Oral
Subcutaneous
Sublingual
Buccal
Intramuscular
Rectal
Intravenous
Intrathecal
Nicotine
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Insulin
Fentanyl (a strong opiate to control pain in the terminally ill)
Nitroglycerine (releases NO to treat angina)
Lidocaine (local anesthetic which blocks Na+ channels)
Morphine
Clonidine (high blood pressure treatment)
Log([solute in octanol]/[solute in unionised water])
Log([solute in unionised water]/[solute in octanol])
Log([solute in hexane]/[solute in unionised water])
Log([solute in unionised water]/[solute in hexane])
Are better orally absorbed
May be less likely to partition out of the bilayer again
Are always more selective
Are retained in the body for longer
Are less toxic
Are often extensively metabolised
Greater oral bioavailability
Lower toxicity
Greater specificity
Higher potency
Greater partition coefficient
Can be transported by branched chain amino acid carriers
It is a prodrug
Oxidation/hydroxylation
Dealkylation
Deamination
Hydrolysis
Reduction
Glucuronyl
Sulphate
Hydroxyl
Methyl
Acetyl
Amine
Glycyl
Glutathione
1-N demethyation
3-N demethylation
5-N demethylation
7-N demethylation
Hydroxylation
Conjugation
Linearly
Exponentially
Parabolically
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