ISTQB Foundation Level Quick Review

The test lead should assign this test to a junior tester with equivalence partitioning and Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) experience because this test involves checking different ranges of percentages and their corresponding grades. Equivalence partitioning is a technique used to divide the input data into different equivalence classes, and BVA is used to test the boundaries of these classes. A junior tester with experience in these techniques would be able to effectively design and execute test cases for this scenario.

Branch Coverage (BC):
To calculate Branch Coverage, find out the minimum number of paths which will ensure covering of all the edges. In this case there is no single path which will ensure coverage of all the edges at one go.

The V-Model test levels are arranged in a sequential manner, starting with component (unit) testing, followed by integration testing, system testing, and finally acceptance testing. This order allows for a systematic approach to testing, where each level builds upon the previous one. Component testing involves testing individual components or units of the software, integration testing focuses on testing the interaction between these components, system testing verifies the entire system's functionality, and acceptance testing ensures that the system meets the user's requirements. Therefore, the correct order of the V-Model test levels is component (unit) testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

100% Statement coverage offers the least coverage because it only ensures that every statement in the code has been executed at least once. It does not guarantee that all possible paths, branches, or decisions within the code have been tested. Therefore, there may be untested scenarios or potential bugs that could go unnoticed.

Branch Coverage (BC):
To calculate Branch Coverage, find out the minimum number of paths which will ensure covering of all the edges. In this case there is no single path which will ensure coverage of all the edges at one go. By following paths 1A-2C-3D-E-4G-5H, maximum numbers of edges (A, C, D, E, G and H) are covered but edges B and F are left. To covers these edges we can follow 1A-2B-E-4F. By the combining the above two paths we can ensure of traveling through all the paths. Hence Branch Coverage is 2. The aim is to cover all possible true/false decisions.

100% Path coverage offers the best coverage because it ensures that every possible path through the code has been tested. This means that all possible combinations of statements and branches are executed, resulting in a more thorough testing of the code. Decision coverage, statement coverage, and branch coverage may not cover all possible paths and therefore may not provide as comprehensive testing.

IEEE 829 is the standard for Software and System Test Documentation. This standard provides guidelines for the content and format of various test documents, such as test plans, test cases, and test reports. It ensures that test documentation is consistent, well-organized, and easily understandable. This standard is widely recognized and used in the software testing industry to improve the quality and effectiveness of testing processes.

Evaluating the options:
In State transition testing a test is defined for each state transition.
The coverage that is achieved by this testing is called 0-switch or branch coverage.
0-switch coverage is to execute each loop once (No repetition. We should start with initial state and go till end state. It does not test ‘sequence of two state transitions’).
In this case the start state is ‘OFF’, and then press of the button turns it on to Speed 1 (i.e. A). Second press turns it on to Speed 2 (i.e. B) and the third press turns it off (i.e. C).
Here we do not test the combinations like what if the start state is ‘Speed 1’ or ‘Speed 2’ etc.
An alternate way of solving this is check for the options where it starts with ‘OFF’ state.
So we have options ‘a’ and ‘c’ to select from. As per the state diagram from ‘OFF’ state the dryer goes to ‘Speed 1’ and then to ‘Speed 2’. So our answer should start with ‘A’ and end with ‘C’.

Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Equivalence Partitioning:
1) Input data class with all values below lower limit. I.e. any value below 1, as a invalid input data test case.
2) Input data with any value greater than 1000 to represent third invalid input class.
So using equivalence partitioning you have categorized all possible test cases into two classes. Test cases with other values from any class should give you the same result.
We have selected one representative from every input class to design our test cases. Test case values are selected in such a way that largest number of attributes of equivalence class can be exercised.
Equivalence partitioning uses fewest test cases to cover maximum requirements.

Decision Coverage = Branch Coverage
Branch Coverage (BC):
To calculate Branch Coverage, find out the minimum number of paths which will ensure covering of all the edges. In this case there is no single path which will ensure coverage of all the edges at one go. By following paths 1A-2C-3D-E-4G-5H, maximum numbers of edges (A, C, D, E, G and H) are covered but edges B and F are left. To covers these edges we can follow 1A-2B-E-4F. By the combining the above two paths we can ensure of traveling through all the paths. Hence Branch Coverage is 2. The aim is to cover all possible true/false decisions.

Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Equivalence Partitioning:
1) One input data class with all valid inputs. Pick a single value from range 1 to 1000 as a valid test case. If you select other values between 1 and 1000 then result is going to be same. So one test case for valid input data should be sufficient.
2) Input data class with all values below lower limit. I.e. any value below 1, as a invalid input data test case.
3) Input data with any value greater than 1000 to represent third invalid input class.
So using equivalence partitioning you have categorized all possible test cases into three classes. Test cases with other values from any class should give you the same result.
We have selected one representative from every input class to design our test cases. Test case values are selected in such a way that largest number of attributes of equivalence class can be exercised.
Equivalence partitioning uses fewest test cases to cover maximum requirements.

The correct answer is Specification-based (or behavior-based or black-box), Structure-based (or white-box), and Experienced-based. These three test design techniques are defined in the Foundation Level Syllabus. Specification-based testing focuses on testing the functionality of the software based on the specifications or requirements. Structure-based testing involves testing the internal structure of the software, including code coverage and control flow. Experienced-based testing relies on the tester's knowledge, intuition, and experience to identify potential defects. These three techniques cover different aspects of testing and are important for ensuring the quality of the software.

Path Coverage (PC):
Path Coverage ensures covering of all the paths from start to end.

All possible paths are-
1A-2B-E-4F
1A-2B-E-4G-5H
1A-2C-3D-E-4G-5H
1A-2C-3D-E-4F
So path coverage is 4.

100% Path coverage offers the best coverage because it ensures that every possible path through the code is executed at least once during testing. This means that all statements, branches, and decisions within the code are covered, resulting in a thorough testing of the code's functionality and potential errors.

Statement Coverage (SC):
To calculate Statement Coverage, find out the shortest number of paths following which all the nodes will be covered. Here by traversing through path 1A-2C-3D-E-4G-5H all the nodes are covered. So by traveling through only one path all the nodes 12345 are covered, so the Statement coverage in this case is 1.

Statement Coverage (SC):
To calculate Statement Coverage, find out the shortest number of paths following which all the nodes will be covered.

The Foundation Syllabus defines four test levels which are Component Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, and Acceptance Testing. These levels represent different stages of the testing process, starting from testing individual components, then integrating them and testing their interactions, followed by testing the entire system, and finally testing whether the system meets the requirements and is ready for acceptance by the end-users. These levels ensure that the software is thoroughly tested at different stages of its development and helps in identifying and fixing defects at an early stage.

BS7925-1 is the correct answer for the standard for Glossary of Testing Terms. This standard, published by the British Standards Institution (BSI), provides definitions for common testing terms and concepts. It is widely recognized and used in the field of software testing. The other options, IEEE 829, BS7925-2, and STD-NCF-1, are not specifically related to the Glossary of Testing Terms standard.

Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Equivalence Partitioning:
1) One input data class with all valid inputs. Pick a single value from range 1 to 1000 as a valid test case. If you select other values between 1 and 1000 then result is going to be same. So one test case for valid input data should be sufficient.
Equivalence partitioning uses fewest test cases to cover maximum requirements.

BS7925-2 is the correct answer because it is a widely recognized standard for component testing. It provides guidelines and recommendations for testing software components, including test techniques, test documentation, and test management. This standard helps ensure that software components are thoroughly tested and meet the required quality standards. IEEE 829 is a standard for test documentation, while BS7925-1 and STD-NCF-1 are not specifically related to component testing.

The correct answer is to assign this test to a tester who can hand it over to the automation specialist capable of making it into a regression script. This is because the test involves a specific set of steps to be performed in the WinAmp software, and it can be automated to save time and effort in future regression testing. The automation specialist would be skilled in creating scripts to automate the test process, ensuring consistent and accurate execution.

Path Coverage (PC):
Path Coverage ensures covering of all the paths from start to end.

The correct answer includes four types of tests defined in the Foundation Syllabus: Functional Testing, Structural Testing, Confirmation and Regression Testing, and Non-Functional Testing. These types of tests cover different aspects of the software development process, such as ensuring that the software functions correctly (Functional Testing), testing the structure and design of the software (Structural Testing), verifying that changes or updates to the software do not introduce new issues (Confirmation and Regression Testing), and evaluating the software's performance, security, and other non-functional requirements (Non-Functional Testing).