ISTQB- All Chapters Exam16

The correct answer is "Finding and removing the cause of failures in the code". Debugging refers to the process of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in the code that cause the program to behave unexpectedly or fail to meet the desired specifications. It involves analyzing the code, identifying the root cause of the issue, and making necessary modifications to resolve the problem. Debugging is an essential step in software development to ensure the code functions correctly and meets the intended requirements.

Acceptance testing is a type of testing that is conducted to evaluate whether the system meets the users' needs and business requirements. It is focused on ensuring that the system is acceptable to the end users and meets their expectations. This type of testing involves testing the system's functionality, usability, and performance to ensure that it meets the desired standards. It helps in identifying any gaps or discrepancies between the system and the users' requirements, allowing for necessary changes and improvements to be made before the system is deployed.

Regression testing refers to the process of retesting a previously tested program to ensure that any modifications or changes made to the program have not introduced any new defects or uncovered any existing defects. This type of testing is crucial in ensuring that the program continues to function correctly after any changes have been made. By conducting regression testing, any potential issues or bugs can be identified and fixed before the program is deployed or released to users.

Error Guessing is a test design technique where testers use their knowledge and experience to anticipate and guess what defects might be present in the item under test. This technique does not rely on formal specifications or structured approaches, but rather on the intuition and creativity of the testers. They try to identify potential errors or defects based on their understanding of the system, its components, and their past experiences with similar systems. Error Guessing is a valuable technique for uncovering defects that might not be easily identified through other formal testing methods.

Experience-based testing is usually not a sufficient test technique because it may have varying degrees of effectiveness. This is because it relies on the tester's experience, imagination, and intuition, which can vary from person to person. It is subjective and dependent on the individual tester's skills and knowledge, making it less reliable and consistent compared to other test techniques.

Alpha testing is the correct answer because it involves simulated or actual operational testing by potential users at the developer's site. During alpha testing, the software is tested in a controlled environment to identify any defects or issues before it is released to a larger audience. This type of testing allows the developers to gather feedback from the users and make necessary improvements before the final release.

An impact analysis after maintenance to an existing system evaluates how changes to a system might affect the unchanged areas of the system. This involves examining the potential impact of the changes on the overall functionality, performance, and stability of the system. It helps identify any potential risks or issues that may arise due to the changes and allows for proper planning and mitigation strategies to be put in place. This analysis is important to ensure that the system remains reliable and functional after the maintenance activities.

In an incremental development model, developers continue adding features and functionality in each subsequent increment. This means that the development process is divided into multiple increments or iterations, where new features and functionality are added in each iteration. This allows for a more flexible and iterative approach to development, where feedback from previous increments can be incorporated into the next ones. This approach enables faster delivery of working software and allows for continuous improvement and refinement of the system.

100% decision or branch coverage always guarantees 100% statement coverage because every decision or branch in a program corresponds to at least one statement. Therefore, if all decisions or branches are covered, all statements will also be covered. However, the reverse is not necessarily true, as there may be statements that are not associated with any decision or branch.

Re-testing refers to the process of rerunning tests on a system to ensure that any identified defects or issues have been properly fixed. It involves executing the same tests that were previously run to verify that the system is now functioning as expected. This is different from regression testing, which focuses on testing the unchanged parts of the system to ensure that the modifications or fixes have not introduced any new issues. Confidence testing and change testing are not the correct terms to describe this process.

System level integration testing commonly includes testing interfaces to external systems and packages. This type of testing focuses on ensuring that the different components of a system can effectively communicate and interact with external systems and packages. It helps to identify any issues or problems that may arise when integrating the system with external dependencies. By testing these interfaces, the system can be validated for its ability to send and receive data, handle errors, and maintain proper functionality when interacting with external systems and packages.

The correct answer is functional testing and possibly some structural and non-functional testing. System testing is a type of testing that focuses on evaluating the system as a whole and ensuring that it meets the specified requirements. Functional testing involves testing the system's functionality to ensure that it performs the intended tasks correctly. Structural testing, on the other hand, involves testing the internal structure and components of the system to uncover any defects or vulnerabilities. Non-functional testing refers to testing the system's performance, reliability, and other non-functional aspects. Therefore, the primary types of testing in system testing are functional testing and possibly some structural and non-functional testing.

Component testing focuses on the functionality and non-functional characteristics of code modules. This means that it specifically tests individual components or units of code to ensure that they are functioning correctly and meeting the desired functional and non-functional requirements. This type of testing is typically performed by the programmers themselves or by a dedicated team of testers who work closely with the programmers. The goal of component testing is to identify any defects or issues within the code modules before they are integrated into the larger system.

The success of formal reviews is usually dependent on the review team being trained and comfortable in their roles. This means that they have the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively conduct the review process. They understand their responsibilities and are able to provide valuable feedback and insights. Without proper training and comfort in their roles, the review process may be ineffective and not yield the desired results.

A technical review is a documented, defined process focused on gaining consensus on the correctness and completeness of a technical work product. This process involves a thorough examination of the work product by a team of experts or stakeholders who evaluate its quality, accuracy, and adherence to standards. The purpose of a technical review is to identify any defects or issues in the work product and make necessary improvements before finalizing it. This ensures that the final product meets the required specifications and is of high quality.

Static technique refers to the process of searching for defects in a program through inspection and analysis rather than running the program. This involves reviewing the code, design, and documentation to identify potential issues and improve the quality of the software. It does not involve running the program with either valid or invalid data. Therefore, the correct answer is "Searching for defects through inspection and analysis rather than running the program."

Acceptance testing should begin during the Requirements phase of the V-model for software development. This is because acceptance testing is performed to verify that the software meets the specified requirements and is ready for deployment. By starting acceptance testing during the Requirements phase, any discrepancies or issues can be identified and addressed early on in the development process, ensuring that the final product meets the desired functionality and quality standards.

Code coverage goals should usually be based on program complexity and the risk of failure. This is because code coverage measures how much of the code is being tested, and it is important to prioritize testing efforts based on the complexity of the program and the potential risks or failures that could occur. By focusing on areas of the code that are more complex or have a higher risk of failure, developers and testers can ensure that they are allocating their testing resources effectively and efficiently.

Static analysis tools are designed to analyze code and identify potential issues or vulnerabilities. However, they can sometimes generate false positives, which are warnings that are not actual problems. To ensure the accuracy of the analysis, these warnings must be verified individually to determine whether they are valid or not. Ignoring them or logging them as system defects without verification can lead to unnecessary work or overlooking actual issues. Therefore, it is important to validate each warning to ensure the effectiveness of static analysis tools.

Specification-based testing, also known as black-box testing, focuses on testing the functionality of a system without any knowledge of its internal structure or implementation details. Test cases are derived from the system's specifications, requirements, or functional descriptions. This approach allows testers to evaluate the system from an end-user perspective and ensures that the system meets the specified requirements and behaves correctly. Grey-box testing involves having partial knowledge of the system's internals, while white-box testing requires full knowledge of the internal structure and implementation details. Therefore, the correct answer is black-box testing.

The correct answer is a trained leader with no vested interest in the work product being reviewed. In an inspection, the moderator plays a crucial role in facilitating the review process. They should be impartial and unbiased, ensuring that the review is conducted objectively. As a trained leader, the moderator is responsible for guiding the inspection team, managing the review process, and ensuring that all participants adhere to the established guidelines. By having no vested interest in the work product being reviewed, the moderator can provide an unbiased perspective and make fair judgments during the inspection.

During component testing, a stub is used to replace an unfinished component that is being invoked by a component under test. A stub is a simplified version of the actual component that mimics its behavior and provides predefined responses to the component under test. This allows the testing of the component under test to proceed without being hindered by the unfinished component. The stub helps isolate the component under test and ensures that it functions correctly in isolation.

The V-model software development lifecycle shows that for every development activity there is a corresponding testing activity. This means that testing is an integral part of the development process and is performed alongside development activities. Additionally, each testing activity can be planned as its corresponding development activity is being performed, allowing for efficient and effective testing. Lastly, the V-model also emphasizes that test planning can begin long before the code is ready to test, enabling early identification of testing requirements and ensuring comprehensive test coverage. Therefore, all of the above statements are true according to the V-model.

The correct answer is "All of the above". In a walkthrough, the author of the work product typically leads the session, ensuring that all the necessary information is covered. Pre-meeting preparation is optional, meaning that participants can choose to prepare beforehand or not. The sessions are generally open-ended, allowing for thorough discussions and exploration of the work product. Therefore, all of the statements provided - the author leading the walkthrough, optional pre-meeting preparation, and open-ended sessions - are correct.

Maintenance testing is performed to ensure that a system or software remains functional and meets the changing requirements. Triggers for maintenance testing include new operating system installations (2), changes in corporate policies and government regulations (3), and converting a legacy system to a software package (4). These factors may impact the functionality and performance of the system, requiring testing to ensure that it continues to work as intended. Developing a new software application (5) is not specifically mentioned as a trigger for maintenance testing, so it is not included in the answer. The period of time since last regression testing a system (1) is not mentioned as a trigger for maintenance testing either.

Reviewing requirements specification for ambiguity is a static testing technique because it involves analyzing the requirements documentation to identify any unclear or ambiguous statements. This technique helps to ensure that the requirements are clear, consistent, and free from any potential misunderstandings. By reviewing the requirements specification, potential issues can be identified and addressed early in the development process, reducing the risk of misunderstandings and costly rework later on.

Smoke testing is a type of confidence testing that focuses on quickly identifying major defects or issues in a software application. It is performed early in the testing process to ensure that the critical functionalities of the software are working as expected before conducting more comprehensive testing. Smoke testing aims to determine if the application is stable enough for further testing or if it requires further debugging. It is typically a subset of regression testing and is used to gain confidence in the software's basic functionality.

The phase of a formal review that is NOT mentioned is "Review process evaluation". This phase involves assessing and analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of the review process itself, including identifying any areas for improvement or potential changes in the process. The other three options - Review meeting, Individual preparation, and Planning - are all commonly recognized phases of a formal review, where the actual review takes place, participants prepare for the review, and the review is planned and organized.

Static testing is a technique used to identify defects in the early stages of the software development life cycle. It involves reviewing the code and other software artifacts without executing them. The objectives of static testing typically include finding deviations from standard coding practices, identifying ambiguous and missing requirements, and identifying overly complex and non-maintainable code. However, static testing is not focused on finding defects related to environmental issues such as hardware and operating systems. These types of defects are usually identified through other testing techniques, such as dynamic testing.

An architecture/design diagram represents high-level flows through a system, sub-system, or application. It provides an overview of the structure and organization of the system, showing how different components interact and communicate with each other. This type of diagram helps in understanding the overall design and functionality of the system, and is often used in software development to guide the implementation process.

Exploratory Testing is a test technique where testers learn, design tests, and execute tests simultaneously. This means that instead of following a predefined test plan, testers explore the software application by trying different scenarios and observing the outcomes. This approach allows testers to uncover unexpected defects and gain a deeper understanding of the system under test. By learning, designing tests, and executing tests simultaneously, testers can adapt their testing approach in real-time based on their findings, making it an effective technique for finding defects in complex and dynamic systems.

The correct ordering from the least comprehensive to the most comprehensive is as follows: 100% statement coverage, 100% decision/branch coverage, 100% condition coverage, 100% path coverage. This means that statement coverage is the least comprehensive, as it only ensures that every statement in the code has been executed at least once. Decision/branch coverage is more comprehensive as it ensures that every decision or branch in the code has been executed at least once. Condition coverage is even more comprehensive as it ensures that every condition in the code has been evaluated to both true and false at least once. Finally, path coverage is the most comprehensive as it ensures that every possible path through the code has been executed at least once.

Static Analysis tools are software tools that analyze source code or other software artifacts without actually executing the code. These tools are designed to identify defects or potential issues in the code, such as coding errors, security vulnerabilities, or performance inefficiencies. Therefore, the correct answer is "Defects" as static analysis tools are primarily used to find and identify defects in the code.

One potential difficulty with using structure-based testing to develop test cases is that the tester may not know the programming language being used. This lack of familiarity with the programming language can hinder the tester's ability to understand the code structure and identify potential areas of weakness or vulnerabilities. It may also make it challenging for the tester to accurately design and execute test cases that effectively cover all possible scenarios and paths within the code.

The capability of the system to perform required functions is not a type of non-functional testing because it refers to the functional aspect of the system, which focuses on whether the system is able to perform the required functions correctly. Non-functional testing, on the other hand, focuses on aspects such as performance, usability, reliability, and other qualities of the system that are not directly related to its specific functions.

Static analysis tools are typically designed to analyze the source code or compiled code of a software system without actually executing it. They primarily focus on identifying issues such as standards violations, unreachable code, and security vulnerabilities. However, static analysis tools may not be able to detect failures caused by design errors. Design errors refer to flaws or mistakes in the overall architecture or structure of the software system, which may lead to incorrect behavior or failures during runtime. These errors often require a deeper understanding of the system's design and its intended functionality, which static analysis tools may not possess.

Validation refers to the process of evaluating whether a product or system meets its intended purpose and requirements. It involves checking if the product or system functions as intended and satisfies the needs of the end-users. This process ensures that the product or system is fit for its intended use and meets the specified requirements. Verification, on the other hand, focuses on checking whether the product or system has been built correctly according to its design and specifications. Testing is a part of the validation process, where the product or system is evaluated through various tests to identify any defects or issues. Quality assurance, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses all the activities and processes aimed at ensuring quality throughout the development and delivery of a product or system.

The big bang method of integration testing may be necessary if developers are working in isolation while building components. In this method, all the components are integrated and tested together at once, without any incremental testing. This approach is suitable when developers are not collaborating closely during the development process and there is a need to quickly test the entire system. It helps identify any integration issues that may arise due to lack of coordination between developers.

Static analysis of program source code can often identify process improvement opportunities. This is because static analysis involves analyzing the code without executing it, which allows for the detection of potential issues, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement in the development process itself. By analyzing the code, developers can identify patterns, coding standards violations, code smells, and other indicators that can be used to enhance the overall development process and make it more efficient and effective. It helps in identifying areas where the development team can improve their coding practices, enhance code quality, and reduce the likelihood of defects in the future.

100% path coverage from testing does not guarantee sufficient testing of a component. This means that even if all possible paths in the code have been tested, there may still be other aspects of the component that have not been adequately tested. Path coverage only ensures that each possible path has been executed at least once, but it does not guarantee that all possible inputs, conditions, or scenarios have been tested. Therefore, it is possible for defects to remain undetected even with 100% path coverage.