more efficient manner.

The given groups of numbers fall into three different equivalence classes because they fall into different tax brackets. £4000 is tax-free, £4200 falls into the 10% tax bracket, and £5600 falls into the 22% tax bracket. Therefore, these numbers have different tax rates and belong to different equivalence classes.

In a reactive approach to testing, the test design work is expected to begin after the software or system has been produced. This means that the testing process is initiated once the software or system is already completed. This approach is typically used when there is a limited amount of time or resources available for testing and the focus is on identifying and fixing any issues or bugs that arise during the testing phase. By starting the test design work after the software or system has been produced, the testing team can prioritize their efforts and focus on ensuring that the final product meets the desired quality standards.

The state table shows the possible transitions between states. In this case, the transition from State S3 to State E is marked as invalid. This means that there is no direct path from State S3 to State E according to the given state table. Therefore, the correct answer is E from State S3.

The correct answer is iii and vi are static, i, ii, iv and v are dynamic. This is because Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing, Exploratory Testing, and Decision Testing are all dynamic techniques that involve executing the software and observing its behavior. On the other hand, Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static techniques that involve analyzing the software without executing it.

The given pseudo-code consists of nested if-else statements. In order to achieve statement coverage, each line of code needs to be executed at least once. There are a total of 9 lines of code, so the minimum number of test cases for statement coverage is 9.

For decision coverage, each possible outcome of each decision needs to be tested. In this case, there are two decisions: the first decision is whether C > A, and the second decision is whether C > B. Each decision has two possible outcomes, so the minimum number of test cases for decision coverage is 2 * 2 = 4.

Therefore, the correct answer is 9, 4.

Capturing tests by recording the actions of a manual tester has several disadvantages. Firstly, the script may become unstable when unexpected events occur, making it difficult to accurately replay the test. Secondly, data for similar tests is stored separately from the script, which can lead to confusion and inefficiency. Thirdly, expected results must be manually added to the captured script, increasing the chance of errors. Lastly, when replaying a captured test, the tester may need to debug the script if it doesn't play correctly, adding extra time and effort to the testing process.

The main concerns of Configuration Management in testing include identifying and version controlling all items of testware, tracking them for change, and ensuring that they are related to each other and to development items. This involves keeping a record of the versions of testware, managing any changes made to them, and ensuring that they are properly integrated with the development process. Option i represents the identification and version control aspect, option iv represents the tracking for change aspect, and option vi represents the relationship between testware and development items.