ISTQB- All Chapters Exam 17

Regression testing refers to the process of testing a program that has already been tested in order to ensure that no new defects have been introduced or uncovered as a result of program modifications. This type of testing is crucial to verify that the changes made to the program have not negatively impacted its functionality or introduced any new bugs. By retesting the program, developers can ensure that it still performs as expected and that any modifications have not caused any unintended consequences.

Software defects can arise due to various reasons. Mistakes in the software requirements or specification can lead to incorrect functionality or missing features. Poor coding practices can result in bugs and vulnerabilities in the code. Extremely tight schedules can cause developers to rush and overlook potential issues. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors can contribute to the occurrence of software defects.

Testing software is an essential process to identify faults and prevent errors. It helps to ensure that the software works as expected and meets the required specifications. However, it is not possible to prove that software is perfect through testing alone. Testing can only provide evidence of the software's functionality and identify any potential issues or faults. Therefore, proving the software is perfect is not a valid reason for testing.

Boundary value analysis is a software testing technique that focuses on testing the boundaries of input values. It is based on the observation that defects often occur at the edges or limits of input ranges. By testing values at and around these boundaries, testers can identify potential errors or unexpected behavior in the software.

Boundary value analysis is a software testing technique used to assess the software's behavior at or near its boundary values or limits. This is important because errors often occur at the edges of input ranges or limits. It helps in identifying potential issues related to boundary conditions, which can lead to more effective testing.

The correct answer is i,ii,iii is correct and iv is incorrect. This is because the exit criteria for a testing phase typically includes measures of thoroughness, such as code coverage, functionality coverage, and risk coverage. It also includes estimates of defect density or reliability measures to evaluate the quality of the software. Additionally, the exit criteria may consider residual risks, such as defects not fixed or lack of test coverage in certain areas. However, verifying the test environment is not typically included in the exit criteria.

Configuration management is the process that ensures the integrity of the testware. It involves managing and controlling changes to the test environment, test data, and test tools. By implementing configuration management, organizations can maintain the consistency and reliability of the testware, ensuring that it remains accurate and up-to-date. This process helps to prevent issues such as using outdated or incorrect test assets, which could lead to unreliable test results. Therefore, configuration management is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the testware.

Risk is generally expressed in the two dimensions of impact and likelihood. Impact refers to the potential consequences or harm that may occur if a risk event were to happen. Likelihood, on the other hand, refers to the probability or chance of the risk event occurring. By considering both the impact and likelihood of a risk, organizations can assess and prioritize risks, develop appropriate mitigation strategies, and make informed decisions to minimize potential losses.

The next step the tester should take prior to recording the deviation is to try to recreate the incident before reporting it. This is important because it helps the tester gather more information about the issue, such as the specific steps or conditions that lead to the crash. By recreating the incident, the tester can provide more detailed and accurate information to the developers, which can help them identify and fix the problem more effectively.

A skill and/or staff shortage can be considered a project risk because it can hinder the successful completion of a project. If a project requires specific skills or expertise that are not readily available within the team or organization, it can lead to delays, errors, or subpar performance. Additionally, a shortage of staff can result in an increased workload for the existing team members, which can negatively impact productivity and the ability to meet project deadlines. Therefore, a skill and/or staff shortage is a potential risk that needs to be addressed and mitigated during project planning and execution.

An impact analysis is a crucial step in software maintenance. It assesses the potential consequences of changes to a system, particularly how those changes might affect other parts of the system that were not directly modified. This helps identify areas that may require re-testing or further modification to ensure the system's overall integrity and functionality.

When reporting defects, it is important for testers to describe the defect and its effects in neutral, factual terms to avoid criticizing the developer personally. This approach promotes a constructive and professional environment where the focus is on resolving the issue rather than blaming individuals. By providing objective information, testers can effectively communicate the problem to the developers without causing unnecessary conflicts or misunderstandings.

The excerpt from the defect report provides developers with information on how to recreate the failure by specifying the test file that was used. This information is crucial for developers to isolate the failure and understand the specific conditions under which it occurred. It helps them analyze the issue and identify the root cause more effectively. Therefore, this excerpt satisfies the objective of providing developers with information to isolate the failure.

The incident report is missing the identification or configuration of the application (i) and the actions and conditions that came before the pressing of the button (iv). The report does not mention the name of the developer (ii) or any recommendations from the developer (iii).

This statement best describes the common differences between tester and developer mindsets. Developers typically focus on testing their own work to ensure it functions correctly, while testers focus on testing against the requirements to ensure the software meets the desired specifications. This highlights the different perspectives and objectives of developers and testers in the software development process.

During test planning activities, the exit criteria for stopping testing should be established. This is because test planning involves defining the objectives, scope, and approach of the testing process. By establishing the exit criteria during this phase, the testing team can determine when to stop testing based on predefined conditions such as achieving a certain level of test coverage, meeting specific quality goals, or completing a certain number of test cycles. This helps ensure that testing is conducted efficiently and effectively, and that the system is thoroughly tested before it is released into operational use.

A team with a mix of software testers and experts from the accounting department would be the most suitable for this project because they would have both the technical knowledge to test the application effectively and the domain expertise to understand the specific requirements and challenges of accounting operations. This combination would ensure that all aspects of the application are thoroughly tested and any issues or bugs are identified and resolved accurately. It would also facilitate effective communication and collaboration between the software testers and the accounting experts, leading to a more efficient and successful evaluation process.

A test plan is a document that outlines the objectives, scope, approach, and resources required for testing a software application. It should include criteria for when to stop testing, test design techniques to employ, risks and contingencies. However, it should not include results from performing a set of test cases as this information is typically recorded in a separate test execution report.

Poor system reliability is a product risk because it refers to the potential for the system to not function properly or consistently. This can lead to issues such as crashes, errors, or data loss, which can negatively impact the user experience and the overall quality of the product. It can also result in customer dissatisfaction, loss of trust, and potential financial losses for the company. Therefore, poor system reliability poses a risk to the successful development and deployment of the product.

The correct answer is Skill and staff shortages, Problems in defining the right requirements; contractual issues. This answer lists three factors that contribute to project risks: skill and staff shortages, problems in defining the right requirements, and contractual issues. These factors can all lead to delays, inefficiencies, and potential failures in the project.

Comparing identified risks to actual occurrences is not a part of the risk management process. Risk management involves identifying potential risks, assessing their likelihood and impact, prioritizing them based on their severity, and implementing strategies to control and mitigate those risks. Comparing identified risks to actual occurrences falls under the monitoring and evaluation phase of risk management, where the effectiveness of risk mitigation measures is assessed and adjustments are made if necessary.

The testing approach with the least independence is having the developer write tests for his own code. This is because the developer may have biases and may not be able to objectively test their own code. There is a higher chance of overlooking errors or not testing all possible scenarios. Having another developer on the same team write the tests or having a tester on an independent team write the tests provides more independence and helps in identifying issues that the developer may have missed. Having the users write the tests may not be feasible or practical in all cases, but it can provide valuable insights from a user's perspective.

Developers testing their own code during unit testing is justified because their lack of independence is mitigated by independent testing during system and acceptance testing. Additionally, a person with a good understanding of the code can find more defects more quickly using white-box techniques.

The correct answer is i, ii, iv are true and iii is false. Test planning involves determining the scope and risks, identifying the objectives of testing, determining the test approach, and determining the exit criteria. Reviewing the Test Basis is not a major task in test planning.

Testers participating early in a development project cannot guarantee finding all defects before a system is released. While their involvement can help identify ambiguous requirements specifications, recommend ways to make the system easier to test, and assist in planning and scheduling test resource needs, it is not possible for testers to find all defects before a system is released. Defects can still be discovered during the testing phase, even with early tester involvement.

Mistakes made in design specifications often result in defects and rework in designs and code. This is because design specifications serve as the blueprint for creating the software or system, and any errors or misunderstandings in the design can lead to faulty implementation. These mistakes can manifest as defects or bugs in the final product, requiring rework to fix them. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure accurate and thorough design specifications to minimize the likelihood of defects and rework in the designs and code.

Use case testing is particularly well-suited for complex systems with multiple user roles and interactions, such as a billing system. It focuses on testing the system's functionality from the user's perspective, ensuring that it meets the specified requirements and performs as expected in various scenarios. The other options involve more technical or comparative testing, which may not be as effectively addressed through use cases.  

If anomalies (unexpected results) are found during the execution of a test suite, it suggests that there are software defects in the system (option 3). This means that there are issues or bugs in the software being tested. Additionally, it also indicates that the test cases were poorly designed (option 2), as they failed to identify these anomalies. Lastly, it suggests that the tests were executed improperly (option 4), meaning that there may have been mistakes or errors in the way the tests were conducted. However, no further investigation is needed (option 1) because the anomalies already indicate the presence of software defects. Therefore, options 2, 3, and 4 are true, while option 1 is false.

The test basis refers to all the documents and sources from which the requirements of a system can be inferred. This includes any written or formal requirements document, as well as the set of all test cases, test procedures, input data, and expected results. The test basis provides the foundation for the testing process, as it outlines what needs to be tested and what the expected outcomes should be. It ensures that the testing is aligned with the system requirements and helps to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the requirements documentation.

Based on the given criteria, the results would be as follows:
A - ST certified, 12 years of testing experience: The question does not provide a specific rule for this scenario, so it is unknown what the access level would be.
B - Not ST certified, 7 years of testing experience: According to the second rule, if the person is not ST certified but has 5-10 years of testing experience, they would have limited access.
C - Not ST certified, 3 years of testing experience: The question does not provide a specific rule for this scenario, so it is unknown what the access level would be.

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The code fragment provided includes all the statements and branches in the code. Therefore, 100% statement coverage and 100% branch coverage have been achieved. This means that every statement in the code has been executed at least once, and every possible branch (if and else if conditions) has been taken.

During test closure, testers gather and save all the key artifacts from the testing project. This is important as it allows for future reference and analysis. These artifacts may include test plans, test cases, test data, test scripts, defect reports, and any other relevant documentation. Saving these artifacts ensures that the testing process can be reviewed, audited, and improved upon in future projects. It also helps in maintaining a record of the testing activities and outcomes, which can be useful for legal or compliance purposes.

Analyzing the test basis is not a task included in test implementation and execution. Test implementation and execution involve activities such as exploring the system based on the tester's experience, logging test results in chronological order, and creating test data. Analyzing the test basis refers to the process of understanding the requirements, specifications, and documentation related to the system under test. This task is typically performed during test planning and preparation stages, rather than during test implementation and execution.

The Pesticide Paradox means that every method used to find bugs will inevitably leave behind other bugs that are not detected by those tests. This is because as bugs are fixed, new bugs are introduced or existing bugs are overlooked. Therefore, no matter how thorough or comprehensive the bug-finding methods are, there will always be bugs that remain undetected and are not effectively targeted by the tests.

Statement coverage means that every executable statement in the code is run at least once.

Decision coverage (also known as branch coverage) means that each possible outcome of every decision (i.e., each "if" condition) is tested at least once, covering both true and false conditions.

For the given program, let's analyze the test cases:

a = 200:

The condition a > 100 is true.

The inner condition a > 50 is also true, so both the outer and inner statements are executed.

a = 110:

The condition a > 100 is true.

The inner condition a > 50 is false, so only the outer block is executed.

a = 0:

The condition a < 100 is true, so the "Invalid Input" is printed.

a = 50:

The condition a < 100 is true again, and the "Invalid Input" is printed.

This set of test cases covers all statements (both conditions and their bodies), so 100% statement coverage is achieved.

However, the decision coverage is incomplete because the else part of the first if (a > 100) condition (i.e., the a < 100 block) has not been covered with a value for a = exactly 100. Therefore, 100% decision coverage has not been achieved.

Triggers for maintenance testing include new operating system installations, changes in corporate policies and government regulations, and converting a legacy system to a software package. These events can potentially introduce new bugs or require modifications to the existing system, making it necessary to conduct maintenance testing to ensure the system continues to function correctly. Developing a new software application is not listed as a trigger for maintenance testing, so option 2, 3, and 4 is the correct answer.

A defect in software testing refers to a flaw in a component or system that has the potential to cause the component or system to fail in performing its intended function. This means that the defect can prevent the software from operating as expected or delivering the desired result. It is important to identify and fix defects during testing to ensure the quality and functionality of the software.

During the 'Test analysis and design' phase, the correct tasks include designing and prioritizing test cases, identifying any required infrastructure and tools, reviewing the test basis, and creating test data and preparing test harness. These tasks are essential for ensuring that the testing process is well-planned and efficient. Additionally, writing automated test scripts can also be a part of this phase as it helps in automating the testing process and improving test coverage. Therefore, the correct answer is I, II, III, IV.

The statement "Thursday is a valid input boundary value" is not correct because the requirement clearly states that the additional fee of $3 is only charged during the weekend, which is defined as Friday to Sunday inclusive. Therefore, Thursday is not a valid input boundary value as it falls outside of the defined weekend period.