Pharmacokinetics Ppt Slides 1-31- Shannon
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which does the term pharmacokinetics not include? (what the body does to the drug or how the drug gets in, around and out of the body)
- A.
Clinical response to a drug ie; toxicity & efficacy
- B.
Drug concentration at site of action
- C.
Dose of drug administered
- D.
Drug metabolized or excreted
Correct Answer
A. Clinical response to a drug ie; toxicity & efficacyExplanation
Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how the body processes a drug, including how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. It also includes the measurement and analysis of drug concentration at the site of action. However, pharmacokinetics does not directly encompass the clinical response to a drug, such as its toxicity and efficacy. These factors are influenced by pharmacodynamics, which focuses on how drugs interact with the body and produce their effects. Therefore, the correct answer is the clinical response to a drug, as it falls outside the scope of pharmacokinetics.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Balance between what 4 processes of pharmacokinetics determines magnitude & duration of drug effects?
- A.
Route of administration, dosage formulation, first pass effect, total surface area for absorption
- B.
ROME
- C.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination/excretion
- D.
Physiochemical properties, chemical properties, expression of P-glycoprotein, route of administration
Correct Answer
C. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination/excretionExplanation
The balance between absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination/excretion processes of pharmacokinetics determines the magnitude and duration of drug effects. Absorption refers to the process by which the drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration. Distribution involves the movement of the drug throughout the body, reaching its target site. Metabolism refers to the chemical transformation of the drug into different compounds by enzymes in the body. Elimination/excretion is the process by which the drug and its metabolites are removed from the body, usually through urine or feces. The interplay between these processes determines the overall pharmacokinetics and, consequently, the effects of the drug.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Most drugs enter the venous side of circulation; which route is the exception?
- A.
IV injection
- B.
IM injection
- C.
Suppository
- D.
Inhalation
Correct Answer
D. InhalationExplanation
Inhalation is the exception because most drugs enter the venous side of circulation through IV injection, IM injection, or suppository. When drugs are inhaled, they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the lungs, bypassing the venous circulation. This route of administration is commonly used for respiratory medications and allows for rapid absorption and onset of action.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A drug that might cause an upset stomach if taken orally can alternatively be administered via which route?
- A.
Injection into the gut
- B.
Sublingual route
- C.
Topical patch
- D.
Rectal suppository
Correct Answer
D. Rectal suppositoryExplanation
A drug that might cause an upset stomach if taken orally can alternatively be administered via the rectal suppository route. This route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and allows the drug to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the rectal mucosa. By avoiding the stomach, the drug is less likely to cause an upset stomach and can still be effectively delivered to the body.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Little Billy has accidentally ingested a toxic chemical which has made him unconscious and will soon kill him. Which route of administration will ER physicians and PA's most likely use to administer an antidote for this toxin?
- A.
IV
- B.
Oral
- C.
Topical
- D.
Rectal
Correct Answer
A. IVExplanation
In this scenario, Little Billy has ingested a toxic chemical and is unconscious. In such a critical situation, ER physicians and PA's would most likely use the intravenous (IV) route of administration to administer the antidote for the toxin. IV administration allows for the rapid delivery of medication directly into the bloodstream, ensuring quick and efficient absorption of the antidote to counteract the effects of the toxin. It is the preferred route in emergency situations where immediate action is required.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The primary route of excretion route for drugs from the body is?
- A.
Liver
- B.
Kidneys
- C.
Lungs
- D.
Intestines
Correct Answer
B. KidneysExplanation
The kidneys are the primary route of excretion for drugs from the body. They filter the blood and remove waste products, including drugs, through the process of urine formation. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis by eliminating drugs and their metabolites, ensuring that they do not accumulate and cause harm. The liver also plays a significant role in drug metabolism and elimination but is not the primary route of excretion. The lungs primarily excrete volatile substances, while the intestines mainly eliminate waste products from digestion.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The primary organ that metabolizes drugs in the body is?
- A.
Liver
- B.
Lungs
- C.
Kidneys
- D.
Intestines
Correct Answer
A. LiverExplanation
The liver is the primary organ responsible for metabolizing drugs in the body. It contains enzymes that break down drugs into smaller molecules, which can then be eliminated from the body. The liver plays a crucial role in drug metabolism as it helps to convert drugs into forms that can be easily excreted by the kidneys or eliminated through bile. This process ensures that drugs are effectively processed and eliminated from the body, preventing potential toxicity and allowing for proper drug efficacy.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which route allows cocaine to get into the brain fastest (another one is a very close second)?
- A.
IV injection
- B.
Inhalation
- C.
Oral
- D.
Rectal
Correct Answer
B. InhalationExplanation
Based on the picture in the powerpoint it's inhalation, with IV as a close second, different sources say different things- so correct me if I'm wrong on this guys!Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which route(s) of administration completely bypass the first pass effect?
- A.
Transdermal & sublingual
- B.
Rectal and oral
- C.
Rectal, transdermal & sublingual
- D.
Oral
Correct Answer
A. Transdermal & sublingualExplanation
Transdermal and sublingual routes of administration completely bypass the first pass effect. The first pass effect refers to the metabolism of a drug that occurs in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. However, drugs administered through the transdermal route are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the skin, bypassing the liver. Similarly, drugs administered sublingually are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes under the tongue, again bypassing the liver. Therefore, both transdermal and sublingual routes avoid the first pass metabolism, resulting in higher bioavailability of the drug.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which route of administration is safest, most economical & most common?
- A.
Transdermal
- B.
Intravenous
- C.
Oral
- D.
Inhalation
Correct Answer
C. OralExplanation
Oral route of administration is considered the safest, most economical, and most common method. It involves taking medication through the mouth in the form of tablets, capsules, or liquids. This route is safe because it avoids the risks associated with invasive procedures like injections. It is also cost-effective as oral medications are generally less expensive compared to other routes. Additionally, oral administration is the most common method as it is convenient, easy to administer, and suitable for a wide range of medications.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What factors associated with the route of administration affect drug absorption?
- A.
Blood flow to the absorption site
- B.
Total surface area available for absorption
- C.
Contact time at the absorption surface
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The factors associated with the route of administration that affect drug absorption include blood flow to the absorption site, total surface area available for absorption, and contact time at the absorption surface. Blood flow to the absorption site determines the rate at which the drug is delivered to the site, while the total surface area available for absorption affects the amount of drug that can be absorbed. Contact time at the absorption surface determines how long the drug is in contact with the site, which can affect the extent of absorption. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in drug absorption.Rate this question:
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- 12.
When no facilitating factor is involved in the net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration; this is known as what?
- A.
Facilitated diffusion
- B.
Passive diffusion
- C.
Active transport
- D.
Endocytosis
Correct Answer
B. Passive diffusionExplanation
Passive diffusion refers to the movement of molecules across a membrane without the involvement of any facilitating factors. In this process, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the concentration gradient. Unlike facilitated diffusion, which requires the assistance of transport proteins, passive diffusion occurs spontaneously and does not require any energy expenditure. Active transport, on the other hand, involves the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy. Endocytosis is a process in which cells engulf substances by forming vesicles, which is not related to the net movement of molecules in the direction of lower concentration.Rate this question:
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- 13.
When morphine is administered orally, only 40-50% reaches the CNS... why does this happen?
- A.
Drugs administered orally are exposed to the liver and may be extensively metabolized before reaching the rest of the body (first pass effect)
- B.
Drugs administered orally enter directly into systemic circulation and because of highly fenestrated endothelial capillary cells make it to the brain quickly
- C.
Rectally is always the answer
- D.
Less contact time at the absorption site
Correct Answer
A. Drugs administered orally are exposed to the liver and may be extensively metabolized before reaching the rest of the body (first pass effect)Explanation
When drugs are administered orally, they pass through the liver before reaching the rest of the body. The liver has enzymes that can metabolize the drug, reducing its concentration and effectiveness. This is known as the first pass effect. As a result, only a fraction of the drug (40-50%) reaches the central nervous system (CNS). This is why the bioavailability of orally administered morphine is lower compared to other routes of administration.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is NOT a parenteral route of administration?
- A.
IV
- B.
IM
- C.
Subcutaneous
- D.
Sublingual
Correct Answer
D. SublingualExplanation
The sublingual route of administration involves placing medication under the tongue, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. This method is considered non-parenteral because it does not involve piercing the skin or bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, the IV, IM, and subcutaneous routes are all parenteral, as they involve injecting medication directly into the body.Rate this question:
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- 15.
This mode of drug entry involves specific carrier proteins; energy dependent form is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP & it is capable of moving drugs across a concentration gradient....
- A.
Facilitated Diffusion
- B.
Active Transport
- C.
Passive Diffusion
- D.
Endocytosis
Correct Answer
B. Active TransportExplanation
Facilitated diffusion also moves against the concentration gradient- but does NOT require energy... both facilitated diffusion and active transport can have competitive inhibition or carrier proteins can become saturated.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Bioavailability is known as the extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation (% of drug administered that reaches the blood stream). In the book it is initially defined as: Bioavailability = AUC oral/ AUC injected x 100
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
AUC = area under the curve... see pg 9 for graphRate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Feb 09, 2013Quiz Created by
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