Anatomy And Physiology, For Exercise And Health
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- 1.
What is the name of the valve that is located between the left ventrice and left atrium?
- A.
Tricuspid
- B.
Aortic
- C.
Pulmonary
- D.
Bicuspid
Correct Answer
D. BicuspidExplanation
The valve that is located between the left ventricle and left atrium is called the bicuspid valve. This valve is also known as the mitral valve, as it has two cusps or flaps. It allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevents backflow of blood. The tricuspid valve is located between the right ventricle and right atrium, while the aortic and pulmonary valves are located in the arteries leading away from the heart.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which sensory organs register the position of the body?
- A.
Proprioceptors
- B.
Thermoreceptors
- C.
Chemoreceptors
- D.
Baroreceptors
Correct Answer
A. ProprioceptorsExplanation
Proprioceptors are sensory organs that register the position of the body. They are responsible for providing information about the body's position, movement, and orientation in space. These receptors are located in muscles, tendons, and joints, and they send signals to the brain, allowing us to have a sense of body awareness and coordination. Thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors are sensory organs that register temperature, chemical changes, and pressure, respectively, but they do not specifically register the position of the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which statement describes the endocrine system?
- A.
It is made up of neurons that transmit information between different parts of the body
- B.
It is made up of glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body
- C.
It is made up of bones which provide support and protection to major organs
- D.
It is made up of muscles which allow movement of different parts of the body
Correct Answer
B. It is made up of glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the bodyExplanation
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various processes and functions in the body. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target cells or organs and influencing their activity. Unlike the nervous system, which uses neurons to transmit information, the endocrine system primarily relies on the release of hormones to coordinate and control bodily functions.Rate this question:
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- 4.
In which anatomical plane does lordosis occur?
- A.
Frontal
- B.
Transverse
- C.
Sagittal
- D.
Coronal
Correct Answer
C. SagittalExplanation
Lordosis refers to the inward curvature of the spine, commonly observed in the lower back region. This curvature occurs in the sagittal plane, which divides the body into left and right halves. The sagittal plane is perpendicular to the frontal and transverse planes, and it is the plane in which flexion and extension movements occur. Therefore, lordosis occurs in the sagittal plane as it involves the anterior-posterior curvature of the spine.Rate this question:
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- 5.
If a client with moderate hypertension began regular cardiovascular training, resting and exercising blood pressures can be reduced by:
- A.
1-10 mmHg
- B.
11-20 mmHg
- C.
21-30 mmHg
- D.
31-40 mmHg
Correct Answer
A. 1-10 mmHgExplanation
Regular cardiovascular training has been shown to have a positive impact on blood pressure. It helps to strengthen the heart and improve its ability to pump blood, which in turn reduces the pressure on the arterial walls. This can lead to a decrease in both resting and exercising blood pressures. The range of 1-10 mmHg suggests a moderate reduction in blood pressure, which is a realistic and achievable outcome with regular cardiovascular training.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which one of the following valves prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
Correct Answer
A. AExplanation
Valve A is the correct answer because it prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The ovaries release hormones which:
- A.
Activate milk production in women who are breast feeding
- B.
Promote bone growth and development
- C.
Stimulate the breakdown of Glycogen to Glucose
- D.
Decrease hair growth on the body
Correct Answer
D. Decrease hair growth on the bodyExplanation
The correct answer is "Decrease hair growth on the body." The ovaries release hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including hair growth. One of these hormones is estrogen, which helps to decrease hair growth on the body. This is why women often have less body hair compared to men, as they have higher levels of estrogen.Rate this question:
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- 8.
How can the vascular system increase blood flow to a specific area of the body?
- A.
By vasoconstriction of the arterioles leading to that area of the body
- B.
By vasodilation of venules leading to that area of the body
- C.
By vasoconstriction of venules leading to that area of the body
- D.
By vasodilation of arterioles leading to that area of the body
Correct Answer
D. By vasodilation of arterioles leading to that area of the bodyExplanation
Vasodilation of arterioles leading to a specific area of the body increases blood flow to that area. When arterioles dilate, the diameter of the blood vessels increases, allowing more blood to flow through them. This increased blood flow delivers more oxygen and nutrients to the area, helping to meet the increased demand for blood supply. Vasodilation of arterioles is a common mechanism used by the body to regulate blood flow to different tissues and organs.Rate this question:
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- 9.
What is pyruvic acid converted to when there is inadequate oxygen?
- A.
Lactic acid
- B.
Creatine
- C.
Carbon Dioxide
- D.
ADP
Correct Answer
A. Lactic acidExplanation
Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid when there is inadequate oxygen. This process is called anaerobic glycolysis and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. During anaerobic conditions, such as intense exercise, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. This allows the cells to continue producing ATP (energy) in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid can accumulate in the muscles, causing fatigue and muscle soreness.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What statement describes a short term effect of exercise?
- A.
A decrease in systoliic blood pressure
- B.
A decrease in stroke volume
- C.
A increase in systolic blood pressure unrealted to exercise intensity
- D.
A increase in systolic blood pressure related to exercise intensity
Correct Answer
D. A increase in systolic blood pressure related to exercise intensityExplanation
During exercise, the body requires more oxygen and nutrients, which leads to an increased demand on the cardiovascular system. As a result, the heart needs to pump more blood to meet this demand, causing an increase in systolic blood pressure. The intensity of the exercise determines the extent of this increase. Therefore, the correct answer is "An increase in systolic blood pressure related to exercise intensity."Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which term is used to describe the outer layer of a muscle?
- A.
Endomysium
- B.
Epimysium
- C.
Periosteum
- D.
Perimysium
Correct Answer
B. EpimysiumExplanation
Epimysium is the correct answer because it refers to the outer layer of a muscle. It is a dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle, providing support and protection. The epimysium also connects the muscle to the surrounding structures and helps transmit the force generated by the muscle during contraction.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which activity will predominantly recruit 'slow oxidative' motor units?
- A.
Sprinting
- B.
Throwing
- C.
Walking
- D.
Jumping
Correct Answer
C. WalkingExplanation
Walking predominantly recruits 'slow oxidative' motor units because it is a low-intensity, endurance-based activity that requires sustained muscle contractions over a longer period of time. Slow oxidative motor units are responsible for generating low levels of force but have high resistance to fatigue, making them ideal for activities like walking that require endurance rather than explosive power.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which statement describes the systolic blood pressure response during exercise?
- A.
It decreases under the influence of the autonomic nervous system
- B.
It Increases under the influence of the autonomic nervous system
- C.
It decreases under the influence of the somatic nervous system
- D.
It Increases under the influence of the somatic nervous system
Correct Answer
B. It Increases under the influence of the autonomic nervous systemExplanation
During exercise, the body requires more oxygen and nutrients, which leads to an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating these physiological responses. Specifically, the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated, causing vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, thereby increasing the systolic blood pressure. Therefore, the statement "It Increases under the influence of the autonomic nervous system" accurately describes the systolic blood pressure response during exercise.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following muscles does NOT attach to the ribs and the iliac crest?
- A.
External obliques
- B.
Transverse absominis
- C.
Internal obliques
- D.
Rectus abdominis
Correct Answer
D. Rectus abdominisExplanation
The rectus abdominis is a paired muscle that runs vertically along the anterior wall of the abdomen. It originates from the pubic symphysis and inserts onto the xiphoid process and the costal cartilages of the fifth to seventh ribs. It does not attach to the iliac crest, which is a bony ridge located on the top of the hip bone. Therefore, the rectus abdominis is the muscle that does not attach to both the ribs and the iliac crest.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A benefit of core stability training is:
- A.
Increased risk of joint laxity
- B.
Reduced bone density
- C.
Increased cardiac output
- D.
Improved balance
Correct Answer
D. Improved balanceExplanation
Core stability training focuses on strengthening the muscles in the abdomen, lower back, and pelvis, which are responsible for maintaining stability and balance. By strengthening these muscles, individuals can improve their ability to control their body movements and maintain balance, reducing the risk of falls and injuries. Therefore, improved balance is a significant benefit of core stability training.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which quadricep muscle crosses two joints?
- A.
Vastus intermedius
- B.
Vastus medialis
- C.
Vastus lateralis
- D.
Rectus femoris
Correct Answer
D. Rectus femorisExplanation
The rectus femoris is the quadricep muscle that crosses two joints, the hip and the knee. It originates from the ilium bone of the hip and inserts into the patella and tibia bones of the knee. This muscle is responsible for extending the leg at the knee joint and flexing the thigh at the hip joint.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which structure is the arrow pointing to?
- A.
Circumflex artery
- B.
Right coronary artery
- C.
Left aortic valve
- D.
Pulmonary artery
Correct Answer
A. Circumflex arteryExplanation
The arrow is pointing to the circumflex artery. The circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Complete the sentencse? The anaerobic threshold is described as the point at which than it can be cleared.
- A.
Heat build-up occurs slower
- B.
Lactate build-up occurs slower
- C.
Heat build-up occurs faster
- D.
Lactate build-up occurs faster
Correct Answer
D. Lactate build-up occurs fasterExplanation
The anaerobic threshold is the point at which lactate build-up occurs faster than it can be cleared. This means that the body is producing lactate at a faster rate than it is able to remove it, leading to a build-up of lactate in the muscles. This can result in fatigue and a decrease in exercise performance.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which statement describes the action of supraspinatus?
- A.
Abduction of the shoulder in the frontal plane
- B.
Abduction of the shoulder in the transverse plane
- C.
External rotation of the humerus in the frontal plane
- D.
External rotation if the humerus in the transverse plane
Correct Answer
A. Abduction of the shoulder in the frontal planeExplanation
The supraspinatus muscle is responsible for the abduction of the shoulder in the frontal plane. Abduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. In this case, the supraspinatus muscle helps to lift the arm out to the side, away from the body. This action occurs in the frontal plane, which divides the body into front and back halves. Therefore, the correct statement is "Abduction of the shoulder in the frontal plane."Rate this question:
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- 20.
Plaque deposits on the walls of blood vessels may be decreased by:
- A.
Regular consumption of red meat
- B.
Genetic factors
- C.
Smoking
- D.
An active lifestyle
Correct Answer
D. An active lifestyleExplanation
An active lifestyle can help decrease plaque deposits on the walls of blood vessels. Regular physical activity promotes good circulation and helps to maintain healthy blood vessels. It can also help to reduce cholesterol levels and control blood pressure, which are both risk factors for plaque buildup. Additionally, exercise can improve overall cardiovascular health and strengthen the heart, which can further reduce the risk of plaque formation.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The structure of collagen fibres in a synovial joint capsule can be described as:
- A.
Dense, elastic, regular
- B.
Dense, inelastic, irregular
- C.
Dense, elastic, irregular
- D.
Dense, inelastic, regular
Correct Answer
C. Dense, elastic, irregularExplanation
The structure of collagen fibers in a synovial joint capsule is described as dense, elastic, and irregular. This means that the fibers are tightly packed together, allowing for strength and support. The presence of elastic fibers allows for flexibility and stretching, which is important for joint movement. The irregular arrangement of the fibers adds to the overall strength and stability of the joint capsule.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Where is the transverse abdominis located?
- A.
Deep to the internal obliques and external obliques
- B.
Superficial to the external obliques and internal obliques
- C.
Deep to the external obliques and superficial to the internal obliques
- D.
Superficial to the external obliques and deep to the internal obliques
Correct Answer
A. Deep to the internal obliques and external obliquesExplanation
The transverse abdominis is located deep to both the internal obliques and external obliques. This means that it is situated underneath these muscles, closer to the internal organs of the abdomen.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What muscle contributes to the extension of the vertebral column?
- A.
Pectineus
- B.
Multifidus
- C.
Levator scapulae
- D.
Rectus abdominis
Correct Answer
B. MultifidusExplanation
The multifidus muscle contributes to the extension of the vertebral column. This muscle is located in the back and runs along the spine. It helps to maintain the stability and alignment of the spine, allowing for extension and rotation of the vertebral column.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Complete the sentence: The stimulates the relaxation of muscle during PNF stretching.
- A.
Afferent nerve
- B.
Golgi tendon organ
- C.
Myosin filaments
- D.
Muscle spindles
Correct Answer
B. Golgi tendon organExplanation
The Golgi tendon organ stimulates the relaxation of muscle during PNF stretching. The Golgi tendon organ is a sensory receptor located in the tendons that detect changes in tension or force. When the muscle is stretched during PNF stretching, the Golgi tendon organ is activated and sends signals to the spinal cord, which in turn causes the muscle to relax. This relaxation response allows for a deeper stretch and helps to prevent injury during stretching exercises.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which muscle is involved in hip abduction?
- A.
Gracilis
- B.
Piriformis
- C.
Gastrocnemius
- D.
Pectineus
Correct Answer
B. PiriformisExplanation
The piriformis muscle is involved in hip abduction. It is a small muscle located deep in the buttocks, running from the base of the spine to the top of the thigh bone. When the piriformis muscle contracts, it helps to move the leg away from the midline of the body, which is known as hip abduction. This muscle is important for maintaining balance and stability during activities such as walking, running, and standing on one leg.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What is the function of the spinal cord?
- A.
To transmit information
- B.
To supply blood and nutrients
- C.
To supply hormones
- D.
To help support the vertebral column
Correct Answer
A. To transmit informationExplanation
The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting information between the brain and the rest of the body. It acts as a pathway for sensory information to travel from the body to the brain, and for motor commands to travel from the brain to the muscles. This communication allows for coordination of movement, reflexes, and the perception of sensory stimuli.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Which muscle helps to maintain a neutral spine position?
- A.
Vastus medialis
- B.
Tibialis anterior
- C.
Quadratus lumborum
- D.
Brachialis
Correct Answer
C. Quadratus lumborumExplanation
The Quadratus lumborum muscle helps to maintain a neutral spine position. This muscle is located in the lower back and plays a key role in stabilizing the spine and pelvis. It works to prevent excessive lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, helping to maintain proper alignment and support during various movements and activities. By keeping the spine in a neutral position, the Quadratus lumborum muscle helps to distribute forces evenly and reduce the risk of injury or strain on the back.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which action is performed by the muscle pictured below?
- A.
Extension of the knee
- B.
Flexion of the knee
- C.
Abduction of the hip
- D.
Adduction of the hip
Correct Answer
B. Flexion of the kneeExplanation
The muscle pictured below is the hamstring muscle group, which includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. These muscles are responsible for flexing the knee joint. Flexion of the knee refers to the movement of bending the knee, bringing the lower leg closer to the back of the thigh. Therefore, the correct answer is flexion of the knee.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which of the following would slow down breathing rate?
- A.
Parasympathetic action of the somatic nervous system
- B.
Sympathetic action of the somatic nervous system
- C.
Parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system
- D.
Sympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer
C. Parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous systemExplanation
The parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system would slow down breathing rate. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions in the body, including breathing. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and relaxation responses, which includes slowing down the heart rate and decreasing breathing rate. Therefore, the parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system would slow down breathing rate.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Why is it important to maintain spine alignment when lifting equipment from the floor?
- A.
Reduced stress on ligaments
- B.
Increased stress on ligaments
- C.
Reduced sacral curvature
- D.
Increased sacral curvature
Correct Answer
A. Reduced stress on ligamentsExplanation
Maintaining spine alignment when lifting equipment from the floor is important because it helps reduce stress on the ligaments. When the spine is properly aligned, the weight and force of the equipment are distributed evenly, minimizing the strain on the ligaments and reducing the risk of injury. This also helps to protect the spinal discs and maintain the natural curvature of the spine, promoting better overall spinal health.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What is an alternative term for the semi-lunar valve?
- A.
Tricuspid valve
- B.
Bicuspid valve
- C.
Aortic valve
- D.
Mitral valve
Correct Answer
C. Aortic valveExplanation
The alternative term for the semi-lunar valve is the aortic valve. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, and it allows blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body. It is called the semi-lunar valve because it consists of three crescent-shaped cusps that resemble half moons.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which exercise can help to correct a kyphotic posture?
- A.
Stretching the lower portion of the trapezius
- B.
Strengthening the thoracic erector spinae
- C.
Strengthening rectus abdominis
- D.
Stretching the lumbar multifidus
Correct Answer
B. Strengthening the thoracic erector spinaeExplanation
Strengthening the thoracic erector spinae can help correct a kyphotic posture. The thoracic erector spinae muscles are located in the upper back and play a key role in maintaining good posture. These muscles help to extend and stabilize the spine, which can counteract the rounded posture associated with kyphosis. By strengthening the thoracic erector spinae, the muscles become more capable of holding the spine in a more upright position, helping to correct the kyphotic posture.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which statement describes dendrites?
- A.
Tree like extensions that receive information
- B.
The gap between the two nerve cells
- C.
The fatty sheath which surrounds the axon
- D.
An elongated fibre that transmits information
Correct Answer
A. Tree like extensions that receive informationExplanation
Dendrites are tree-like extensions that receive information. They are part of a neuron and play a crucial role in transmitting signals from other neurons to the cell body. Dendrites receive electrical impulses and chemical signals from neighboring neurons and pass them along to the cell body, where further processing occurs. These extensions have a branching structure, resembling the branches of a tree, which allows them to receive signals from multiple sources simultaneously. Thus, the statement "Tree like extensions that receive information" accurately describes dendrites.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Arteriosclerosis can be defined as:
- A.
Increased high density lipoprotein levels within the blood
- B.
Dilation of the aterial walls during aerobic activity
- C.
Diseases that cause hardening and loss of elasticity in arteries
- D.
Depositing of lipids in the arterial walls
Correct Answer
C. Diseases that cause hardening and loss of elasticity in arteriesExplanation
Arteriosclerosis refers to diseases that cause hardening and loss of elasticity in arteries. This condition occurs when the arteries become thick and stiff, leading to a reduced blood flow. It is characterized by the buildup of plaque, consisting of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances, on the arterial walls. This buildup narrows the arteries and reduces their flexibility, making it harder for blood to flow through them. Arteriosclerosis can increase the risk of various cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.Rate this question:
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- 35.
What is the contractile unit of a muscle fibre?
- A.
Tendon
- B.
Fascicle
- C.
Sarcomere
- D.
Endomysium
Correct Answer
C. SarcomereExplanation
A sarcomere is the contractile unit of a muscle fiber. It is the basic structural and functional unit of a muscle, responsible for muscle contraction. Sarcomeres are composed of actin and myosin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomere and overall muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 36.
What are the characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres?
- A.
High force capacity, low mitochondria and low capillary density
- B.
Low force capacity, high mitochondria and high capillary density
- C.
Intermediate force capacity, high mitochondria and low capillary density
- D.
Low force capacity, low mitochondria and high capillary density
Correct Answer
B. Low force capacity, high mitochondria and high capillary densityExplanation
Type 1 muscle fibers are known as slow-twitch fibers and are primarily used for endurance activities. They have a high number of mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy, and a high capillary density, which allows for efficient oxygen delivery. However, they have a low force capacity, meaning they are not as strong as other muscle fiber types. This combination of characteristics makes them well-suited for activities that require sustained, low-intensity contractions over a long period of time.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which statement decribes a motor unit?
- A.
A motor neuron that transmits information to the central nervous system
- B.
A sensory neuron that detects muscle movement
- C.
A group of muscles working together to create movement
- D.
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres to which it connects
Correct Answer
D. A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibres to which it connectsExplanation
A motor unit refers to a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to. Motor units are responsible for the contraction and movement of muscles. When a motor neuron sends signals to the muscle fibers it innervates, they contract and work together to create movement. Therefore, the correct answer is that a motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Which part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for controlling voluntary muscular activity?
- A.
Parasympathetic system
- B.
Sympathetic system
- C.
Somatic system
- D.
Autonomic system
Correct Answer
C. Somatic systemExplanation
The somatic system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscular activity. This system consists of nerves that transmit signals from the brain to skeletal muscles, allowing us to consciously control our movements. Unlike the autonomic system, which controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and digestion, the somatic system is under conscious control and allows us to perform activities such as walking, talking, and writing.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which gland labelled below releases hormones that stimulate the breakdown of Glycogen to Glucose?
- A.
A
- B.
B
- C.
C
- D.
D
Correct Answer
C. CExplanation
Gland C releases hormones that stimulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which reaction is caused by the release of epinephrine?
- A.
Increased body fat deposits
- B.
Increased breathing rate
- C.
Decreased muscle mass
- D.
Decreased heart rate
Correct Answer
B. Increased breathing rateExplanation
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone released by the body in response to stress or danger. It stimulates the body's "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. This increased breathing rate allows for more oxygen to be taken in and delivered to the muscles, preparing the body for physical exertion. Therefore, the correct answer is increased breathing rate.Rate this question:
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.png "Which one of the following valves prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?")
.png "Which structure is the arrow pointing to?")
.png "Which action is performed by the muscle pictured below?")
.png "Which gland labelled below releases hormones that stimulate the breakdown of
Glycogen to Glucose?")
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