Psychology Final Year 3. Marc Lee

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The field of human development is considered to be an applied discipline because
- It is motivated largely by scientific curiosity.
- Findings are used for practical purposes to improve people’s lives.
- It deals with answering questions about development throughout the lifespan.
- Investigators from a variety of fields collaborate on research projects.

About This Quiz

This quiz, titled 'Psychology Final Year 3. Marc lee', assesses key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on human development stages, theories, and applications. It evaluates understanding of how psychological theories are practically applied to enhance human life, making it crucial for advanced psychology students.

Psychology Final Year 3. Marc Lee - Quiz

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2.

Theories
- Ensure proper use of research procedures.
- Illustrate the ultimate truth regarding human behavior.
- Are mere opinions or beliefs.
- Guide and give meaning to what we see.
Correct Answer

A. Guide and give meaning to what we see.

Explanation

Theories guide and give meaning to what we see. Theories are frameworks or models that help us interpret and understand observations and phenomena. They provide a structure for organizing and explaining information, allowing us to make sense of the world around us. Theories also guide researchers in designing and conducting research procedures, ensuring that proper methods are followed. Unlike mere opinions or beliefs, theories are based on evidence and are subject to testing and refinement. They provide a foundation for scientific inquiry and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in various fields.

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3.

Doctors can estimate __________ using X-rays of epiphyses.
- Height
- Loss of baby teeth
- Skeletal age
- Weight
Correct Answer

A. Skeletal age

Explanation

Doctors can estimate skeletal age using X-rays of epiphyses. Epiphyses are the rounded ends of long bones, and they fuse with the shaft of the bone as a person grows older. By examining the development and fusion of the epiphyses in X-rays, doctors can determine the skeletal age of an individual. This information is important for assessing growth patterns, diagnosing certain conditions, and monitoring bone development in children and adolescents.

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4.

Theorists who emphasize qualitative changes
- Stress the contexts that shape development.
- Regard development as largely due to nature
- Regard development as taking place in stages.
- Stress diversity in development.
Correct Answer

A. Regard development as taking place in stages.

Explanation

Theorists who emphasize qualitative changes regard development as taking place in stages. This means that they believe that development occurs in distinct and sequential stages, where individuals progress through different phases of growth and change. These theorists view development as a series of qualitative shifts, where individuals acquire new abilities and characteristics that are fundamentally different from previous stages. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous and gradual process, but rather occurs in distinct stages with specific characteristics and milestones.

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5.

The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is
- Static and stable.
- Multidimensional and multidirectional.
- Continuous, rather than discontinuous.
- Largely the result of heredity.
Correct Answer

A. Multidimensional and multidirectional.

Explanation

The lifespan perspective on human development recognizes that development is not a linear process but rather involves multiple dimensions and directions. This means that individuals develop in various domains such as physical, cognitive, and socioemotional, and that development can occur in different directions, sometimes progressing and sometimes regressing. This perspective acknowledges that development is a complex and dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including both nature (heredity) and nurture (environment).

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6.

__________ explains why some children growing up in difficult circumstances thrive, while others are less successful.
- Assimilation
- Plasticity
- Resilience
- Stamina
Correct Answer

A. Assimilation

Explanation

Assimilation refers to the process of integrating new information or experiences into existing knowledge or understanding. In the context of the question, assimilation does not seem to be the correct answer as it does not directly explain why some children thrive while others are less successful in difficult circumstances. Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt, which could be a possible explanation. Resilience refers to the ability to bounce back from adversity, which could also be a valid explanation. Stamina refers to physical or mental endurance, which does not directly address the question. Therefore, the most suitable answer is resilience, as it explains why some children are able to overcome difficult circumstances and succeed.

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7.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, a nutritionally deficient diet is associated with
- Taller stature
- Attention difficulties.
- Obesity
- Higher achievement scores.
Correct Answer

A. Attention difficulties.

Explanation

A nutritionally deficient diet during childhood and adolescence can lead to attention difficulties. This is because proper nutrition is essential for brain development and functioning. When the body does not receive adequate nutrients, it can affect cognitive processes, including attention and focus. Therefore, individuals who have a poor diet may experience difficulties in paying attention and concentrating on tasks.

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8.

Children’s self-directed speech is now called __________ speech.
- Telegraphic
- egocentric
- Inner
- Private
Correct Answer

A. Private

Explanation

The correct answer is "private" because children's self-directed speech, also known as private speech, refers to the practice of children talking to themselves during play or problem-solving activities. This type of speech is not meant for communication with others but is rather a way for children to regulate their thoughts and actions. It is called private speech because it is typically not audible to others and is an important part of children's cognitive development.

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9.

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by
- Launching the normative approach.
- Constructing the first successful intelligence test.
- Writing the first parenting books.
- Conducting child observations and parent interviews.
Correct Answer

A. Constructing the first successful intelligence test.

Explanation

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by constructing the first successful intelligence test. This test was designed to measure a child's mental age and determine their level of intelligence. The development of this test was a significant milestone in the field of psychology and education, as it allowed for a more objective assessment of a child's cognitive abilities. By creating this test, Binet and Simon provided a practical tool that could be used to identify children who may need additional educational support or intervention.

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10.

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they
- Acquire increasingly complex information-processing skills.
- Confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
- Model the behavior of parents and other caregivers.
- Actively explore the environment.
Correct Answer

A. Confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Explanation

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, individuals go through a series of stages where they confront conflicts between their biological drives (such as desires and instincts) and social expectations (such as societal norms and rules). These conflicts arise as individuals navigate their development and attempt to reconcile their inner desires with the expectations imposed by society. This process of confronting and resolving conflicts is believed to contribute to the acquisition of increasingly complex information-processing skills.

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11.

Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
- Outdoor
- Make-believe
- Parallel
- cooperative
Correct Answer

A. Make-believe

Explanation

Vygotsky believed that make-believe play is the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood. Make-believe play allows children to use their imagination, create scenarios, and take on different roles, which stimulates their cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity. Through make-believe play, children also learn to regulate their behavior, negotiate with others, and develop social skills. Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interaction in cognitive development, and make-believe play provides a rich social environment where children can learn and grow.

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12.

According to B.F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be decreased through
- Modeling.
- Punishment.
- Reinforcement
- Classical conditioning.
Correct Answer

A. Punishment.

Explanation

According to B.F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be decreased through punishment. Punishment refers to the application of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus in response to a behavior, with the aim of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. Skinner believed that punishment could effectively suppress unwanted behaviors by associating them with negative consequences, thereby reducing their frequency over time. This is in contrast to reinforcement, which aims to increase the frequency of desired behaviors through the application of positive stimuli or the removal of negative stimuli. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, and is not directly related to the concept of decreasing behavior frequency.

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13.

According to Bandura’s revised social-cognitive theory, as children watch others engage in self-praise and self-blame, they develop a sense of
- Shame.
- Self-doubt.
- Humor.
- Self-efficacy.
Correct Answer

A. Self-efficacy.

Explanation

Bandura's revised social-cognitive theory suggests that children develop a sense of self-efficacy when they observe others engaging in self-praise and self-blame. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own abilities to successfully complete tasks and achieve goals. By witnessing others taking responsibility for their actions and acknowledging their successes, children are more likely to develop a belief in their own abilities and feel confident in their own capabilities. Therefore, the correct answer is self-efficacy.

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14.

Which of the following statements about brain development in early childhood is true?
- Between ages 2 and 6, energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes to near-adult levels.
- The left hemisphere is relatively inactive between 3 and 6 years.
- By age 4, most parts of the cerebral cortex have underproduced synapses.
- Activity in the right hemisphere increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood for most children.
Correct Answer

A. Activity in the right hemisphere increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood for most children.
15.

Piaget’s view of development was greatly influenced by his early training in
- Physics
- Sociology.
- Biology.
- Kinesiology.
Correct Answer

A. Biology.

Explanation

Piaget's view of development was greatly influenced by his early training in biology. This is because Piaget believed that development occurs through the interaction between the individual and their environment. He saw development as a biological process, with the brain and nervous system playing a crucial role in cognitive development. Piaget also emphasized the importance of genetic factors and maturation in shaping cognitive abilities. Therefore, his background in biology likely shaped his belief that development is a biological and genetic process.

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16.

The __________ approach views the mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
- Social learning
- Information-processing
- Cognitive-developmental
- Ethological
Correct Answer

A. Information-processing

Explanation

The information-processing approach views the mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. This approach focuses on how individuals perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information, and how they use this information to solve problems and make decisions. It emphasizes the idea that cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, can be understood as information processing operations.

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17.

Mary is helping her son, Dean, put together a difficult, but manageable, puzzle. When Dean tries to insert a piece in the wrong place a few times, Mary points to the bottom of the puzzle and says, “Does it go down here?” Mary is engaging in
- Scaffolding.
- Dual representation.
- Proximal teaching.
- Transitive inference.
Correct Answer

A. Scaffolding.

Explanation

Mary is engaging in scaffolding. Scaffolding refers to the support and guidance provided by a more knowledgeable person to help a learner achieve a task or solve a problem. In this scenario, Mary is providing guidance to Dean by pointing to the bottom of the puzzle and asking if the piece goes there. This helps Dean understand the correct placement of the piece and allows him to successfully complete the puzzle. Mary's actions align with the concept of scaffolding as she is providing support and facilitating Dean's learning process.

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18.

Conservation refers to the
- Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own.
- Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions.
- Inability to mentally go through a series of steps and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
- Idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
Correct Answer

A. Idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Explanation

The correct answer is "idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes." This refers to the concept of conservation in cognitive development, which was proposed by Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, children at a certain stage of development struggle to understand that changes in appearance do not change the essential properties of an object. For example, a child may believe that pouring water from a tall, narrow glass into a short, wide glass changes the amount of liquid. This answer accurately describes this concept of conservation.

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19.

Differences in development of the two cerebral hemispheres suggests that __________ in early childhood.
- The right hemisphere is more important than the left hemisphere
- The left hemisphere is more important than the right hemisphere
- They are continuing to lateralize
- Activity in both hemispheres is slow
Correct Answer

A. They are continuing to lateralize

Explanation

The correct answer is "they are continuing to lateralize". This is because the statement suggests that the development of the two cerebral hemispheres is not yet complete in early childhood, and they are still in the process of becoming specialized for specific functions. Lateralization refers to the specialization of functions in each hemisphere, with the left hemisphere being more involved in language and analytical tasks, while the right hemisphere is more involved in spatial and creative tasks. Therefore, the statement implies that the process of lateralization is ongoing during early childhood.

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20.

A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.
- Genotype
- Karyotype
- Phenotype
- Chromosome
Correct Answer

A. Genotype

Explanation

A genotype refers to the complete set of genes or genetic information present in an organism, which determines the species and influences unique characteristics. It is a complex blend of genetic information that is inherited from parents and plays a crucial role in determining an individual's traits and characteristics. The other options, such as karyotype (which refers to the number and appearance of chromosomes) and phenotype (which refers to the observable physical and biochemical traits), do not encompass the entirety of genetic information and its influence on species and unique characteristics.

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21.

Through a process called mitosis, DNA can
- Split itself in thirds
- Untwist itself.
- Duplicate itself.
- Divide itself in half.
Correct Answer

A. Duplicate itself.

Explanation

During mitosis, DNA undergoes replication, which is the process of duplicating itself. This ensures that each new cell formed during cell division receives an exact copy of the DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is "duplicate itself."

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22.

Theory of mind involves
- Using scripts to tell stories.
- Using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.
- Using a repetitive communication style.
- Thinking about thought.
Correct Answer

A. Thinking about thought.

Explanation

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions, to oneself and others. It involves being able to think about and understand the thoughts and perspectives of others. This is different from the other options provided, which do not directly relate to the concept of understanding and reflecting on one's own and others' thoughts.

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23.

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether
- The ovum is carrying an X chromosome or a Y chromosome.
- The sperm fertilizes an X-bearing ovum or a Y-bearing ovum.
- The X and Y chromosomes separate into sperm cells or ovum.
- An X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.
Correct Answer

A. An X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Explanation

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum. This is because the sperm carries either an X or a Y chromosome, while the ovum always carries an X chromosome. If an X-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum, the resulting organism will be female (XX), and if a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum, the resulting organism will be male (XY). Therefore, the sex of the new organism is determined by the sperm that fertilizes the ovum.

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24.

In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that does not affect the child’s characteristics is called
- Dominant–recessive
- Dominant.
- A carrier.
- Recessive.
Correct Answer

A. Recessive.

Explanation

In dominant-recessive inheritance, the allele that does not affect the child's characteristics is called recessive. This means that the trait associated with this allele will only be expressed if the individual has two copies of this recessive allele. In contrast, the dominant allele will always be expressed, regardless of whether the individual has one or two copies of it.

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25.

Irreversibility is the
- Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own
- Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities.
- Most important illogical feature of preoperational thought
- Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
Correct Answer

A. Most important illogical feature of preoperational thought

Explanation

The given answer suggests that the most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is irreversibility. This means that children at this stage are unable to mentally reverse or undo an action. They struggle to understand that an action can be reversed or undone, leading to difficulties in problem-solving and logical thinking. This inability to understand reversibility is a significant characteristic of preoperational thought.

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26.

__________ is/are the longest-lasting context(s) for development.
- Friends
- Neighbors
- The School
- The family
Correct Answer

A. The family

Explanation

The family is considered the longest-lasting context for development because it provides a stable and consistent environment for individuals to grow and develop. Family members have a significant influence on a person's values, beliefs, and behaviors, and these influences can last throughout their lifetime. Additionally, the family unit typically remains intact over a longer period compared to friendships, neighbors, or school environments, allowing for continuous support and guidance in a person's development journey.

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27.

In several studies, affluent teenagers were,________ likely than low-SES youths to _________
- Less; engage in alcohol and drug use
- More; report high levels of anxiety and depression
- Less; self-medicate
- More; have physically and emotionally available parents
Correct Answer

A. More; report high levels of anxiety and depression

Explanation

Affluent teenagers are more likely than low-SES youths to report high levels of anxiety and depression. This could be due to various factors such as high expectations, pressure to succeed, and lack of emotional support. Affluent teenagers may face unique challenges and stressors that contribute to their higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to their low-SES counterparts.

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28.

According to the concept of __________, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.
- Canalization
- Gene-environment correlation
- Heritability estimation
- Natural selection
Correct Answer

A. Gene-environment correlation

Explanation

Gene-environment correlation refers to the idea that our genes can influence the environments we are exposed to. This means that our genetic makeup can shape our experiences and the situations we find ourselves in. For example, a person with a genetic predisposition for athleticism may be more likely to participate in sports and be exposed to athletic environments. On the other hand, someone with a genetic predisposition for introversion may be more likely to seek out quieter environments. In both cases, the genes are influencing the environments that individuals are exposed to.

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29.

The hippocampus
- Aids in balance and control of body movement.
- Contributes to dramatic gains in motor coordination.
- Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
- Supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.
Correct Answer

A. Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

Explanation

The hippocampus plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way. This is because the hippocampus is responsible for forming and consolidating new memories, as well as spatial navigation and the creation of cognitive maps. It helps us remember and recall past events and experiences, and also aids in spatial orientation and navigation, allowing us to navigate through familiar environments and find our way to desired locations.

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30.

Ignacio lives in a remote Mayan village in Yucatan, Mexico. Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?
- Ignacio is too busy working and maintaining his household to interact with his children.
- Ignacio instead focuses on preparing his children for academic success and civic engagement.
- Ignacio’s young children spend most of their time playing with and talking to their agemates.
- Ignacio’s children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.
Correct Answer

A. Ignacio’s children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.

Explanation

Ignacio's children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood. This is the most likely reason because the passage states that Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children. Instead, his children spend their day in contact with adult work and assume mature responsibilities. This suggests that Ignacio prioritizes practical skills and responsibilities over traditional forms of education and play.

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31.

Vernon is an active, friendly baby. He receives more social stimulation from his parents than Vivian, who is a passive, quiet infant. This is an example of a(n) __________ gene-environment correlation.
- Active
- Evocative
- Dynamic
- Passive
Correct Answer

A. Evocative

Explanation

This is an example of an evocative gene-environment correlation because Vernon's active and friendly behavior is evoking more social stimulation from his parents. This means that his genetic predisposition for being active and friendly is influencing the environment he is exposed to. In contrast, Vivian's passive and quiet behavior is not evoking as much social stimulation from her parents.

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32.

The ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication is called
- Linguistics.
- Pragmatics.
- language arts.
- Conservation.
Correct Answer

A. Pragmatics.

Explanation

Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context and how meaning is interpreted in different situations. It involves understanding the social and cultural aspects of communication, as well as the intentions and goals of the speaker. Effective and appropriate communication requires not only knowledge of grammar and vocabulary (linguistics), but also the ability to use language in a way that is suitable for the given context. Language arts refers to the study of literature and writing, while conservation refers to the preservation of natural resources.

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33.

Active gene–environment correlation
- Becomes common at older ages.
- Is not within the child’s control.
- Is influenced by the parents’ own heredity.
- Involves adult responses to the child’s temperament.
Correct Answer

A. Becomes common at older ages.

Explanation

Active gene-environment correlation refers to the phenomenon in which individuals actively seek out and create environments that are consistent with their genetic predispositions. This correlation becomes more common at older ages because as individuals grow older, they have more autonomy and independence to choose their environments. They may actively select activities, hobbies, and social settings that align with their genetic tendencies. Therefore, the correct answer is that active gene-environment correlation becomes common at older ages.

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34.

Three-year-old Reagan says, “I losted my dolly!” Reagan is demonstrating
- Overregularization.
- Underextension.
- Overextension
- Underregularization
Correct Answer

A. Overregularization.

Explanation

Reagan's use of the word "losted" instead of "lost" demonstrates overregularization. Overregularization is a common language development stage where children apply regular grammatical rules to irregular words. In this case, Reagan is applying the regular past tense rule of adding "-ed" to verbs, even though "lost" is an irregular verb. This shows that Reagan is learning and applying language rules, but hasn't yet fully mastered the irregular forms.

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35.

The cerebellum
- Maintains alertness and consciousness.
- Aids in balance and control of body movement.
- Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
- Is a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Correct Answer

A. Aids in balance and control of body movement.

Explanation

The cerebellum aids in balance and control of body movement. This is because the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating and regulating voluntary movements, maintaining posture, and ensuring smooth and accurate movements. It receives information from the sensory systems, such as the inner ear, and integrates it with motor signals from the brain to control balance and coordination. Damage to the cerebellum can result in difficulties with balance, coordination, and fine motor skills.

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36.

The period of the zygote
- Lasts about two weeks.
- Lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
- Is the longest prenatal period.
- Is the prenatal period during which the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
Correct Answer

A. Lasts about two weeks.

Explanation

The zygote is formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. During the period of the zygote, which lasts about two weeks, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and begins to implant itself into the uterine wall. This period is crucial as it marks the beginning of prenatal development and the formation of the embryo. After the zygote stage, the embryo continues to develop through subsequent prenatal periods. Therefore, the correct answer is that the period of the zygote lasts about two weeks.

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37.

The embryonic disk
- Becomes the new organism.
- Is the outer ring of cells on a blastocyst.
- Has a good chance of survival outside the womb.
- Is a protective membrane that surrounds the amnion.
Correct Answer

A. Becomes the new organism.

Explanation

The correct answer is "becomes the new organism." This is because the embryonic disk refers to the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which contains the cells that will develop into the new organism. As the embryo grows and develops, the cells in the embryonic disk differentiate and give rise to all the tissues and organs of the new organism. Therefore, the embryonic disk plays a crucial role in the formation and development of the new organism.

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38.

Heidi is shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. When asked, “Are there more red flowers or flowers?” Heidi, a preoperational child, responds, “More red flowers.” This problem demonstrates Heidi’s difficulty with
- Animistic thinking.
- Egocentrism.
- Hierarchical classification.
- magical thinking.
Correct Answer

A. Hierarchical classification.

Explanation

This problem demonstrates Heidi's difficulty with hierarchical classification. Heidi is unable to understand that the category of "flowers" encompasses both red and blue flowers. She focuses only on the specific attribute of color and mistakenly believes that the category of "red flowers" is larger than the category of "flowers" as a whole. This inability to understand the hierarchical relationship between categories is a characteristic of preoperational thinking.

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39.

Rh incompatibility problems are most likely to occur if an Rh-negative mother is carrying her __________ baby.
- Second Rh-positive
- First Rh-negative
- First Rh-positive
- Second Rh-negative
Correct Answer

A. Second Rh-positive

Explanation

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive baby. This is because the Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive blood during pregnancy or childbirth, her immune system may produce antibodies that can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells. This can lead to a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn, which can cause anemia, jaundice, and other complications in the baby. Therefore, the correct answer is second Rh-positive.

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40.

Although he sometimes forgets the number 8, 4-year-old Tucker can count to 10. When his teacher counts out a set of 9 cards, saying each number as she proceeds, Tucker knows that the last number that the teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set. Tucker grasps the concept of
- False belief.
- Computation.
- Ordinality
- Cardinality
Correct Answer

A. Cardinality

Explanation

Tucker's ability to count to 10 despite occasionally forgetting the number 8 shows his understanding of cardinality. Cardinality refers to the understanding that the last number counted represents the quantity or total number of objects in a set. In this case, Tucker recognizes that the last number his teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set of 9 cards. This demonstrates his understanding of cardinality.

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41.

The age of viability
- Is the point at which the baby can first survive if born early.
- Occurs sometime between 18 and 21 weeks.
- Is the point at which the baby can be born without being premature.
- Occurs sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Correct Answer

A. Is the point at which the baby can first survive if born early.

Explanation

The age of viability refers to the point in a pregnancy when a baby has developed enough to potentially survive outside of the womb if born prematurely. This typically occurs around 24 weeks gestation, although it can vary slightly. At this stage, the baby's organs, particularly the lungs, have developed enough to function outside of the mother's body with medical assistance. Prior to this point, the baby's chances of survival are significantly lower.

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42.

Which of the following brain structures connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
- Corpus callosum
- Glial cells
- Reticular formation
- Cerebellum
Correct Answer

A. Corpus callosum

Explanation

The corpus callosum is a broad band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It allows for communication and coordination between the two hemispheres, enabling them to work together and share information. This structure plays a crucial role in various functions such as language processing, perception, and motor coordination. The glial cells, reticular formation, and cerebellum are not involved in connecting the cerebral hemispheres, making them incorrect answers.

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43.

The cephalocaudal trend in physical growth is illustrated by
- Earlier growth of the arms and legs than of the chest and trunk.
- Later growth of the arms and legs than of the hands and feet.
- Earlier growth of the legs and feet than of the arms and hands.
- Later growth of the trunk and legs than of the head and chest.
Correct Answer

A. Later growth of the trunk and legs than of the head and chest.

Explanation

The cephalocaudal trend in physical growth refers to the pattern of growth starting from the head and moving down towards the feet. This means that the head and chest tend to grow earlier and at a faster rate compared to the trunk and legs. Therefore, the correct answer is "later growth of the trunk and legs than of the head and chest." This explanation aligns with the concept of cephalocaudal development.

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44.

Skeletal age is measured by determining
- Muscle and bone strength.
- The length of the long bones.
- The extent to which cartilage has hardened into bone.
- Joint flexibility.
Correct Answer

A. The extent to which cartilage has hardened into bone.

Explanation

Skeletal age is determined by assessing the extent to which cartilage has hardened into bone. As individuals grow, their bones go through a process called ossification, where cartilage gradually transforms into solid bone. By examining X-rays or other imaging techniques, doctors can evaluate the level of ossification in the long bones, which provides an estimate of skeletal age. This method is commonly used to track the growth and development of children and adolescents, as it helps assess their bone maturity and potential growth potential.

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45.

When Remi says, “I buyed a new book,” his dad responds, “Yes, you bought a new book.” Remi’s dad is using
- Fast-mapping.
- A recast.
- Overregularization.
- Expansion.
Correct Answer

A. Fast-mapping.

Explanation

Remi's dad is using fast-mapping. Fast-mapping is a process in which children quickly learn and understand the meaning of a new word after hearing it only a few times. In this scenario, Remi's dad is correcting his grammatical error by using the correct past tense form of the verb "buy." This shows that Remi's dad understands the meaning of the word and is helping Remi learn the correct usage through fast-mapping.

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46.

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they
- Achieve the psychological conflict of the preschool years.
- Become less contrary than they were as toddlers.
- Become hesitant to try new things.
- Have a new sense of purposefulness.
Correct Answer

A. Become less contrary than they were as toddlers.

Explanation

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they become less contrary than they were as toddlers. This means that they become less oppositional and more cooperative in their behavior. As toddlers, children often engage in power struggles and assert their independence by being contrary. However, as they develop a sense of autonomy, they become more willing to cooperate and follow rules. This is an important milestone in their psychological development during the preschool years.

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47.

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our __________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our __________.
- Self-concept; self-esteem
- Identity; self-concept
- Self-esteem; self-concept
- Self-concept; identity
Correct Answer

A. Self-concept; self-esteem

Explanation

Our self-concept refers to the attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves. It is the way we perceive and understand ourselves. On the other hand, self-esteem refers to the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments. It is the evaluation we have of ourselves and how we feel about ourselves. Therefore, the correct answer is self-concept; self-esteem.

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48.

Preschoolers tend to
- Overestimate task difficulty.
- Rate their own ability as extremely high.
- Form few self-judgments.
- Distinguish between their desired and their actual competence.
Correct Answer

A. Rate their own ability as extremely high.

Explanation

Preschoolers have a tendency to rate their own ability as extremely high. This is because at this age, they are still developing their self-concept and may have limited understanding of their actual competence. They may lack the cognitive ability to accurately assess their own skills and may overestimate their abilities. This overconfidence can be attributed to their eagerness to explore and try new things without fully understanding the challenges and limitations they may face.

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49.

In the proximodistal trend, during infancy and childhood, the
- Head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
- Body grows from “head to tail.”
- Arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.
- Hands and feet grow more rapidly than the arms and legs.
Correct Answer

A. Arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

Explanation

The proximodistal trend refers to the pattern of development where growth and control of the body occur from the center outward. In this trend, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. This means that the length and size of the arms and legs increase before the hands and feet fully develop. This pattern can be observed during infancy and childhood as the body grows and matures.

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Psychology Final Year 3. Marc Lee

The field of human development is considered to be an applied discipline because

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Theories

Doctors can estimate __________ using X-rays of epiphyses.

Theorists who emphasize qualitative changes

The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is

__________ explains why some children growing up in difficult circumstances thrive, while others are less successful.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, a nutritionally deficient diet is associated with

Children’s self-directed speech is now called __________ speech.

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they

Vygotsky saw __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

According to B.F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be decreased through

According to Bandura’s revised social-cognitive theory, as children watch others engage in self-praise and self-blame, they develop a sense of

Which of the following statements about brain development in early childhood is true?

Piaget’s view of development was greatly influenced by his early training in

The __________ approach views the mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

Mary is helping her son, Dean, put together a difficult, but manageable, puzzle. When Dean tries to insert a piece in the wrong place a few times, Mary points to the bottom of the puzzle and says, “Does it go down here?” Mary is engaging in

Conservation refers to the

Differences in development of the two cerebral hemispheres suggests that __________ in early childhood.

A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.

Through a process called mitosis, DNA can

Theory of mind involves

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether

In dominant-recessive inheritance, the one allele that does not affect the child’s characteristics is called

Irreversibility is the

__________ is/are the longest-lasting context(s) for development.

In several studies, affluent teenagers were,________ likely than low-SES youths to _________

According to the concept of __________, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.

The hippocampus

Ignacio lives in a remote Mayan village in Yucatan, Mexico. Ignacio does not rely on conversation and play to teach his children. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

Vernon is an active, friendly baby. He receives more social stimulation from his parents than Vivian, who is a passive, quiet infant. This is an example of a(n) __________ gene-environment correlation.

The ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication is called

Active gene–environment correlation

Three-year-old Reagan says, “I losted my dolly!” Reagan is demonstrating

The cerebellum

The period of the zygote

The embryonic disk

Heidi is shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. When asked, “Are there more red flowers or flowers?” Heidi, a preoperational child, responds, “More red flowers.” This problem demonstrates Heidi’s difficulty with

Rh incompatibility problems are most likely to occur if an Rh-negative mother is carrying her __________ baby.

Although he sometimes forgets the number 8, 4-year-old Tucker can count to 10. When his teacher counts out a set of 9 cards, saying each number as she proceeds, Tucker knows that the last number that the teacher says indicates the quantity of cards in the set. Tucker grasps the concept of

The age of viability

Which of the following brain structures connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

The cephalocaudal trend in physical growth is illustrated by

Skeletal age is measured by determining

When Remi says, “I buyed a new book,” his dad responds, “Yes, you bought a new book.” Remi’s dad is using

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our __________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our __________.

Preschoolers tend to

In the proximodistal trend, during infancy and childhood, the

In several studies, affluent teenagers were, likely than low-SES youths to _

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our , whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our .