Professor Tate's Test 2: Ch 18-21
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Practice test for Professor Tate's final anatomy & physiology exam. Questions taken from 2nd test of the semester. Chapters 18-21.
- 1.The lymphatic capillaries are:
- A.
Equally permeable to blood capillaries.
- B.
Completely impermeable.
- C.
Less permeable than blood capillaries.
- D.
More permeable than blood capillaries.
- 2.The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer is:
- A.
IgA.
- B.
IgG.
- C.
IgM.
- D.
IgD.
- 3.Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
- A.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- B.
Multiple sclerosis.
- C.
Glomerulonephritis.
- D.
Type II diabetes.
- 4.Noreprinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by:
- A.
Decreasing heart contractility.
- B.
Blocking the action of calcium.
- C.
Causing threshold to be reached more quickly.
- D.
Causing a decrease in stroke volume.
- 5.Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and roughen its surface, Enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed:
- A.
Diapedesis.
- B.
Opsonization.
- C.
Agglutination.
- D.
Chemotaxis.
- 6.Suppressor T cells:
- A.
Decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases.
- B.
May function in preventing autoimmune reactions.
- C.
Are the most thoroughly understood T cells.
- D.
Release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells.
- 7.Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
- A.
Keratin.
- B.
Ciia.
- C.
Gastric juice.
- D.
Phagocytes.
- 8.Aldosterone will:
- A.
Decrease sodium resorption.
- B.
Promote an increase in blood pressure.
- C.
Result in a larger output of urine.
- D.
Promote a decrease in blood volume.
- 9.Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level.
- A.
If the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels is relatively higher than that in the tissues, tissue edema will result.
- B.
Chemical waste products follow the same general path as oxygen.
- C.
Oxygen diffuses up its concentration gradient.
- D.
Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid.
- 10.Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ______ to attract white blood cells to the scene.
- A.
Complement.
- B.
Prostaglandins.
- C.
Cytokines.
- D.
Histamine.
- 11.The term blood islands refers to:
- A.
Areas of the vascular system where blood does not circulate.
- B.
The areas of the pancreas where insulin is produced.
- C.
Embryonic masses of mesodermal cells that give rise to the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
- D.
The regions of the liver where nutrients are extracted from visceral blood.
- 12.The system that recognizes foreign molecules and acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy them is the:
- A.
Lymphatic system.
- B.
Renal system.
- C.
Immune system.
- D.
Integumentary system.
- 13.Cardiac output is about _______ L/min.
- A.
4.25
- B.
7.27
- C.
5.25
- D.
6.26
- 14.Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called:
- A.
Haptens.
- B.
Reagins.
- C.
Ions.
- D.
Antibodies.
- 15.The ligamentum arteriosum connects the?
- A.
The superior vena cava and the ascending aorta.
- B.
Pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta.
- C.
Pulmonary veins and the arch of the aorta.
- D.
The ascending aorta and the right pulmonary artery.
- 16.Which of the following is not a blood vessel attached to the circle of Willis?
- A.
Anterior cerebral artery.
- B.
Posterior cerebral artery.
- C.
Anterior communicating artery.
- D.
Posterior communicating artery.
- 17._______ predominate at the site of chronic infections.
- A.
Basophils
- B.
B cells
- C.
Eosinophils
- D.
Macrophages
- 18.Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
- A.
Inhibit production of antibodies.
- B.
Small molecules.
- C.
Reactivity with an antibody.
- D.
Contain many repeating chemical units.
- 19.The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is:
- A.
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally.
- B.
Only that form of shock caused by large-scale loss of blood.
- C.
Always fatal.
- D.
Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume or after severe vomiting or diarrhea.
- 20.The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called:
- A.
Pulmonary circulation.
- B.
Coronary circulation.
- C.
Cerebral circulation.
- D.
Hepatic portal circulation.
- 21.Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
- A.
The skin will be cold and clammy.
- B.
Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
- C.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
- D.
Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
- 22.The left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular and _____ arteries.
- A.
Great cardiac arteries
- B.
Circumflex
- C.
Marginal
- D.
Posterior interventricular
- 23.A rapid heart beat of over 100 beats per minute is called?
- A.
Tachycardia.
- B.
Flutter.
- C.
Fibrillation.
- D.
Bradycardia.
- 24.The primary immune response:
- A.
Occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response.
- B.
Occurs when memory cells are stimulated.
- C.
Has a lag period whole B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells.
- D.
Is another name for immunological memory.
- 25.Select the correct statement about phagocytic cells.
- A.
Neutrophils may destroy themselves when they phagocytize large quantities of a foreign substance.
- B.
Kupffer cells are a type of neutrophil.
- C.
Macrophages release defensins during killing.
- D.
The respiratory burst characterizes eosinophil phagocytosis.
- 26.The pulse pressure is:
- A.
Systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure.
- B.
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.
- C.
Diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure).
- D.
Systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure.
- 27.Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
- A.
Spleen.
- B.
Peyer's Patches of the intestine.
- C.
Pancreas.
- D.
Tonsils.
- 28.Graft rejection may be caused by:
- A.
Total body irradiation.
- B.
Using a xenograft.
- C.
Use of immuno-suppressive drugs.
- D.
Treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum.
- 29.Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.
- A.
The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle.
- B.
The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.
- C.
The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or it doesn't contract at all.
- D.
Cardiac muscle cells are each innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate.
- 30.Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of:
- A.
Arteries.
- B.
Arterioles.
- C.
Veins.
- D.
Capillaries.
- 31.B lymphocytes develop immuno-competence in the:
- A.
Thymus.
- B.
Bone marrow.
- C.
Spleen.
- D.
Lymph nodes.
- 32.This blood vessel becomes the dorsalis pedis:
- A.
Fibular.
- B.
Posterior tibial.
- C.
Popliteal.
- D.
Femural.
- E.
Anterior tibial.
- 33.Blood flow to the skin:
- A.
Increases when environmental temperature rises.
- B.
Is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells.
- C.
Increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze.
- D.
Is controlled mainly by decreasing pH.
- 34.Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed:
- A.
Lymph nodes.
- B.
Lymph follicles.
- C.
Axillary nodes.
- D.
Cisterna chyli.
- 35.Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the:
- A.
Inguinal region.
- B.
Lower extremities.
- C.
Cervical region.
- D.
Axillary region.
- 36.Which of the following is true about veins?
- A.
Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
- B.
Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.
- C.
Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
- D.
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
- 37.The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates:
- A.
Atrial repolarization.
- B.
Atrial depolarization.
- C.
Ventricular depolarization.
- D.
Ventricular repolarization.
- 38.Which of the statements is true about T cells?
- A.
They usually directly recognize antigens which then activates a sub population of killer cells.
- B.
Once activated they cannot secrete cytokines.
- C.
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
- D.
They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
- 39.________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into area.
- A.
Cytokines
- B.
Interleukin 1 proteins
- C.
Interleukin 2 proteins
- D.
Perforins
- 40.Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
- A.
Tunica interna (intima).
- B.
Tunica adventitia.
- C.
Tunica media.
- D.
Tunica externa.
- 41.Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
- A.
Carbohydrate structure.
- B.
Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains.
- C.
Incapable of being transferred from one person to another.
- D.
Three binding sites per antibody monomer.
- 42.If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells:
- A.
It would be less than 1-2ms.
- B.
Contractions would last as long as the refractory period.
- C.
Tetanic contractions might occur which would stoop the heart's pumping action.
- D.
It would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation.
- 43.Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
- A.
Thoracic duct.
- B.
Lumbar trunk.
- C.
Right lymphatic duct.
- D.
Cisterna chyli.
- 44.The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is:
- A.
Angina pectoris.
- B.
Myocardial infarct.
- C.
Pericarditis.
- D.
Ischemia.
- 45.Cardiac reserve:
- A.
Can be determined by auscultation.
- B.
Is unrelated to health.
- C.
Can be improved by regular exercise.
- D.
Is determined by your genes and not subject to improvement.
- 46.The velocity of blood flow:
- A.
Is in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels.
- B.
Is slower in the veins than in the capillaries since veins have a large diameter.
- C.
Is slower in the arteries than capillaries since they possess a relatively large diameter.
- D.
Is slowest in the capillaries since the total cross-sectional area is the greatest.
- 47.The absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle:
- A.
Is shorter than that in skeletal muscle.
- B.
Varies dramatically.
- C.
Is the same as that in skeletal muscle.
- D.
Is longer than that in skeletal muscle.
- 48.Interferons:
- A.
Are routinely used in nasal sprays for common cold.
- B.
Interfere with viral replication within cells.
- C.
Are virus-specific so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus.
- D.
Act by increasing the rate of cell division.
- 49.When the femoral artery passes behind the knee it becomes the?
- A.
Posterior tibial artery.
- B.
Fibular artery.
- C.
Deep femoral artery.
- D.
Popliteal artery.
- 50.Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
- A.
Infusion of weakened viruses.
- B.
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus.
- C.
Long-term immune protection.
- D.
Booster shot.
- 51.Blood enters which of these vessels during ventricular systole?
- A.
Pulmonary arteries.
- B.
Aorta.
- C.
Pulmonary vein.
- D.
Aorta and pulmonary arteries.
- 52.Select the correct statement about complement.
- A.
A specific immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
- B.
The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5.
- C.
Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.
- D.
Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary and alternate.
- 53.Antibody functions include all the following except:
- A.
Targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis.
- B.
Linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution.
- C.
Binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms.
- D.
Cross-linked cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched.
- 54.A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a (n):
- A.
Appendix.
- B.
Thymus.
- C.
Peyer's patch.
- D.
Tonsil.
- 55.Which of the following is NOT an important inflammatory mediator?
- A.
Prostaglandins.
- B.
Amylase.
- C.
Kinens.
- D.
Complement.
- E.
Histamine.
- 56.Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
- A.
It is antigen-specific.
- B.
It is specific for a given organ.
- C.
It has memory.
- D.
It is systemic.
- 57.Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the:
- A.
Right atrium.
- B.
Left atrium.
- C.
Left ventricle.
- D.
Right ventricle.
- 58.The thymus is most active during:
- A.
Childhood.
- B.
Middle age.
- C.
Fetal development.
- D.
Old age.
- 59.Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate?
- A.
Gender.
- B.
Body temperature.
- C.
Skin color.
- D.
Age.
- 60.Foramen ovale:
- A.
Is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus.
- B.
Is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close.
- C.
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart.
- D.
Is a shallow depression in the inter-ventricular septum.
- 61.The tricuspid valve is closed:
- A.
While the atrium is contracting.
- B.
By the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle.
- C.
While the ventricle is in diastole.
- D.
When the ventricle is in systole.
- 62.The chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens such as bacteria is:
- A.
Agglutination.
- B.
Complement fixation.
- C.
Interferon production.
- D.
Neutralization.
- 63.Damage to the _____ is referred to as heart block.
- A.
AV bundle
- B.
AV vlaves
- C.
AV node
- D.
SA nodes
- 64.When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors the result is:
- A.
Increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage.
- B.
Abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region.
- C.
Severe localized edema distal to the blockage.
- D.
Shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph.
- 65.The pericardial cavity:
- A.
Is a space between the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
- B.
Contains a lubricating fluid called serous fluid.
- C.
Is the region of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart.
- D.
Is another name for the chambers of the heart.
- 66.Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of:
- A.
The coronary sinus.
- B.
The fossa ovalis.
- C.
Coronary arteries.
- D.
Coronary veins.
- 67.Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of the immune system by:
- A.
Pinocytosis.
- B.
Natural killer cells.
- C.
T lymphocytes.
- D.
B lymphocytes.
- 68.Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
- A.
Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together.
- B.
The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
- C.
Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders".
- D.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
- 69.Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
- A.
Tunica media.
- B.
Tunica adventitia.
- C.
Tunica interna (intima).
- D.
Tunica externa.
- 70.Which of the following would be classified a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
- A.
Allergic contact dermatitis.
- B.
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity.
- C.
Immune complex hypersensitivity.
- D.
Anaphylaxis.
- 71.Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by:
- A.
Lymph nodes.
- B.
T lymphocytes.
- C.
Plasma cells.
- D.
Medullary cords.
- 72.Which statement best describes arteries?
- A.
All carry blood away from the heart.
- B.
Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
- C.
All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
- D.
All contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood.
- 73.The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called:
- A.
Margination.
- B.
Phagocytosis.
- C.
Chemotaxis.
- D.
Diapedis.
- 74.If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply damage would primarily result from:
- A.
A lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways.
- B.
An inadequate supply of lactic acid.
- C.
A decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production.
- D.
Decreased delivery of oxygen.
- 75.Which of the following i not a function of the inflammatory response?
- A.
Replaces injured tissues with connective tissue.
- B.
Prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue.
- C.
Disposes of cellular debris and pathogens.
- D.
Sets the stage for repair process.
- 76.A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the:
- A.
Left upper arm.
- B.
Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm.
- C.
Myocardium of the heart.
- D.
Left side of the head.
- 77.Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on:
- A.
The pumping action of the heart.
- B.
Contraction of the vessels themselves.
- C.
Two-way valves.
- D.
Skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement.
- 78.Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
- A.
Heart
- B.
Liver
- C.
Lungs
- D.
Kidney
- 79.Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
- A.
The mitral vale separtates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
- B.
Semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart.
- C.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendinae so that they do not blow back up into the atria during ventricular contraction.
- D.
The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.
- 80.Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
- A.
Contraction of ventricular muscle.
- B.
Excitation of the SA node.
- C.
Closure of the heart valves.
- D.
Friction of blood against the chamber walls.
- 81.Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
- A.
Isografts are between identical twins.
- B.
Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
- C.
Allografts are between different species.
- D.
Xenografts are between individuals of the same species.
- 82.Which of the following veins is often used in cardiac bipass operations?
- A.
Lesser saphenous.
- B.
Basilic vein.
- C.
Femoral vein.
- D.
Popliteal vein.
- E.
Greater saphenous.
- 83.Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
- A.
Hypovolemic caused by increased blood volume.
- B.
Vascular due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone.
- C.
Cardiogenic which results from any defect in blood vessels.
- D.
Circulatory where blood volume is normal and constant.
- 84.What is the function of a Hassall's corpuscle?
- A.
It is where T cells are destroyed.
- B.
It forms the blood-thymus barrier.
- C.
It assists in the production of lymphocytes.
- D.
It increases the surface area of the thymic cortex.
- 85.In clonal selection of B cells which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
- A.
Antibody
- B.
Antigen
- C.
Macrophage
- D.
Lymphocyte
- 86.Which of the following is not a midline vessel coming off the abdominal aorta?
- A.
Inferior mesenteric.
- B.
Median sacral.
- C.
Celiac trunk.
- D.
Superior mesenteric.
- E.
Splenic artery.
- 87.The only t cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the:
- A.
Plasma cells.
- B.
Cytotoxic cells.
- C.
Helper cells.
- D.
Suppressor cells.
- 88.In what specific area of the chest is the heart found?
- A.
Right thoracic cavity.
- B.
Mediastinum.
- C.
Thoracic cavity.
- D.
Pleural cavity.
- 89._______ determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
- A.
The type of antigen.
- B.
Memory cell production.
- C.
Enzymes present at the time of the invasion.
- D.
Our genes.
- 90.The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia caused by:
- A.
Production of complement and interferon.
- B.
Phagocyte mobilization.
- C.
Vasodilation.
- D.
Vasoconstriction.
- 91.Innate immune system defenses include:
- A.
Phagocytosis.
- B.
B cells.
- C.
T cells.
- D.
Plasma cells.
- 92.Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
- A.
Exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system.
- B.
Cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens.
- C.
A second exposure to an allergen.
- D.
Mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously.
- 93.The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called:
- A.
Islets of Langerhans.
- B.
Villi.
- C.
Peyer's Patches.
- D.
Rugae.
- 94.B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by:
- A.
Reducing its size.
- B.
Forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell.
- C.
Immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies.
- D.
Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells.
- 95.Select the correct statement about the role of the nervous system in regulating the immune response.
- A.
The use of positive imagery by cancer patients has yet to be studied.
- B.
Many immune cells have receptors for neurotransmitters.
- C.
The ability of one's state of mind to influence immune function is now accepted as proven by the medical community.
- D.
There is no evidence that the nervous system can influence the immune system.
- 96.In the fetal heart there is a foramen ______ that allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium.
- 97.The _____ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore they continually depolarize.
- 98.The _____ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx.
- 99.The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ______.
- 100.Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa.
- 101.The ECG T wave interval represents _________.
- 102.The _______ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae.
- 103.CO = ______ x SV.
- 104.The first major branch of the aortic arch is the _____ branch.
- 105.Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.
- 106.Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.
- 107.The ______ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries.
- 108.The ______ artery is a blood vessel on the arm used as a pressure point.
- 109._____ cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the immune system is activated.
- 110.Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function?
- 111.The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ______.
- 112.______ are grafts taken from another animal species.
- 113.What are the two most important antimicrobial proteins?
- 114._______ becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes cells to release histamine and other chemicals.
- 115._______ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.
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