Anatomy & Physiology Chapters Quiz3 & 4

The endocrine glands are responsible for secreting hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream and travel to target cells or organs, where they regulate various physiological processes. These processes include growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and the body's response to stress. Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the functions of different organs and systems in the body.

Biopsy is the correct answer because it refers to the removal of living tissue for examination under a microscope. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or determine the extent of a disease, such as cancer. Surgery involves the treatment of diseases or conditions through operative procedures, while diffusion and radiation are unrelated to the removal of living tissue for examination.

The suffix -itis is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate inflammation of a certain body part or organ. For example, appendicitis refers to the inflammation of the appendix. Therefore, the correct answer is "Inflammation."

Active transport requires ATP because it is a process that moves molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This movement requires energy, which is provided by ATP. In active transport, specific proteins called pumps are used to move molecules across the cell membrane, and ATP provides the energy needed for these pumps to work against the concentration gradient.

Cilia are small hair-like projections that extend from the surface of a cell. They are found in many types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract and the fallopian tubes. The main function of cilia is to move fluid or substances across the cell surface. They beat in a coordinated manner, creating a wave-like motion that helps to propel mucus, dust particles, or other substances out of the body. Cilia also play a role in sensory perception and can act as receptors for certain molecules. Overall, cilia are important structures for cellular movement and communication.

Mitochondria are organelles responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are capable of self-replication. They play a vital role in converting nutrients into usable energy for the cell's metabolic activities. Therefore, the correct answer is Mitochondrion.

A long whip-like projection from the cell used in locomotion is called a flagellum. This structure is found in various organisms, such as bacteria, sperm cells, and certain protists. The flagellum propels the cell forward by beating in a wave-like motion, allowing the cell to move through its environment. Unlike cilia, which are shorter and more numerous, flagella are typically longer and fewer in number. Dendrites and axons, on the other hand, are structures found in nerve cells and are responsible for transmitting electrical signals within the nervous system.

A tumor that spreads to other tissues is called a malignant tumor. Malignant tumors are cancerous and have the ability to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They can cause serious health problems and are often more difficult to treat compared to benign tumors, which do not spread to other tissues.

A band of connective tissue that connects two bones is called a ligament. Ligaments are tough and flexible structures that provide stability and support to joints by connecting bones together. Unlike tendons, which connect muscles to bones, ligaments specifically connect bones to other bones. They help to prevent excessive movement in the joint and provide reinforcement to the joint capsule. Overall, ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the skeletal system.

Osseous tissue is another term for bone. This tissue is composed of specialized cells called osteocytes, which are embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts. It provides structural support and protection to the body, as well as serving as a reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphate. The term "osseous" is derived from the Latin word "os," meaning bone. Therefore, bone is the correct answer for this question.

Pericarditis refers to the inflammation around the heart. It is a condition in which the pericardium, a thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed. This inflammation can cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, and other symptoms. It is important to differentiate pericarditis from other heart conditions, as the treatment approach may vary. Inflammation of the heart itself is known as myocarditis, which is a separate condition. Fluid on the knees and cancer are unrelated to pericarditis.

The tissue enclosing the heart is called the pericardium. The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The fibrous layer provides structural support and prevents overstretching of the heart, while the serous layer produces a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats. The pericardium also helps to anchor the heart in place within the chest cavity and acts as a barrier against infection and inflammation.

The correct order of the stages in mitosis is Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During Prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus starts to form. In Metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell along the metaphase plate. Anaphase follows, where the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in Telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes, the spindle apparatus disassembles, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.

Osteosites are cells that are found in bone tissue, responsible for the formation and maintenance of bone. Similarly, chondrosites are cells that are found in cartilage tissue, responsible for the formation and maintenance of cartilage. Therefore, the correct answer is "Cartilage".

Histology is the study of tissues. It involves examining the structure, composition, and function of tissues at a microscopic level. Cytology, on the other hand, focuses on the study of cells. Physiology is the study of how living organisms function and the processes that occur within them. Tisology is not a recognized term or field of study.

The nucleolus is a small body located within the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for assembling ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. The nucleolus contains DNA, RNA, and proteins, and it plays a crucial role in the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. Therefore, the nucleolus is the correct answer as it is directly involved in the synthesis of ribosomes.

Ribosomes are small bodies involved in the manufacture of proteins. They are responsible for protein synthesis within cells. Ribosomes can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and they play a crucial role in translating the genetic information from DNA into functional proteins. Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and they are composed of RNA and protein molecules. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer in this case.

A cell is considered a cancer cell when it reproduces excessively and migrates. Cancer cells have the ability to divide and multiply at an uncontrolled rate, leading to the formation of tumors. Additionally, cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. This uncontrolled growth and ability to migrate distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells.

If a cell lacks centrioles, it would not be able to divide. Centrioles are crucial for the formation of the spindle fibers during cell division, which are responsible for separating the chromosomes and dividing the cell into two daughter cells. Without centrioles, the cell would not be able to undergo the process of cell division, resulting in the inability to divide.

The skin is referred to as the cutaneous membrane because it is the outermost layer of the body that covers and protects the underlying tissues and organs. It acts as a barrier against pathogens, regulates body temperature, and contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, and temperature. The term "cutaneous" is derived from the Latin word "cutis," which means skin. Therefore, the correct answer is Cutaneous Membrane.

When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, it means that the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. As a result, water molecules move out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink or become smaller in size. This occurs because water moves from an area of lower solute concentration (inside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (outside the cell) in an attempt to equalize the concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.

Eating a high fat diet is a risk factor for cancer because it can lead to obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of developing various types of cancer. High fat diets often contain a high amount of calories, which can contribute to weight gain. Additionally, certain types of fats, such as saturated and trans fats, have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, consuming a high fat diet can increase the likelihood of developing cancer.

Transporters are membrane proteins that change shape to move substances across the membrane. These proteins are responsible for actively transporting molecules and ions across the cell membrane, allowing the cell to maintain homeostasis and regulate the movement of essential substances. By changing their conformation, transporters can bind to specific molecules on one side of the membrane and then undergo a shape change to transport them across to the other side. This mechanism is crucial for the uptake of nutrients, removal of waste products, and the regulation of ion concentrations in the cell.

The fibers of a neuron refer to the long, thread-like extensions that transmit signals within the nervous system. Axons are responsible for carrying signals away from the cell body, while dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. Therefore, both axons and dendrites are considered fibers of a neuron.

The prefix "pseudo-" means false or fake. It is used to indicate something that may appear to be true or real, but is actually not. For example, pseudoscience refers to beliefs or practices that are presented as scientific but lack empirical evidence. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The plasma membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids form a bilayer structure, with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails facing each other. This arrangement provides a barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Cholesterol is interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer and helps regulate membrane fluidity and stability. Proteins and carbohydrates are also present in the plasma membrane, but they are not the major lipids.

Peritonitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity. This condition is often caused by infection, injury, or a ruptured appendix. It can lead to severe abdominal pain, fever, and other symptoms. Pericarditis, on the other hand, refers to the inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart, and serousitis is not a medical term. The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Dendrites are the fibers that conduct a nerve impulse toward a neuron cell. They receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body of the neuron. Dendrites are highly branched and have numerous receptors that allow them to receive chemical signals from neighboring neurons. This allows for the integration of multiple signals and the transmission of information within the nervous system. Axons, on the other hand, conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body, while cilia and flagella are specialized structures involved in movement.

The prefix "pino-" is derived from the Latin word "pino," which means "to drink." This prefix is commonly used in words related to drinking or consuming liquids. For example, "pinot" refers to a type of wine, and "pinochle" is a card game traditionally played while drinking. Therefore, the correct answer is "to drink."

Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urethra. Its main function is to accommodate the stretching and expansion of these organs as they fill with urine. Therefore, the correct answer is that transitional epithelium can stretch to accomplish its function.

A nucleotide is a building block of DNA and RNA molecules. It consists of three components: a nitrogen base, a sugar unit, and a phosphate unit. The nitrogen base can be adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The sugar unit is either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA). The phosphate unit is responsible for connecting the nucleotides together, forming the backbone of the DNA or RNA strand. Therefore, the correct answer is "Phosphate unit."

Staging is the correct answer because it refers to the medical process of classifying a tumor based on its size and extent of invasion. This process helps determine the severity of the cancer and guides treatment decisions. It involves various tests and imaging techniques to assess the tumor's characteristics and determine the stage, which helps in predicting prognosis and selecting appropriate treatment options.

rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is the correct answer because it is the type of RNA that is found in ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and rRNA plays a crucial role in this process by helping to assemble amino acids into proteins. This type of RNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are the cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs. Therefore, rRNA is essential for the functioning of ribosomes and the production of proteins in the cell.

Pinocytosis is the process by which cells take in small droplets of fluid. It involves the formation of small vesicles that engulf the fluid and bring it into the cell. This process is important for the uptake of nutrients and other molecules dissolved in the fluid. It is different from phagocytosis, which involves the engulfment of larger particles, and from endocytosis and exocytosis, which involve the uptake and release of larger molecules or structures. Therefore, pinocytosis is the correct answer for the given question.

Plurae are examples of serous membranes. Serous membranes line the internal cavities of the body and cover the organs within those cavities. They secrete a watery fluid called serous fluid, which helps to reduce friction between the organs and the cavity walls, allowing them to move smoothly. Plurae specifically refer to the serous membranes that line the pleural cavities and cover the lungs.

A benign tumor of adipose tissue is called a lipoma. Lipomas are non-cancerous growths that develop in the fatty tissue under the skin. They are typically soft, movable, and painless. Lipomas are the most common type of benign tumor and can occur anywhere in the body where there is fat tissue. They are usually harmless and do not require treatment unless they cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns.

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the microscope with the highest magnification. Unlike the compound light microscope, which uses visible light, the TEM uses a beam of electrons to magnify the specimen. This allows for much higher magnification and resolution, making it possible to see extremely small details at the atomic level. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) also uses electrons, but it is primarily used to create 3D images of the surface of a specimen, rather than for high magnification. Therefore, the correct answer is the Transmission Electron Microscope.

Simple diffusion is the process that moves a substance that can freely move in the plasma membrane. In simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for any energy input or assistance from transport proteins. This process occurs when the substance is small, nonpolar, and able to pass through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Unlike facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis, simple diffusion does not require any specific transport proteins or energy expenditure.

Areolar is the correct answer because it is a type of loose connective tissue found throughout the body. It is composed of collagen and elastin fibers, as well as various cells such as fibroblasts and macrophages. Areolar tissue provides support and flexibility to organs and helps in the diffusion of nutrients and waste products. It is found beneath the skin, surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs, and acts as a cushioning material.

Antineoplastic agents are drugs used to treat cancer by inhibiting or preventing the growth and spread of cancer cells. While radiation therapy and surgery are also commonly used in cancer treatment, chemotherapy specifically refers to the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Therefore, the correct answer is chemotherapy.

Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of the DNA molecule and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is RNA.

A lump of adipose tissue that doesn't spread is called a benign lipoma. A lipoma is a slow-growing, noncancerous tumor made up of fat cells. It is typically harmless and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. The term "benign" refers to the noncancerous nature of the tumor, while "lipoma" specifically indicates that it is composed of adipose or fatty tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is benign lipoma.

Peroxisomes are organelles found in cells that play a crucial role in breaking down harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide, through a process called metabolism. This breakdown helps to detoxify the cell and maintain its overall health. Therefore, the high level of harmful metabolism is likely to be associated with peroxisomes. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are responsible for digesting waste materials, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, and estrogen is a hormone involved in various physiological processes.

Neuroglias are the support cells of the nervous system. They provide structural support and insulation to neurons, helping to maintain their function. Neuroglias also play a role in regulating the chemical environment around neurons and assisting in the repair of damaged neural tissue. Muscle cells are not support cells of the nervous system, as their primary function is contraction. Neurons are the main functional cells of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting and processing electrical signals. Cytoplasm is a component of all cells, including neurons and neuroglias, but it is not specifically a support cell.

A neoplasm is another term for a tumor, which is an abnormal growth of cells. While cancer is a type of tumor, not all tumors are cancerous. Therefore, the correct answer is "Tumor."

Anaphase is the phase of mitosis when the chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. During this phase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, which attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. The movement of the chromosomes towards the poles ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes. Therefore, Anaphase is the correct answer for the phase of mitosis when chromosomes pull apart.

During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible under a microscope. This is the first phase of mitosis, where the nuclear envelope starts to break down, and the spindle fibers begin to form. The condensing of chromosomes allows for easier separation and movement during later stages of mitosis. Anaphase is the phase where the chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell, while interphase is the resting phase between cell divisions. Metaphase is the phase where the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell before separating.

The correct answer is Peritoneum. The peritoneum is a type of epithelial tissue membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. It helps to protect and support the organs, as well as provide a smooth surface for them to move against. The peritoneum also plays a role in the absorption and secretion of fluids in the abdominal cavity.

Linker proteins are a type of membrane protein that play a crucial role in attaching cells to other cells. They are responsible for connecting adjacent cells and maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. These proteins act as bridges between cells, facilitating communication and coordination among them. By anchoring cells together, linker proteins contribute to the formation of tissues and organs, allowing for proper functioning and organization within the body.

Ribosomes participate in the process of translation. Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for this process. They read the mRNA sequence and use it as a template to assemble the corresponding amino acids into a polypeptide chain, which will eventually fold into a functional protein. Therefore, ribosomes play a crucial role in protein synthesis, making translation the correct answer.