Anatomy & Physiology 1 Final (Just Questions)

Metabolism refers to the sum of all cellular processes that occur in the body, including the conversion of food into energy, the synthesis of molecules, and the breakdown of substances. Anabolism and catabolism are two specific processes that contribute to metabolism, with anabolism involving the building up of complex molecules and catabolism involving the breaking down of molecules for energy. Auscultation and palpation, on the other hand, are medical examination techniques unrelated to cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is Metabolism.

The cranium is a part of the skull that protects the brain. It is a hard, bony structure that surrounds and encloses the brain, providing it with a strong protective barrier. The other options listed, such as the vertebral column, sacrum, face, and ribcage, do not directly protect the brain. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, the sacrum is a bone at the base of the spine, the face protects the facial structures, and the ribcage protects the organs in the chest. Therefore, the correct answer is cranium.

The brain is located in the cranial cavity. The cranial cavity is a space within the skull that houses and protects the brain. It is surrounded by bones and lined with protective membranes called meninges. The cranial cavity also contains cerebrospinal fluid, which further cushions and supports the brain.

The stomach is located in the abdominal cavity. This cavity is located between the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity and contains many organs including the stomach, liver, intestines, and kidneys. The abdominal cavity is protected by the abdominal muscles and is responsible for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

The correct answer is Protons, neutrons, electrons. Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit around the nucleus. These three particles are essential for the structure and behavior of atoms.

The femur is classified as a long bone. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape and consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, located in the thigh region. It serves as a major weight-bearing bone and plays a crucial role in supporting the body and facilitating movement.

The pericardial cavity is the correct answer because it is the cavity that surrounds and contains the heart. The cranial cavity contains the brain, the vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord, the abdominal cavity contains the digestive organs, and the pleural cavity contains the lungs.

Distal is the correct answer because it refers to a location that is farther away from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk or farther away from the origination of a structure. In anatomical terms, distal is used to describe the position of a body part that is further away from the point of reference.

The nucleus is the region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge and neutrons have no charge, and together they make up the majority of an atom's mass. The nucleus is located at the center of the atom and is surrounded by the electron cloud, which contains the electrons.

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy for cellular processes. ATP is produced through a process called cellular respiration, which takes place in the mitochondria. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to release energy in the form of ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is "generate ATP."

DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. It contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, including the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are essential for various biological processes and functions in the body. Therefore, the function of DNA is to store the information needed for protein synthesis.

The term "superficial" refers to something that is near the surface or shallow. In the context of this question, it is the opposite of deep. Therefore, superficial is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because all of the listed processes (metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction) are considered to be basic processes of life. These processes are essential for the functioning and survival of living organisms. Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life, while responsiveness is the ability to respond to stimuli. Movement allows organisms to change position or move internal parts, growth refers to an increase in size or number of cells, differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialized, and reproduction is the ability to produce offspring.

The nuclear membrane is a double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the contents of the nucleus. It acts as a barrier, controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. It also helps in maintaining the integrity and organization of the genetic material within the nucleus. Nucleic acids are the genetic material present in the nucleus, but they are not responsible for protecting its contents. The nuclear centrosome, cilia, and golgi apparatus are not directly involved in protecting the contents of the nucleus.

The nervous system and endocrine system are responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. The nervous system controls and coordinates the body's activities through electrical signals, while the endocrine system regulates body functions through the release of hormones. Together, these systems work to maintain a stable internal environment by monitoring and adjusting various physiological processes such as temperature, blood pressure, and hormone levels.

Glucose is a monosaccharide that is important in producing energy. It is the primary source of energy for the body and is broken down during cellular respiration to release ATP, the energy currency of cells. Glucose is easily absorbed into the bloodstream and can be used immediately or stored for later use. It is found in many foods, especially carbohydrates, and is also produced by the body through the breakdown of other carbohydrates.

The plane that divides the body into right and left halves is called the sagittal plane. This plane runs vertically from front to back, dividing the body into symmetrical halves. The other options are not correct because the frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves, the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower halves, the oblique plane cuts at an angle, and the coronal plane divides the body into front and back halves as well.

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a crucial process for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. During mitosis, the chromosomes in the cell nucleus are evenly divided between the two daughter cells, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. Therefore, the function of mitosis is the production of new cells.

A solution with a pH value smaller than 7 indicates that it is acidic. In the pH scale, values below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity. Therefore, the correct answer is acid.

The correct answer is Frontal. The frontal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. This plane is also known as the coronal plane. The other options are not correct because the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves, the transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) halves, the oblique plane is at an angle to the other planes, and the midsagittal plane is a specific type of sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

A transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. This means that the plane cuts the body or organ into two parts, with one part located above the plane (superior) and the other part located below the plane (inferior).

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is known as the "energy currency" of the cell. It is responsible for transferring energy within the cell, providing the necessary energy for various cellular functions such as muscle contraction, active transport of molecules, and synthesis of macromolecules. ATP releases energy when it is hydrolyzed to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, which can be used by the cell to fuel its metabolic reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is "Transfers energy for cell functions."

The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons or electrons in an atom. It is a unique identifier for each element and determines its position in the periodic table. The mass number, on the other hand, represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Isotope refers to different forms of an element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Valence shell refers to the outermost electron shell of an atom. Therefore, the correct answer is atomic number.

Tissue is the correct answer because it refers to a group of cells that have similar structures and functions. Tissues are the building blocks of organs and are responsible for carrying out specific tasks within the body. They can be classified into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each type of tissue has a specific structure and function that contributes to the overall functioning of the organ it is a part of. Therefore, tissue is the most appropriate choice for the given description.

Lateral is the correct answer because it refers to a position that is farthest from the midline. The term "medial" would mean closest to the midline, "anterior" would refer to the front, "proximal" would indicate a position closer to the point of attachment, "deep" would mean further inside, and none of these terms convey the meaning of being farthest from the midline. Therefore, the correct answer is "lateral".

The diaphragm is not found in the abdominal cavity. It is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains organs such as the stomach, spleen, liver, and gallbladder, but the diaphragm is located above these organs, forming the bottom of the thoracic cavity and the top of the abdominal cavity.

Melanin is a pigment that is responsible for the color of our hair, skin, and eyes. It is produced by cells called melanocytes and serves as a protective mechanism against the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. When our skin is exposed to UV light, melanin absorbs the energy and helps to prevent damage to our DNA. This is why people with more melanin in their skin have a lower risk of developing skin cancer compared to those with less melanin. Therefore, melanin is the correct answer because it absorbs ultraviolet light.

Physiology is the study of the functions of body structures. It focuses on how different organs and systems work together to maintain the body's overall function and homeostasis. This includes understanding how cells, tissues, and organs function individually and in relation to each other. Physiology helps us understand the mechanisms behind various bodily processes such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and excretion. It also explores how these processes can be disrupted in disease states and how they can be regulated or manipulated for therapeutic purposes.

Myofibrils are the contractile organelles of the muscle fiber. They are composed of thick and thin filaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction. Myofibrils are organized into repeating units called sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striated appearance. These sarcomeres contain the proteins actin and myosin, which interact to generate the force needed for muscle contraction. Therefore, myofibrils are the correct answer to this question.

A solute that dissolves in water is hydrophilic. This means that it has an affinity for water and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Hydrophobic substances, on the other hand, do not dissolve in water and are repelled by water. Hydrostatic, hydroamoure, and hydrozone are not relevant terms in this context.

The correct answer is myocardial. Myocardial tissue refers specifically to the muscle tissue found in the heart. The main tissue types found in the human body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Myocardial tissue is a specialized type of muscle tissue that is unique to the heart and is not considered one of the main tissue types found in the human body.

In a typical body solution, the solvent is water. Water is the most abundant substance in the body and plays a crucial role in various biological processes. It acts as a solvent, meaning it can dissolve and transport other substances such as glucose, electrolytes, and lipids. Water also helps regulate body temperature, lubricates joints, and aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients. Therefore, water is the correct answer for the solvent in a typical body solution.

The lungs are located in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is a space between the two layers of the pleura, a membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is a sealed cavity that helps protect and support the lungs by providing a lubricated surface for movement during breathing. The pleural cavity also helps maintain the pressure within the lungs, allowing them to expand and contract properly.

Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. It is a measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution compared to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. If a solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell, it is hypertonic and will cause the cell to lose water and shrink. If the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, it is hypotonic and will cause the cell to gain water and swell. Tonicity plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape and function.

The major elements found in the body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements are essential for the formation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of life. Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules, hydrogen and oxygen are present in water and other compounds, and nitrogen is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. These elements play crucial roles in various biological processes and are necessary for the functioning of cells and tissues in the body.

Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by the absence of melanin, which is the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes. People with albinism have very light or white hair, skin, and eyes due to the lack of melanin production. This condition can also affect the development and functioning of the eyes, leading to vision problems. Therefore, the correct answer is "Is the absence of melanin."

Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that is used as a covering for organs and surfaces, as a lining for body cavities and vessels, and is also found in glands. It is characterized by having a free surface, which allows for absorption, secretion, and protection. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true for epithelial tissue.

The heart is located above or superior to the liver in the body.

The given statement suggests that the pelvic cavity is positioned below or lower than the abdominopelvic cavity. Among the options provided, the pelvic cavity is the only one that fits this description. The vertebral canal, cranial cavity, abdominal cavity, and pericardial cavity are not positioned inferior to the abdominopelvic cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is the pelvic cavity.

The shaft of a long bone is known as the diaphysis. It is the long, cylindrical, and main portion of the bone, located between the two ends called epiphysis. The diaphysis is responsible for providing support and stability to the bone, as well as serving as a site for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It also contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with bone marrow. The other options (epiphysis, metaphysis, periosteum, and marrow) are not specifically related to the shaft of a long bone.

The pelvic girdles articulate with the sacrum. The pelvic girdles are a set of bones that connect the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. They form a ring-like structure that supports the weight of the upper body and transfers it to the lower limbs. The sacrum is a triangular bone located at the base of the spine, and it articulates with the pelvic girdles at the sacroiliac joints. This joint provides stability and allows for limited movement between the pelvic girdles and the sacrum.

The G2 phase is the third phase of the cell cycle, following the S phase. It is a relatively short phase that occurs after DNA replication in the S phase and before cell division in the M phase. During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for division by synthesizing proteins and organelles. The correct answer, 4-6 hours, represents the typical duration of the G2 phase in most cells.

Nucleotides are the monomers used to build RNA and DNA. Nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA). These monomers are linked together through phosphodiester bonds to form the backbone of the DNA and RNA molecules.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the correct answer because it is an organelle that contains ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the production, folding, and transport of proteins within the cell. It is called "rough" because of the ribosomes attached to its surface, which give it a bumpy appearance under a microscope.

Glycogen is the major energy storage polysaccharide in humans. It is a highly branched polymer made up of glucose molecules. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles and serves as a readily available source of glucose during times of energy need. Glycogen is broken down into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, which is regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucagon. This glucose can then be used for energy production in cells throughout the body.

The correct answer is that all of the options listed are functions of the nervous system. The sensory function involves receiving and transmitting information from the senses to the brain. The integrative function involves processing and interpreting the information received from the senses. The motor function involves sending signals from the brain to the muscles to produce movement. Therefore, all three options are valid functions of the nervous system.

The Golgi body is an organelle that modifies proteins produced elsewhere in the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and further processes and packages them for transport to their final destination within or outside the cell. The Golgi body adds carbohydrate chains to proteins to form glycoproteins and also sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion or for use within the cell. Therefore, the Golgi body is responsible for modifying and processing proteins before they are transported to their functional locations.

RNA functions as a molecule that transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis. This process is known as transcription and translation. RNA acts as an intermediary between DNA and proteins, carrying the instructions for the amino acid sequence of a protein. Therefore, the correct answer is "transfer information for protein synthesis."

A serous membrane is a thin tissue that covers the internal organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen. It consists of two layers, the parietal layer which lines the walls of the cavities, and the visceral layer which covers the organs. The serous membrane produces a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to move smoothly within the cavities. This membrane plays an important role in protecting and supporting the organs and helps reduce friction during movement.

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions related to cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They are like tiny organs within the cell, each with its own specific role. Examples of organelles include the nucleus, which houses the cell's genetic material, and the mitochondria, which generate energy for the cell. The other options mentioned, such as cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, and cytosol, are components of the cell but do not specifically perform the same specialized functions as organelles.