Exam 4 Psych 109

The fact that most of Andre's friends have a college degree, work as waiters, and earn around $25,000 a year suggests that they are of similar socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status refers to a person's social and economic position in society, which includes factors such as education, occupation, and income. In this case, Andre's friends share similar educational attainment, occupation, and income level, indicating that they likely belong to a similar socioeconomic group.

Based on the given information, Peter is described as having difficulty comprehending written text and failing his reading class. This suggests that he may have a specific learning disability in reading, which is impacting his overall academic performance. Therefore, the correct answer is learning disabled.

The correct answer is that the teacher uses highly structured, teacher-directed, department education required, lesson plans. This is because the question is asking for an observation of a developmentally inappropriate classroom, and highly structured, teacher-directed lesson plans may not allow for individualized learning or accommodate different learning styles and abilities.

Peer influences can be either positive or negative because peers have a significant impact on an individual's behavior, attitudes, and choices. Positive peer influences can include encouraging healthy habits, promoting academic success, and fostering supportive relationships. On the other hand, negative peer influences can involve engaging in risky behaviors, encouraging substance abuse, or promoting negative attitudes. Therefore, it is essential to recognize that peer influences can have both positive and negative effects on social development.

Researchers have found that maternal employment has no detrimental effects on children. This means that the research conducted on this topic has shown that when mothers work, it does not have any negative impact on their children. This suggests that children can thrive and develop well even when their mothers are employed, challenging the notion that maternal employment is harmful to children.

The given scenario describes a situation where Edgar holds a negative attitude towards Thomas solely based on his membership in the Cherokee Tribe. This demonstrates prejudice, which refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a particular group without any valid reason or evidence. Prejudice involves making unfair judgments or stereotypes about individuals based on their ethnicity, race, or other characteristics.

When conflict within a family is present, it can have a negative impact on the well-being of the children. Divorce may be better for the family in this situation because it can potentially remove the source of conflict and create a more stable and peaceful environment for the children. This can ultimately lead to improved emotional and psychological well-being for the children involved.

Resilient refers to the ability to bounce back or recover quickly from difficult situations. The statement suggests that some children are resilient and are able to handle the challenges of poverty without any major setbacks. This implies that they are able to adapt and cope effectively, while many others struggle and are unable to do so. Therefore, the correct answer is resilient.

The correct answer suggests that birth order effects are not significant enough to be used as an excuse for being late. This implies that the speaker does not believe that being the lastborn child in a family of six has any impact on punctuality or responsibility.

The correct answer is authoritarian. Holly's statement of "It's my way or the highway!" suggests that she has a strict and controlling approach to parenting, where she expects complete obedience and does not allow for flexibility or negotiation. This aligns with the characteristics of an authoritarian parent, who tends to be demanding, controlling, and places a strong emphasis on obedience and discipline.

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior or more correct than others. It involves judging and evaluating other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture. In this case, the belief that an individual's culture is the correct culture aligns with the concept of ethnocentrism.

The correct answer is the willingness to adapt school practices to individual differences. This means that outstanding middle schools are open to adjusting their teaching methods and approaches to cater to the unique needs and abilities of each student. They understand that not all students learn the same way and are willing to make necessary changes to ensure that every student receives the support and resources they need to succeed. This adaptability promotes inclusivity and personalized learning, which are key factors in creating a successful educational environment.

The correct answer is past research often fails to consider the fact that ethnicity and SES are cofounded. This explanation suggests that previous findings on the effect of ethnic minority status in the United States are being challenged because past research did not adequately account for the confounding factor of socioeconomic status (SES). This means that the relationship between ethnicity and certain outcomes may have been influenced by socioeconomic factors, leading to inaccurate or incomplete conclusions.

One third of parents who were abused themselves when they were young abuse their own children. This suggests that there is a significant cycle of abuse, where individuals who were victims of abuse in their childhood are more likely to perpetuate the cycle by abusing their own children. This statistic highlights the importance of breaking this cycle through intervention and support for both the victims and the perpetrators to prevent further harm to future generations.

Dodge (2011a) conducted a study and found that aggressive boys are more likely to interpret another child's actions as hostile when the intentions of the other child are unclear or ambiguous. This suggests that aggressive boys tend to perceive hostility even in situations where the other child may not have hostile intentions.

Scaffolding is a term used to describe parental behavior that supports children's efforts in a way that allows them to develop skills beyond their own abilities. It involves providing guidance, assistance, and structure to help children learn and accomplish tasks. This support is gradually reduced as the child becomes more competent and independent. Scaffolding enables children to achieve higher levels of skill and understanding by building on their existing knowledge and capabilities. It is a crucial aspect of effective parenting and promotes optimal development in children.

Vygotsky believed that play is an excellent setting for cognitive development because he recognized the importance of symbolic and make-believe play in children's learning. He argued that through play, children are able to use their imagination and engage in pretend scenarios, which allows them to develop their thinking and problem-solving skills. Vygotsky believed that play provides a context for children to practice and apply their knowledge, as well as interact with others, leading to cognitive growth and development.

The correct answer exemplifies the best coregulation strategy because it encourages the child to think about the consequences of their actions and consider the feelings of others. By asking the child about Bonnie's feelings, the parent is promoting empathy and helping the child develop their emotional intelligence. This approach fosters a sense of responsibility and encourages the child to make decisions based on the impact they may have on others.

The correct answer is multitasking because Joey is engaged in multiple activities simultaneously, which is the definition of multitasking.

Referral bias refers to the tendency of teachers to refer certain groups of students more often than others based on their behavior or characteristics. In this case, the explanation suggests that teachers are more likely to refer boys with inappropriate behavior for learning disabilities compared to girls. This bias could lead to a higher number of boys being classified as having a learning disability, even if the actual prevalence is equal or different.

The outcome of the study on creative children and television viewing was that television is negatively related to children's creativity. This means that the more children watched television, the less creative they were.

Todd's parents being highly involved and extremely indulgent with him suggests that they may have given him everything he wanted without setting boundaries or teaching him self-discipline. This lack of self-control could manifest in various ways, such as being unable to regulate his emotions, make responsible decisions, or delay gratification. It is likely that Todd's parents prioritized indulging him over teaching him important life skills like self-control.

The most likely reason for Joyce dropping out of high school is because of school-related issues. This could include academic difficulties, lack of interest or motivation, bullying, or any other challenges she may be facing within the school environment. It is important to consider these factors before assuming other reasons such as economic difficulties, peer pressure, or personal circumstances like pregnancy or marriage.

The given scenario of an eight-year-old spending hours each day jumping rope exemplifies the concept of practice. Practice refers to the repetitive engagement in an activity to improve skills or proficiency. In this case, Joan's continuous jumping rope sessions indicate that she is dedicating time and effort to enhance her jumping rope abilities. This regular practice can lead to improvement and mastery of the skill.

The correct answer is reducing bias. This is because the example provided describes actions taken by a teacher to promote cultural understanding and resist stereotyping in the classroom. By displaying images of diverse ethnic and cultural groups, selecting inclusive play materials and activities, and working with parents, the teacher is actively working to reduce bias and promote a more inclusive and equitable learning environment.

Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by a range of symptoms, including communication problems, social problems, and repetitive behavior. Individuals with autism may have difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication, such as understanding and using language effectively. They may also struggle with social interactions, finding it challenging to engage in and understand social cues and relationships. Additionally, repetitive behaviors, such as repetitive movements or insistence on sameness, are common in individuals with autism. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of these" as all the mentioned symptoms are associated with autism spectrum disorders.

A child who is bullied could be either an aggressive or passive victim. An aggressive victim may respond to bullying by retaliating or fighting back, while a passive victim may not respond or may try to avoid the situation. Both types of victims can be affected by bullying and may experience negative emotional and psychological effects.

Children whose parents are authoritative tend to develop a sense of self-reliance as their parents provide them with guidance and support while allowing them to make their own decisions. They also tend to be socially responsible as their parents set clear expectations and rules, teaching them the importance of considering others and their needs. Additionally, these children are likely to be socially competent as their parents encourage open communication, problem-solving, and independence, which helps them develop effective social skills. Therefore, all of these qualities are likely to be present in children whose parents are authoritative.

The correct answer is play is extremely important in the child's total development. This is because in a child-centered kindergarten, the emphasis is on the child's overall development, and play is considered a crucial aspect of this development. Through play, children learn important skills such as problem-solving, creativity, social interaction, and emotional regulation. Play also allows children to explore their interests and develop their imagination. Therefore, the focus on play in a child-centered kindergarten reflects the understanding that it is a vital component of a child's holistic growth and learning.

Children who are described as rejected by their peers are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior in the future. Rejection from peers can lead to feelings of isolation, low self-esteem, and a lack of social support, which can increase the risk of engaging in delinquent activities as a way to gain acceptance or cope with negative emotions. Developmental research has consistently shown that rejected children are more vulnerable to developing behavioral problems, including delinquency, compared to their peers who are described as controversial or neglected.

Children raised in poverty often experience a combination of family instability, dangerous neighborhoods, and less social support. Family instability can refer to factors such as frequent changes in caregivers or unstable living situations, which can disrupt a child's sense of security and stability. Dangerous neighborhoods can expose children to higher levels of crime, violence, and limited access to resources such as quality education and healthcare. Additionally, poverty can limit the social support available to children, including access to mentors, positive role models, and supportive networks. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that children raised in poverty experience widespread environmental inequities encompassing all of these factors.

Neglected children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are not disliked by their peers. This means that they are rarely chosen as best friends by others, but they are also not actively disliked by their peers. This suggests that neglected children may be overlooked or excluded by their peers, but they are not necessarily disliked or ostracized.

The Montessori approach emphasizes giving children considerable freedom. This means that children are given the opportunity to make choices and take responsibility for their own learning. They are encouraged to explore their interests and learn at their own pace. This approach believes that children learn best when they are given the freedom to choose their activities and follow their own natural curiosity. The teacher acts as a guide and facilitator, providing support and guidance when needed, but ultimately allowing the child to take ownership of their learning. This approach promotes independence, self-discipline, and a love for learning.

Parent-child relationships serve as emotional bases for enjoying peer relations. This means that the quality of the relationship between a child and their parent can have an impact on their ability to form and maintain healthy relationships with their peers. When children have a secure and nurturing relationship with their parents, they are more likely to feel emotionally supported and confident in their interactions with peers. This emotional foundation can contribute to the child's social development and their ability to form positive and satisfying relationships with their peers.

Education and school psychology professionals are concerned about the fact that elementary school often operates primarily on the basis of negative feedback. This means that students are frequently corrected and criticized for their mistakes, which can lead to negative emotional experiences and a lack of motivation to learn. This approach may not effectively promote a positive and supportive learning environment for children, and can potentially hinder their academic and social development.

The correct answer suggests that the children who watched the violent cartoons displayed aggressive behaviors. This can be expected because exposure to violent media has been linked to increased aggression in children. The observation of their interactions on the playground supports this expectation.

The psychologist is using play therapy to assess Mary's emotional state and potentially uncover any issues she may be experiencing at home. Play therapy allows children to express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences through play, providing a safe and non-threatening environment for them to communicate and work through their emotions. By observing how Mary interacts with the dolls and household items, the psychologist can gain insight into her understanding of family dynamics and potentially identify any signs of distress or trouble in her household.

Reciprocal socialization refers to the mutual influence and interaction between parents and their child. In this scenario, Staci's happy and content behavior positively affects her parents, making them more relaxed and enjoy spending time with her. This demonstrates a reciprocal relationship where the child's behavior influences the parents' behavior, and vice versa.

The correct answer is "constructive." When Mr. Alden's third grade class writes a script for and reenacts "The First Thanksgiving Feast," they are engaging in a constructive play. Constructive play involves creating or building something, in this case, the script and the reenactment. They are using their imagination and creativity to construct a play and bring it to life.

Television can have a negative influence on children's development by portraying unrealistic and stereotypical gender roles. When children see these gender-specific roles on TV, they may internalize these stereotypes and believe that certain behaviors or characteristics are only appropriate for one gender. This can limit their understanding of gender equality and hinder their personal development.