Developmental Psychology (Psyc110) Exam #1 Ch 1-4

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Developmental Psychology (Psyc110)  Exam #1 Ch 1-4 - Quiz

Developmental Psychology Final


Questions and Answers
  • 1. 

    The concept of the zone of proximal developmenmt suggests that the parent of teacher:

    • A.

      Dictate the childs interest and abilities

    • B.

      Urge the child far beyond his or her current skill level

    • C.

      Hold the child back until he or she can perform the skills independently

    • D.

      Provide support as the child takes on new challenges

    Correct Answer
    D. Provide support as the child takes on new challenges
    Explanation
    The concept of the zone of proximal development suggests that parents or teachers should provide support as the child takes on new challenges. This means that instead of dictating the child's interests and abilities or pushing them beyond their current skill level, the adult should offer guidance and assistance to help the child learn and develop. By providing support, the adult can help the child bridge the gap between what they can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance. This approach promotes the child's learning and growth in a way that is appropriate and beneficial for their development.

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  • 2. 

    The gene is recessive when:

    • A.

      Its influences skips a generation

    • B.

      Its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene

    • C.

      Its smaller than the other genes

    • D.

      It does not appear in the genotype

    Correct Answer
    B. Its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene
    Explanation
    When a gene is recessive, its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene. This means that even if an individual carries the recessive gene, it may not be expressed in their phenotype if they also have a dominant gene for the same trait. In this case, the dominant gene will override the recessive gene and determine the individual's observable characteristics. This is why individuals can be carriers of recessive genetic disorders without showing any symptoms themselves.

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  • 3. 

    The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:

    • A.

      Policies and procedures

    • B.

      Participant rules

    • C.

      Code of ethics

    • D.

      Conditions and liabilities

    Correct Answer
    C. Code of ethics
    Explanation
    A code of ethics refers to a set of moral principles that guide the behavior and actions of individuals within a specific academic discipline or professional society. This code is designed to protect the integrity of research by providing a framework for ethical decision-making and ensuring that research is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner. It outlines the ethical responsibilities and obligations of researchers, including issues related to participant rights, data integrity, and conflicts of interest. The code of ethics serves as a guideline for researchers to uphold ethical standards and maintain the trust and integrity of their respective disciplines or societies.

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  • 4. 

    In Erikson's psychosocial theory, resolutions to developmental crisis deoend on the interaction between the individual and:

    • A.

      Her genetic predisposition

    • B.

      The social environment

    • C.

      Her ability to learn from experience

    • D.

      The area of her body where sexual urges are centered

    Correct Answer
    B. The social environment
    Explanation
    Erikson's psychosocial theory suggests that resolutions to developmental crises depend on the interaction between the individual and the social environment. This means that the way an individual navigates and resolves various crises throughout their life is influenced by the people, relationships, and societal factors that surround them. The social environment plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's development and their ability to successfully overcome these challenges.

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  • 5. 

    In an experiement, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the __________ group.

    • A.

      Independent

    • B.

      Dependent

    • C.

      Experimental

    • D.

      Comparisonh

    Correct Answer
    C. Experimental
    Explanation
    The group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition in an experiment is referred to as the experimental group. This group is compared to another group, known as the control group, which does not receive the treatment or special condition. The purpose of having an experimental group is to determine the effects of the treatment or condition being studied.

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  • 6. 

    What isreplication of a study?

    • A.

      The repetition of a study, using different participants

    • B.

      The repetition of study using the same participants

    • C.

      Designing a new study based on information from a previous study

    • D.

      Designing a new study using new ideas and information

    Correct Answer
    A. The repetition of a study, using different participants
    Explanation
    Replication of a study refers to the process of repeating a study using different participants. This involves conducting the same research design, methods, and procedures with a new set of participants to determine if the original findings can be reproduced and generalized to a larger population. Replication is an important aspect of scientific research as it helps to establish the reliability and validity of the original study's results. By replicating a study with different participants, researchers can assess the consistency and robustness of the findings, increasing the confidence in the overall conclusions.

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  • 7. 

    Henry was adopted and is genetically predisposed toward alcoholism. However, his adoptive family does not drinik; they actively avoid alcohol for religious reasons. Given Henry's genetic potential:

    • A.

      He will most certainly become an alcoholic later in life

    • B.

      He may drink without worry asz an adult because of his early upbringing

    • C.

      Alcoholism might not appear in Henry's phenotype

    • D.

      Alcoholism may alter his genotype

    Correct Answer
    C. Alcoholism might not appear in Henry's pHenotype
    Explanation
    While Henry may be genetically predisposed toward alcoholism, his adoptive family's avoidance of alcohol may prevent the expression of this trait in his phenotype. The environmental factors, such as his upbringing and the lack of exposure to alcohol, can play a significant role in determining whether or not alcoholism will manifest in Henry's behavior and health later in life.

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  • 8. 

    The term for the environmental influences that affect development after conception is:

    • A.

      Proteins

    • B.

      Nature

    • C.

      Nurture

    • D.

      Amino acids

    Correct Answer
    C. Nurture
    Explanation
    The term "nurture" refers to the environmental influences that affect development after conception. This includes factors such as parenting style, social interactions, cultural norms, and educational opportunities. These external factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's physical, cognitive, and emotional development throughout their life.

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  • 9. 

    Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else are called"

    • A.

      Motor neurons

    • B.

      Mirror neurons

    • C.

      Sensory neurons

    • D.

      Glial cells

    Correct Answer
    B. Mirror neurons
    Explanation
    Mirror neurons are brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else. These neurons are responsible for mirroring or imitating the actions and intentions of others, allowing us to understand and empathize with their actions. They play a crucial role in social cognition, imitation, and learning by observing others. Motor neurons, on the other hand, are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles, while sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory organs to the brain. Glial cells provide support and protection to neurons in the brain.

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  • 10. 

    According to Freud, who is most likely to be in the genital stage?

    • A.

      A 6 month old girl

    • B.

      A 1 year old boy

    • C.

      A 7 year old girl

    • D.

      A 16 year old boy

    Correct Answer
    D. A 16 year old boy
    Explanation
    According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the genital stage occurs during adolescence, typically around the age of 12 to 18. This stage is characterized by the development of sexual interests and desires, as well as the formation of mature relationships. Therefore, a 16-year-old boy is most likely to be in the genital stage, as he would be experiencing the physical and emotional changes associated with puberty and developing sexual interests.

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  • 11. 

    The germinal period ends approx:

    • A.

      Two days after conception

    • B.

      Two months after conception

    • C.

      Two weeks after conception

    • D.

      Twelve weeks after conception

    Correct Answer
    C. Two weeks after conception
    Explanation
    During the germinal period, which is the first stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and travels down the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine wall. This process takes about 7-10 days after conception. After implantation, the germinal period continues for another week or so, during which the placenta starts to form and the embryo's major organs begin to develop. Therefore, the germinal period ends approximately two weeks after conception.

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  • 12. 

    A genome is:

    • A.

      The full set of genes for a particular organism

    • B.

      A molecule of DNA

    • C.

      The basic unit for a particular organism

    • D.

      The manufacturer of protein

    Correct Answer
    A. The full set of genes for a particular organism
    Explanation
    A genome refers to the complete set of genes that an organism possesses. It includes all the genetic material, both coding and non-coding, that is present in an organism's DNA. The genome contains all the information required for the development, functioning, and characteristics of that particular organism. It is like a blueprint that determines the traits and features of an individual.

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  • 13. 

    Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have:

    • A.

      The usual 46 chromosomes

    • B.

      Gametes with 46 chromosomes

    • C.

      More of fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes

    • D.

      The usual 46 chromosomes with damage to the gamates

    Correct Answer
    C. More of fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes
    Explanation
    Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes. This means that there is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes present in the cells, which can lead to various genetic disorders and health conditions. These abnormalities can occur due to errors during cell division or genetic mutations. The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes can disrupt the normal functioning of genes and result in developmental issues or other medical problems.

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  • 14. 

    The sperm and the ovum are:

    • A.

      Chromosomes

    • B.

      Gametes

    • C.

      Eggs

    • D.

      Zygotes

    Correct Answer
    B. Gametes
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "gametes" because sperm and ovum are both reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that contain half the number of chromosomes compared to other cells in the body. Sperm is the male gamete, produced by the testes, while the ovum is the female gamete, produced by the ovaries. During fertilization, a sperm and ovum fuse together to form a zygote, which then develops into a new individual. Therefore, gametes are the correct term to describe sperm and ovum.

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  • 15. 

    One difference between sperm cells and ova is that

    • A.

      Ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome

    • B.

      Ova carry two X chromosomes, wheras sperm carry two Y chromosomes

    • C.

      Sperm carry more genetic material than ova do

    • D.

      Sperm carry two X chromosomes, wheras ova carry an X and a Y chromosome

    Correct Answer
    A. Ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome
    Explanation
    Sperm cells and ova (eggs) have different sex chromosomes. Ova always carry an X chromosome, while sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome. This is because during fertilization, if a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting offspring will be female (XX), and if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting offspring will be male (XY). Therefore, the correct answer is that ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following is the correct pairing of the four bases that make up amino acids?

    • A.

      A-T, T-C, C-G, G-T

    • B.

      T-A, G-T, T-G, C-G

    • C.

      C-T, G-A, T-C, A-G

    • D.

      A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C

    Correct Answer
    D. A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C
    Explanation
    The correct pairing of the four bases that make up amino acids is A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C. This is because in DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). The pairing is complementary, meaning that A-T and T-A form hydrogen bonds, as do C-G and G-C. This base pairing is essential for DNA replication and the synthesis of proteins.

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  • 17. 

    The most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is the:

    • A.

      Concrete operational

    • B.

      Abstract operational

    • C.

      Formal operational

    • D.

      Symbolic operational

    Correct Answer
    C. Formal operational
    Explanation
    Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that individuals progress through different stages of cognitive development. The formal operational stage is considered the most advanced stage. During this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, use hypothetical reasoning, and engage in logical thinking. They can also understand and manipulate complex ideas and concepts. This stage typically occurs during adolescence and continues into adulthood.

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  • 18. 

    Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on:

    • A.

      How our thinking changes as we grow older

    • B.

      Biological and physical changes

    • C.

      Our unconscious issues

    • D.

      The ways in which our environment influences our physical development

    Correct Answer
    A. How our thinking changes as we grow older
    Explanation
    Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on how our thinking changes as we grow older. This theory emphasizes that cognitive development occurs in stages, and that children's thinking is qualitatively different from adults. Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through processes such as assimilation and accommodation. He believed that as children develop, they move from a sensorimotor stage to a preoperational stage, then to a concrete operational stage, and finally to a formal operational stage, with each stage characterized by different cognitive abilities. This focus on cognitive development distinguishes Piaget's theory from the other options provided.

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  • 19. 

    Social learning theory emphasizes:

    • A.

      Cooperation with others

    • B.

      Observation and imitation

    • C.

      Reinforcers

    • D.

      Understanding how one's behavior affects other people

    Correct Answer
    B. Observation and imitation
    Explanation
    Social learning theory emphasizes observation and imitation as key factors in the learning process. According to this theory, individuals learn by observing the behaviors of others and imitating them. This process allows individuals to acquire new knowledge, skills, and behaviors without the need for direct reinforcement. By observing others, individuals can learn from their experiences and gain a better understanding of how to behave in different situations. The theory suggests that social interactions and modeling play a crucial role in shaping an individual's behavior and development.

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  • 20. 

    Which period begins three weeks after conception?:

    • A.

      The embryonic period

    • B.

      The fetal period

    • C.

      The gestational period

    • D.

      The germinal period

    Correct Answer
    A. The embryonic period
    Explanation
    The embryonic period begins three weeks after conception. This is the stage of development where the major organs and body systems start to form. During this period, the embryo is highly susceptible to external influences and is at a high risk for developmental abnormalities. It is an important phase in prenatal development as it sets the foundation for the growth and development of the fetus.

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  • 21. 

    Genetic disorders that are dominant are:

    • A.

      Never expressed

    • B.

      Always expressed

    • C.

      Usually hidden

    • D.

      Frequently expressed

    Correct Answer
    B. Always expressed
    Explanation
    Dominant genetic disorders are always expressed, meaning that if an individual inherits a dominant allele for a particular disorder, they will show symptoms of the disorder. This is because the dominant allele overrides the presence of any recessive alleles. Unlike recessive disorders, where an individual needs to inherit two copies of the recessive allele to show symptoms, only one copy of the dominant allele is sufficient to cause the disorder. Therefore, individuals with dominant genetic disorders will always express the disorder, regardless of whether they have one or two copies of the dominant allele.

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  • 22. 

    The process by which humans adapt and adjust to their environment is known as

    • A.

      Evolution

    • B.

      Survival

    • C.

      Selective adaptation

    • D.

      Humanism

    Correct Answer
    C. Selective adaptation
    Explanation
    Selective adaptation refers to the process by which humans adapt and adjust to their environment. It involves the selection and retention of certain traits or behaviors that are beneficial for survival and reproduction in a specific environment. This process allows individuals to better cope with their surroundings and increases their chances of survival and successful reproduction. Unlike evolution, which involves changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time, selective adaptation focuses on the individual level and the ability to adapt to specific environmental conditions.

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  • 23. 

    Jeff's genome contains a recessive gene for cystic fibrosis. Jeff is said to be a ______ of the gene for cystic fibrosis.

    • A.

      Carrier

    • B.

      Transporter

    • C.

      Vector

    • D.

      Harbinger

    Correct Answer
    A. Carrier
    Explanation
    Jeff is said to be a carrier of the gene for cystic fibrosis because he possesses the recessive gene for the condition but does not exhibit symptoms of the disease. As a carrier, Jeff can pass the gene on to his offspring, increasing the risk of them developing cystic fibrosis if they inherit another copy of the gene from their other parent.

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  • 24. 

    You and your high school classmates are part of the same

    • A.

      Social construction

    • B.

      Context

    • C.

      Socialeconomic status

    • D.

      Cohort

    Correct Answer
    D. Cohort
    Explanation
    The term "cohort" refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience during a specific period of time. In this context, the high school classmates are considered a cohort because they belong to the same group of individuals who are part of the same social construction, context, and socioeconomic status. The term "cohort" accurately describes the shared characteristic of being classmates in high school.

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  • 25. 

    The final stage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:

    • A.

      Safety and security

    • B.

      Respect and esteem

    • C.

      Self-actualization

    • D.

      Physiological

    Correct Answer
    C. Self-actualization
    Explanation
    Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that suggests individuals have different levels of needs, and these needs must be fulfilled in a specific order. The final stage of this hierarchy is self-actualization. This stage represents the fulfillment of an individual's potential and the desire to become the best version of themselves. It involves personal growth, self-discovery, and the pursuit of meaningful goals. Self-actualization is characterized by a sense of purpose, creativity, and a deep understanding of oneself. It is the highest level of psychological development according to Maslow's theory.

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  • 26. 

    Stem cells are cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form.

    • A.

      True

    • B.

      False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different types of cells in the body. They can divide and renew themselves, as well as differentiate into specialized cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells. This characteristic of stem cells makes them valuable in medical research and potential treatments for various diseases and conditions. Therefore, the statement "Stem cells are cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form" is true.

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  • 27. 

    When something is said to be "empirical" it is based on:

    • A.

      Theories

    • B.

      Facts

    • C.

      Inferences

    • D.

      Opinions

    Correct Answer
    B. Facts
    Explanation
    When something is said to be "empirical," it means that it is based on facts. Empirical evidence is gathered through observation, experimentation, or experience. It relies on objective data and measurable evidence rather than theories, inferences, or opinions. Therefore, the correct answer is facts.

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  • 28. 

    The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the ________characteristics of develpment.

    • A.

      Multidisciplinary

    • B.

      Multicontextual

    • C.

      Plasticity

    • D.

      Multidirectional

    Correct Answer
    A. Multidisciplinary
    Explanation
    The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields suggests that development is influenced by various disciplines and perspectives. This implies that understanding development requires knowledge and insights from multiple fields such as psychology, sociology, biology, and anthropology. Therefore, the term "multidisciplinary" accurately describes the characteristic of development being influenced by multiple academic fields.

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  • 29. 

    The naval or belly button is the result of cutting the baby's umbilical cord at birth

    • A.

      True

    • B.

      False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The naval, also known as the belly button, is indeed the result of cutting the baby's umbilical cord at birth. The umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta in the womb, providing essential nutrients and oxygen. After the baby is born, the cord is clamped and cut, leaving a small stump. Over time, the stump dries up and falls off, leaving behind the belly button or naval. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 30. 

    A teratogen is:

    • A.

      Damages sustained to the placenta

    • B.

      A substance or condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities

    • C.

      A cell with extra chromosomes

    • D.

      Waste products from the embryo

    Correct Answer
    B. A substance or condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
    Explanation
    A teratogen refers to a substance or condition that can potentially increase the chances of prenatal abnormalities. It can include various factors such as exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, infections, or even environmental conditions during pregnancy. These teratogens have the potential to interfere with the normal development of the fetus and may result in physical or cognitive abnormalities. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant individuals to avoid exposure to teratogens to ensure the healthy development of their unborn child.

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  • 31. 

    Individuals in the same cohort are exposed to the same historical  context.

    • A.

      True

    • B.

      False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    This statement is true because individuals in the same cohort are typically born within a similar time period and therefore experience the same historical events and cultural influences. These shared experiences can shape their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in similar ways. For example, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression would likely have a different outlook on economic stability compared to those who grew up during a time of economic prosperity.

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  • 32. 

    What did Lev Vygotsky conclude from observing the behaviors of the diverse people of the former Soviet Union>

    • A.

      Culture influences how a person learns

    • B.

      Diversity itself contributes to learning

    • C.

      People learn new behaviors by working with mentors

    • D.

      New behaviors can only be learned in new contexts

    Correct Answer
    C. People learn new behaviors by working with mentors
    Explanation
    Lev Vygotsky concluded that people learn new behaviors by working with mentors. This means that individuals acquire new knowledge and skills by collaborating with more experienced individuals who guide and support their learning process. Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interaction and the role of a knowledgeable other in facilitating learning. He believed that learning is a social activity and that mentorship plays a crucial role in the development of new behaviors and abilities.

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  • 33. 

    A researcher in human development who takes an eclectic approach:

    • A.

      Emphasizes the role of ecosystems

    • B.

      Believes that social learning is the best decriptor of human behavior

    • C.

      Uses part of several theories rather than sticking to one particular theory

    • D.

      Does not use any theories

    Correct Answer
    C. Uses part of several theories rather than sticking to one particular theory
    Explanation
    An eclectic approach in human development research refers to the practice of incorporating different elements or ideas from various theories rather than solely relying on one particular theory. By doing so, the researcher can draw upon a wider range of perspectives and insights to better understand and explain human behavior. This approach allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of human development by considering multiple factors and viewpoints.

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  • 34. 

    The concept of a cohort is important because individual in the same cohort experience the same ________ circumstances.

    • A.

      Educational

    • B.

      Socioeconomic

    • C.

      Historical

    • D.

      Familial

    Correct Answer
    C. Historical
    Explanation
    The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same historical circumstances. This means that people who are born or live during a specific time period share common experiences, events, and cultural influences that shape their lives and perspectives. Understanding these historical circumstances helps us analyze and compare the experiences and outcomes of different cohorts, and provides insights into how historical factors can impact individuals and societies.

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  • 35. 

    Once a fetus has developed to a point that it can survive outside the uterus, it has reached the age of:

    • A.

      Survival

    • B.

      Viability

    • C.

      Neurogenesis

    • D.

      Longevity

    Correct Answer
    B. Viability
    Explanation
    Viability refers to the point in a pregnancy when a fetus has developed enough to be able to survive outside the uterus. It indicates that the fetus has reached a stage where its organs and systems are sufficiently developed to sustain life independently. This milestone typically occurs around 24-28 weeks of gestation. At this stage, medical intervention and support may still be required for the baby's survival, but there is a reasonable chance of successful outcomes.

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  • 36. 

    A father wants his son to help his mother wash the dishes every night. According to social learning theory,. the father should:

    • A.

      Give his son a time out if he doesnt help with the dishes

    • B.

      Promise the boy a new basketball if he helps ash the dishes

    • C.

      Help out with the dishes himself

    • D.

      Tell his son that he cant have desert unless he helps with the dishes

    Correct Answer
    C. Help out with the dishes himself
    Explanation
    According to social learning theory, individuals learn through observation and imitation of others. In this scenario, the father can effectively teach his son to help with the dishes by modeling the behavior himself. By actively participating in dishwashing, the father sets an example for his son to follow. This demonstrates the desired behavior and reinforces the expectation that everyone in the family should contribute to household chores.

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  • 37. 

    To study change over time, researchers use three basic research designs?

    • A.

      Observation, experiments, survey

    • B.

      Cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential

    • C.

      Biological, social, cognitive

    • D.

      Significance, odds ration, facftor analysis

    Correct Answer
    B. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential
    Explanation
    The correct answer is cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential. These three research designs are commonly used by researchers to study change over time. Cross-sectional design involves collecting data from different groups at a single point in time, allowing researchers to compare different age groups. Longitudinal design involves collecting data from the same group of individuals over an extended period of time, allowing researchers to track changes within individuals over time. Cross-sequential design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by collecting data from different age groups over an extended period of time, allowing researchers to compare both between and within age groups.

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  • 38. 

    An organism's entire genetic inheritance is referred to as its:

    • A.

      Gamete

    • B.

      Genome

    • C.

      Zygote

    • D.

      Genotype

    Correct Answer
    D. Genotype
    Explanation
    The term "genotype" refers to an organism's complete set of genes and genetic material inherited from its parents. It encompasses all the genetic information that determines an organism's traits and characteristics. This includes both the expressed and unexpressed genes, as well as any variations or mutations within the genes. The genotype is essentially the genetic blueprint of an organism, which plays a crucial role in shaping its physical and biological features.

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  • 39. 

    Any birth which occurfs 35 of fewer weeks after conception is considered to be

    • A.

      Preterm

    • B.

      Very low birthweight

    • C.

      Pregestational

    • D.

      Nonviable

    Correct Answer
    A. Preterm
    Explanation
    A birth that occurs 35 or fewer weeks after conception is considered to be preterm. This means that the baby is born before completing the full 37-40 weeks of gestation, which is the normal duration of a pregnancy. Preterm births can pose certain health risks and may require special medical attention for the baby to ensure their well-being and development.

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  • 40. 

    Monozygotic twins are produced when

    • A.

      Two ova are fetilized by a single sperm

    • B.

      One ovum is fertilized by one sperm, and then then splits to form two clusters

    • C.

      Two ova are fertilized by two different sperm

    • D.

      One ovum is fertilized by two sperm and the splits to form two clusters

    Correct Answer
    B. One ovum is fertilized by one sperm, and then then splits to form two clusters
    Explanation
    Monozygotic twins are produced when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm and then splits to form two clusters. This process is known as embryo splitting or cleavage. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions, resulting in the formation of two separate clusters of cells. These clusters then develop into two separate embryos with identical genetic material. This is why monozygotic twins are also called identical twins, as they share the same DNA and are essentially clones of each other.

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  • 41. 

    A correlation is considered to be positive if:

    • A.

      Both variables increase or decrease together

    • B.

      One variable increases while the other variable decreases

    • C.

      No connection between the two variables is seen

    • D.

      There is no instance of a positive correlation

    Correct Answer
    A. Both variables increase or decrease together
    Explanation
    A correlation is considered to be positive if both variables increase or decrease together. This means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases, and as one variable decreases, the other variable also decreases. In other words, there is a direct relationship between the two variables, where they move in the same direction.

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  • 42. 

    Brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation which may be caused by eating undercooked meat and handling cat feces or garden dirt is attributable to:

    • A.

      Lead or mercury pollution

    • B.

      German measles

    • C.

      Syphillis

    • D.

      Toxoplasmosis

    Correct Answer
    D. Toxoplasmosis
    Explanation
    Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, which can be found in undercooked meat and cat feces or garden dirt. If a person ingests the parasite, it can lead to brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation. Therefore, toxoplasmosis is the most likely cause of these symptoms, rather than lead or mercury pollution, German measles, or syphilis.

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  • 43. 

    Research on SIDS has shown that babies should be

    • A.

      Put to sleep on their backs

    • B.

      Swaddled tightly before being put to bed

    • C.

      Kept in a warm bedroom

    • D.

      Fed right before being put to bed

    Correct Answer
    A. Put to sleep on their backs
    Explanation
    Research on SIDS, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, has consistently shown that placing babies on their backs to sleep is the safest sleeping position. This position helps reduce the risk of suffocation and allows for better airflow, decreasing the likelihood of SIDS. Sleeping on their backs also helps prevent the baby from rolling onto their stomach, which is a higher risk position. It is important to follow this recommendation to ensure the safety and well-being of infants during sleep.

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  • 44. 

    The neural tube will become the:

    • A.

      Reproductive organs

    • B.

      Intestinal tract

    • C.

      Brain and spinal cord

    • D.

      Backbone, legs and arms

    Correct Answer
    C. Brain and spinal cord
    Explanation
    The neural tube is a structure that develops in the early stages of embryonic development. It eventually gives rise to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. The other options mentioned, such as reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and backbone, legs, and arms, are derived from different embryonic tissues and structures. Therefore, the correct answer is brain and spinal cord.

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  • 45. 

    In an experiment the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the

    • A.

      Dependent group

    • B.

      Significant group

    • C.

      Control group

    • D.

      Experimental group

    Correct Answer
    C. Control group
    Explanation
    In an experiment, the control group refers to the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable. This group is used as a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to determine the effects of the independent variable by comparing it to the control group. By keeping all other variables constant and only manipulating the independent variable in the experimental group, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable and determine its impact on the dependent variable.

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  • 46. 

    In an uncomplicated birth, the position of presentation is:

    • A.

      Head first

    • B.

      Knees first

    • C.

      Buttocks first

    • D.

      Feet first

    Correct Answer
    A. Head first
    Explanation
    In an uncomplicated birth, the position of presentation is head first. This is known as the vertex presentation, which is the most common and ideal position for a baby to be born. The head-first position allows for an easier passage through the birth canal and reduces the risk of complications during delivery. It also ensures that the baby's head is the first body part to emerge, which is important for a safe and smooth delivery.

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  • 47. 

    A dog learns to shake paws on command because it has been given dog biscuits for doing so. This is an example of:

    • A.

      Classical conditioning

    • B.

      Operant condition

    • C.

      Cognitive conditioning

    • D.

      Stimulus conditioning

    Correct Answer
    B. Operant condition
    Explanation
    This scenario demonstrates operant conditioning, specifically positive reinforcement. The dog learns to shake paws on command because it has been rewarded with dog biscuits for doing so. Through this process, the dog associates the action of shaking paws with receiving a reward, and therefore is more likely to repeat the behavior in the future. Operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behavior, and in this case, the positive reinforcement of receiving a treat serves as a motivating factor for the dog to perform the desired action.

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  • 48. 

    Trisomy-21 is also called

    • A.

      Fragile X syndrome

    • B.

      Down syndrome

    • C.

      Muscular dystrophy

    • D.

      Klinefelter syndrome

    Correct Answer
    B. Down syndrome
    Explanation
    Trisomy-21 is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in Down syndrome. Fragile X syndrome is a different genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene. Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in males caused by an extra X chromosome. Therefore, the correct answer is Down syndrome.

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  • 49. 

    One of the surprising findings of the Human Genome Project is that

    • A.

      Humans have about 1 million genes

    • B.

      All living creatures share genes

    • C.

      Humans and chimpanzees share about 25 percent of their genes

    • D.

      Human genes are not share by any other species

    Correct Answer
    B. All living creatures share genes
    Explanation
    All living creatures share genes because the Human Genome Project revealed that there is a significant degree of genetic similarity among different species. This indicates that genes have been passed down through common ancestors, leading to the presence of shared genetic material across various organisms. This finding challenges the notion that genes are unique to a specific species and highlights the interconnectedness of life on Earth.

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  • 50. 

    In order, Freud's first three stages of development are

    • A.

      Mouth, body, eyes

    • B.

      Trust, autonomy, identity,

    • C.

      Oral, anal, phallic

    • D.

      Anal, genital, latent

    Correct Answer
    C. Oral, anal, pHallic
    Explanation
    Freud's stages of development are a series of psychosexual stages that individuals go through during their childhood. The correct answer is "oral, anal, phallic." In the oral stage, which occurs from birth to around 18 months, the focus of pleasure is on the mouth. This is followed by the anal stage, which occurs from around 18 months to 3 years, where pleasure is centered on bowel and bladder control. Finally, the phallic stage takes place from around 3 to 6 years, during which children become aware of their gender and develop a fascination with their genitals.

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  • Aug 16, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Dec 13, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    MszWard
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