ISTQB- All Chapters Exam8

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The selected set of boundary values includes the minimum amount of money that can be processed (10$), the maximum limit of the credit cards (10,000$), and two values just above and below the maximum limit (10,001$ and 9$). This ensures that the system is tested for the minimum and maximum values allowed, as well as values close to the limits to check for any potential issues or errors in processing payments.

The open incident report is missing the identification or configuration of the application and the actions and/or conditions that came before pressing the button. The report includes the date, description, severity, and life cycle, but does not provide information about the specific application or the context in which the issue occurred. Additionally, it does not mention the name of the developer or their recommendation for resolving the issue. Therefore, the missing details in the incident report are I. Identification or configuration of the application and IV. The actions and/or conditions that came before the pressing of the button.

This excerpt satisfies the objective of providing developers with information to isolate the failure. It specifies the test file that was used to recreate the failure, which helps the developers in identifying and resolving the issue.

When a software system is being retired or replaced, it is important to ensure that the data from the old system is successfully migrated or archived in the new system. Therefore, testing for data migration or archiving is the most relevant activity in this scenario. This testing activity helps to verify that the data is transferred accurately and securely, minimizing the risk of data loss or corruption during the transition process.

The correct answer is "Planning, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluation exit criteria and reporting, test closure activities." This sequence represents the logical flow of activities in the fundamental test process. Planning, analysis, and design are the initial phases where test objectives and test conditions are defined. Implementation and execution involve the actual execution of test cases and logging any defects found. Evaluation of exit criteria and reporting is done to determine if the testing is complete and to report the results. Finally, test closure activities are performed to wrap up the testing process.

Proper configuration management ensures that testers can uniquely identify the tested item. This means that testers can accurately track and manage the specific version or configuration of the item being tested. This is crucial for effective testing as it allows testers to reproduce issues, track changes, and ensure that the correct version of the item is being tested. Without proper configuration management, testers may encounter difficulties in identifying and managing the tested item, leading to inefficiencies and potential errors in the testing process.

The main goals of risk management in a software project are to reduce the probability of undesired situations and to reduce the effect of potential impact. This means identifying and assessing potential risks, implementing strategies to mitigate or avoid them, and monitoring and controlling risks throughout the project lifecycle. By doing so, the project team can minimize the likelihood of negative events occurring and minimize the impact if they do occur, ultimately increasing the chances of project success.

Agile development can be classified as an iterative or incremental life cycle model. This is because Agile focuses on delivering software in small, incremental iterations, rather than following a linear, sequential process like the V Model. Agile also emphasizes flexibility and adaptability, allowing for changes and adjustments to be made throughout the development process. RAD (Rapid Application Development) is another life cycle model, but it is not the most suitable classification for Agile development. Therefore, the correct answer is iterative or incremental.

A decision table should be used to cover all possible combinations of the input conditions. A decision table is a testing technique that helps identify all possible combinations of inputs and their corresponding outputs or actions. In this case, the decision table can include the valid/invalid card, correct/incorrect PIN code, and available/unavailable money in the user's account as conditions, and the actions or outputs can be the rejection of the card, asking for another PIN code, asking for another amount, or dispensing the money. By creating a decision table, all possible combinations can be systematically tested to ensure comprehensive coverage.

Resource availability is a project risk because it refers to the availability of necessary resources, such as personnel, equipment, or materials, that are required to complete a project. If there is a lack of resources or if they are not available when needed, it can lead to delays, increased costs, or even project failure. Therefore, resource availability is a potential risk that project managers need to consider and plan for in order to ensure the successful completion of a project.

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Statement I is correct as system testing is often carried out by an independent test team to ensure unbiased and objective testing.
Statement III is correct as component testing involves testing both functionality and non-functional characteristics like performance, security, etc.
Statement IV is correct as user acceptance testing is done by business users to verify if the system is fit for use according to their requirements.
Statement V is correct as the environment for system testing should ideally correspond to the production environment to simulate real-world conditions.

Black box testing is a method of software testing where the internal workings of the system being tested are not known to the tester. It focuses on testing the behavior of the system based on its inputs and outputs. This means that the tester does not need to know the internal code or structure of the system, but rather focuses on testing the functionality and correctness of the system's response to different inputs. Therefore, the statement "Tests that investigate the input vs. the output behavior of a software system" correctly describes Black box testing.

Impact analysis is used to assess the potential impact of changes on the existing system. It helps in identifying the areas that are likely to be affected by the changes. Regression testing, on the other hand, is performed to ensure that the changes made to the system do not have any unintended side effects on the existing functionality. Therefore, the impact analysis is used to determine the extent of regression testing that needs to be performed.

Exhaustive testing is generally impossible because it is impractical to test every possible input and scenario. Testing cannot guarantee that a program is correct because there may be undiscovered defects or errors. Defects tend to cluster together in certain areas of the product, meaning that there may be specific areas or functionalities that are more likely to have issues. Therefore, the valid testing principles are I, IV, and V.

During the activity of evaluating exit criteria and reporting, the sufficiency of the testing and the resulting information are assessed. This means that stakeholders can review the exit criteria, which are the conditions that must be met for testing to be considered complete, and the corresponding reports to determine if they have received enough information to make informed decisions about the release of the software or system being tested. This evaluation helps ensure that the testing process has provided the necessary information for stakeholders to make informed decisions.

100% branch coverage means 100% statement coverage because branch coverage refers to the percentage of branches in the code that have been executed, while statement coverage refers to the percentage of statements in the code that have been executed. Since every branch contains at least one statement, achieving 100% branch coverage implies that every statement in the code has been executed, resulting in 100% statement coverage as well. Therefore, the two terms are equivalent in this context.

The correct answer is "The total number of combinations of valid equivalence classes of age and gender is 8." This is because there are 4 different sizes based on the age of the baby and 2 options for the gender of the baby. Therefore, the total number of combinations is 4 (age) * 2 (gender) = 8.

The extent of testing required is determined by factors such as budget, level of risk, and time. However, the life cycle model is not a deciding factor in determining the extent of testing required. The life cycle model refers to the specific approach or methodology used for software development, and while it may impact the overall testing process, it is not directly related to determining the extent of testing required.

Covering all transitions at least once results in the highest coverage for state transition based test cases because it ensures that every possible transition between states is tested. This coverage criterion ensures that the behavior and interactions between states are thoroughly tested, providing a comprehensive understanding of the system's functionality. By covering all transitions, it is more likely to identify potential issues or errors that may occur during state transitions, leading to a higher level of test coverage.

Multiple condition coverage is a structural based coverage technique that ensures that all possible combinations of conditions within an if statement are tested. This technique is important in mission critical systems as it helps identify potential flaws or errors that may occur due to different combinations of conditions. By achieving high coverage through multiple condition coverage, the system can be thoroughly tested and potential risks can be mitigated, ensuring the reliability and effectiveness of the mission critical system.

Defects in a program do not always cause failures, as there may be situations where the defect does not impact the program's functionality. A defect in a program may cause more than one failure during execution, as multiple parts of the program can be affected by the same defect. If there is a fault in the program, at least one test will fail, as faults represent errors or defects in the program's code. After fixing a bug, the program may still fail under test, as there could be other undiscovered defects or issues in the program. Errors in the program do not necessarily lead to side effects, as not all errors result in unintended consequences.

In order to achieve 100% decision coverage, we need to test every possible outcome of the decision. In this case, the decision is the combination of two conditions, A and B. Since there are two conditions, we need to test both the true and false outcomes of each condition. Therefore, we need to test 2 test cases for each condition, resulting in a total of 2 test cases.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the requirement snippet states that if the input is a valid station name (case-insensitive), then the code corresponding to the station name will be displayed. This means that there are two equivalence classes: one for valid station names (both upper and lower case) and one for invalid station names. The code will only be displayed for valid station names, so there is no need to create test cases for each valid station name separately.

Dynamic testing refers to testing techniques that involve executing the code and observing its behavior. It focuses on evaluating the software's functionality, performance, and reliability during runtime. Code inspection, on the other hand, is a static testing technique that involves reviewing the code without executing it. It aims to identify defects, improve code quality, and ensure adherence to coding standards. Since code inspection does not involve executing the code, it is not an example of dynamic testing.

The correct answer is "Test planning is influenced by among others, the scope of testing, the risks and the availability of resources." This statement is correct because test planning involves considering various factors such as the scope of testing, the risks involved, and the availability of resources. These factors play a crucial role in determining the test strategy, test objectives, and test approach. Therefore, test planning is not limited to the beginning of the project but is an ongoing activity that adapts and evolves based on these influences.

A static analysis tool is used to analyze the source code or program without actually executing it. It helps in identifying potential issues or defects in the code, such as coding standards violations, security vulnerabilities, and adherence to user requirements. By analyzing the code against the user requirements, a static analysis tool can help in testing whether the code meets the specified requirements or not. Therefore, a static analysis tool targets testing of user requirements.

The given answer is correct because it includes test cases for all three types of items (letter, book, and package) and three different weights. Each test case specifies the type of item, the weight in grams, and the expected postage amount. This ensures that the Postage Assistant can accurately calculate the postage due for different types of items and weights.

Monitoring tools in performance testing are used to observe and identify possible performance problems. These tools help in analyzing various metrics and provide warnings or alerts if any performance issues are detected. They enable testers to monitor the system under test in real-time and gather valuable insights into its performance. By continuously monitoring the system, testers can proactively identify bottlenecks, resource utilization, and other performance-related issues, allowing them to take necessary actions to optimize performance.

The correct answer represents boundary values because it includes the minimum and maximum values for each age group. For Group I, the minimum age is 0 and the maximum age is 12. For Group II, the minimum age is 13 and the maximum age is 18. For Group III, the minimum age is 19 and there is no maximum age specified. Therefore, the boundary values are -1, 0, 12, 13, 18, and 19.

The correct answer is I, ii and iii. This combination describes a valid approach to component testing. Functional testing of the component in isolation (i) allows for testing the individual functionality of the component. Structure-based testing of the code without recording incidents (ii) involves analyzing the structure of the code to identify potential issues. Automated tests that are run until the component passes (iii) ensure that the component meets the desired criteria. Therefore, this combination covers testing the functionality, structure, and automation aspects of component testing.

The correct answer is Statement coverage = 1, Branch coverage = 2. This is because there are two if statements in the code fragment. The first if statement has two conditions, so there are two branches to consider. The second if statement has only one condition, so there is only one branch to consider. Therefore, the minimum number of tests required for branch coverage is 2. As for statement coverage, there are two assignments in the code fragment, so the minimum number of tests required for statement coverage is 1.

The statement "Effort estimate depends on the budget of the project" is incorrect because the test effort estimate is based on factors such as the size and complexity of the project, the number of test cases, and the skills and experience of the testing team. The budget of the project may influence the resources allocated for testing, but it does not directly determine the effort estimate.

Independent testing is not appropriate for unit testing because unit testing is typically performed by the developers themselves to ensure that their individual units of code are functioning correctly. Independent testing is more suitable for higher levels of testing, such as integration testing and system testing, where the focus is on testing the interactions between different components or systems.

The correct answer is "Writing test suspension and resumption criteria in the test plan." This is not a test control activity because it is a test planning activity. Test control activities are focused on monitoring and adjusting the testing process, such as setting entry criteria, reprioritizing tests, and changing the test schedule. Writing test suspension and resumption criteria is part of the test planning process, where the criteria for when to suspend and resume testing are defined in advance.

Passing test cases (I) indicate that the software is functioning correctly and meets the expected requirements. When a test case fails (II), a defect is identified and logged, which can then be fixed to improve the software's quality. Even if a bug is found without a corresponding test case (IV), it still contributes to the overall quality as it highlights areas that need improvement. However, deferring tests (III) due to the unavailability of the test environment does not directly impact the quality of the software. Therefore, the correct answer is I, II, and IV.

Nonfunctional testing focuses on aspects of a system that are not related to its specific functionality. It evaluates factors such as performance, reliability, usability, and security. Testing the ease of modification of systems is more closely related to functional testing, as it involves assessing how easily the system can be modified or updated. Therefore, it is least likely to be true of nonfunctional testing.

In a typical formal review, the manager is responsible for allocating time in project schedules. This means that the manager is in charge of determining how much time should be dedicated to the review process within the overall project timeline. This role is important in ensuring that sufficient time is allocated for the review to take place effectively and that it does not disrupt the overall project schedule. The manager's responsibility is specifically related to time allocation, rather than planning the review or documenting problems and open points, which are tasks assigned to other roles.

Experience-based techniques are testing techniques that rely on the tester's knowledge, intuition, and past experience. "Error guessing" is an experience-based technique because it involves the tester using their experience to identify potential errors or faults in the system. The fault attack, mentioned in statement III, is a structured approach to "error guessing," indicating that it is a specific technique within the broader category of experience-based techniques. Exploratory testing, mentioned in statement IV, is also an experience-based technique that is particularly useful when the specifications are complete and there is no time pressure. Therefore, the correct statements are I and III.