Developmental Psychology (Psyc110) Exam #1 Ch 1-4

Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behavior. It suggests that behavior can be understood and predicted by examining the environmental stimuli and the individual's response to those stimuli. This approach rejects the significance of unconscious urges, thoughts, and emotions in explaining behavior, as they cannot be directly observed. Instead, behaviorists believe that behavior can be shaped through conditioning and reinforcement, and that it is influenced by the external environment. Therefore, the focus of behaviorism is on studying and analyzing observable behavior to understand and explain human actions.

A code of ethics refers to a set of moral principles that guide the behavior and actions of individuals within a specific academic discipline or professional society. This code is designed to protect the integrity of research by providing a framework for ethical decision-making and ensuring that research is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner. It outlines the ethical responsibilities and obligations of researchers, including issues related to participant rights, data integrity, and conflicts of interest. The code of ethics serves as a guideline for researchers to uphold ethical standards and maintain the trust and integrity of their respective disciplines or societies.

Freud's stages of development are a series of psychosexual stages that individuals go through during their childhood. The correct answer is "oral, anal, phallic." In the oral stage, which occurs from birth to around 18 months, the focus of pleasure is on the mouth. This is followed by the anal stage, which occurs from around 18 months to 3 years, where pleasure is centered on bowel and bladder control. Finally, the phallic stage takes place from around 3 to 6 years, during which children become aware of their gender and develop a fascination with their genitals.

The naval, also known as the belly button, is indeed the result of cutting the baby's umbilical cord at birth. The umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta in the womb, providing essential nutrients and oxygen. After the baby is born, the cord is clamped and cut, leaving a small stump. Over time, the stump dries up and falls off, leaving behind the belly button or naval. Therefore, the statement is true.

According to social learning theory, individuals have a tendency to imitate or model behaviors that they observe repeatedly. This theory suggests that people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions, rather than solely relying on their own experiences. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement is true, as it aligns with the principles of social learning theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that suggests individuals have different levels of needs, and these needs must be fulfilled in a specific order. The final stage of this hierarchy is self-actualization. This stage represents the fulfillment of an individual's potential and the desire to become the best version of themselves. It involves personal growth, self-discovery, and the pursuit of meaningful goals. Self-actualization is characterized by a sense of purpose, creativity, and a deep understanding of oneself. It is the highest level of psychological development according to Maslow's theory.

A teratogen refers to a substance or condition that can potentially increase the chances of prenatal abnormalities. It can include various factors such as exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, infections, or even environmental conditions during pregnancy. These teratogens have the potential to interfere with the normal development of the fetus and may result in physical or cognitive abnormalities. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant individuals to avoid exposure to teratogens to ensure the healthy development of their unborn child.

Jeff is said to be a carrier of the gene for cystic fibrosis because he possesses the recessive gene for the condition but does not exhibit symptoms of the disease. As a carrier, Jeff can pass the gene on to his offspring, increasing the risk of them developing cystic fibrosis if they inherit another copy of the gene from their other parent.

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes. This means that there is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes present in the cells, which can lead to various genetic disorders and health conditions. These abnormalities can occur due to errors during cell division or genetic mutations. The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes can disrupt the normal functioning of genes and result in developmental issues or other medical problems.

An XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes indicates the presence of two X chromosomes, which is a characteristic of females. In humans, females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Therefore, if the fetus has an XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes, it suggests that the fetus will be female.

Erikson's psychosocial theory suggests that resolutions to developmental crises depend on the interaction between the individual and the social environment. This means that the way an individual navigates and resolves various crises throughout their life is influenced by the people, relationships, and societal factors that surround them. The social environment plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's development and their ability to successfully overcome these challenges.

In an uncomplicated birth, the position of presentation is head first. This is known as the vertex presentation, which is the most common and ideal position for a baby to be born. The head-first position allows for an easier passage through the birth canal and reduces the risk of complications during delivery. It also ensures that the baby's head is the first body part to emerge, which is important for a safe and smooth delivery.

Trisomy-21 is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in Down syndrome. Fragile X syndrome is a different genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene. Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in males caused by an extra X chromosome. Therefore, the correct answer is Down syndrome.

The correct answer is cross-sectional, longitudinal, cross-sequential. These three research designs are commonly used by researchers to study change over time. Cross-sectional design involves collecting data from different groups at a single point in time, allowing researchers to compare different age groups. Longitudinal design involves collecting data from the same group of individuals over an extended period of time, allowing researchers to track changes within individuals over time. Cross-sequential design combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by collecting data from different age groups over an extended period of time, allowing researchers to compare both between and within age groups.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into different types of cells in the body. They can divide and renew themselves, as well as differentiate into specialized cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells. This characteristic of stem cells makes them valuable in medical research and potential treatments for various diseases and conditions. Therefore, the statement "Stem cells are cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form" is true.

A correlation is considered to be positive if both variables increase or decrease together. This means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases, and as one variable decreases, the other variable also decreases. In other words, there is a direct relationship between the two variables, where they move in the same direction.

The concept of the zone of proximal development suggests that parents or teachers should provide support as the child takes on new challenges. This means that instead of dictating the child's interests and abilities or pushing them beyond their current skill level, the adult should offer guidance and assistance to help the child learn and develop. By providing support, the adult can help the child bridge the gap between what they can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance. This approach promotes the child's learning and growth in a way that is appropriate and beneficial for their development.

The term "nurture" refers to the environmental influences that affect development after conception. This includes factors such as parenting style, social interactions, cultural norms, and educational opportunities. These external factors play a significant role in shaping an individual's physical, cognitive, and emotional development throughout their life.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that individuals progress through different stages of cognitive development. The formal operational stage is considered the most advanced stage. During this stage, individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, use hypothetical reasoning, and engage in logical thinking. They can also understand and manipulate complex ideas and concepts. This stage typically occurs during adolescence and continues into adulthood.

This statement is true because individuals in the same cohort are typically born within a similar time period and therefore experience the same historical events and cultural influences. These shared experiences can shape their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in similar ways. For example, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression would likely have a different outlook on economic stability compared to those who grew up during a time of economic prosperity.

The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same historical circumstances. This means that people who are born or live during a specific time period share common experiences, events, and cultural influences that shape their lives and perspectives. Understanding these historical circumstances helps us analyze and compare the experiences and outcomes of different cohorts, and provides insights into how historical factors can impact individuals and societies.

According to social learning theory, individuals learn through observation and imitation of others. In this scenario, the father can effectively teach his son to help with the dishes by modeling the behavior himself. By actively participating in dishwashing, the father sets an example for his son to follow. This demonstrates the desired behavior and reinforces the expectation that everyone in the family should contribute to household chores.

A genome refers to the complete set of genes that an organism possesses. It includes all the genetic material, both coding and non-coding, that is present in an organism's DNA. The genome contains all the information required for the development, functioning, and characteristics of that particular organism. It is like a blueprint that determines the traits and features of an individual.

The neural tube is a structure that develops in the early stages of embryonic development. It eventually gives rise to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. The other options mentioned, such as reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and backbone, legs, and arms, are derived from different embryonic tissues and structures. Therefore, the correct answer is brain and spinal cord.

Current research suggests that the resolution of the nature-nurture controversy is that virtually all human behaviors result from a complex interaction between nature and nurture. This means that we can no longer solely attribute behavior to one or the other. Nature and nurture both play significant roles in shaping human behavior, and it is the interaction between these factors that ultimately determines how individuals behave.

When a gene is recessive, its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene. This means that even if an individual carries the recessive gene, it may not be expressed in their phenotype if they also have a dominant gene for the same trait. In this case, the dominant gene will override the recessive gene and determine the individual's observable characteristics. This is why individuals can be carriers of recessive genetic disorders without showing any symptoms themselves.

A birth that occurs 35 or fewer weeks after conception is considered to be preterm. This means that the baby is born before completing the full 37-40 weeks of gestation, which is the normal duration of a pregnancy. Preterm births can pose certain health risks and may require special medical attention for the baby to ensure their well-being and development.

In an experiment, the control group refers to the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable. This group is used as a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to determine the effects of the independent variable by comparing it to the control group. By keeping all other variables constant and only manipulating the independent variable in the experimental group, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable and determine its impact on the dependent variable.

Sperm cells and ova (eggs) have different sex chromosomes. Ova always carry an X chromosome, while sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome. This is because during fertilization, if a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting offspring will be female (XX), and if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting offspring will be male (XY). Therefore, the correct answer is that ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.

Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on how our thinking changes as we grow older. This theory emphasizes that cognitive development occurs in stages, and that children's thinking is qualitatively different from adults. Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through processes such as assimilation and accommodation. He believed that as children develop, they move from a sensorimotor stage to a preoperational stage, then to a concrete operational stage, and finally to a formal operational stage, with each stage characterized by different cognitive abilities. This focus on cognitive development distinguishes Piaget's theory from the other options provided.

The group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition in an experiment is referred to as the experimental group. This group is compared to another group, known as the control group, which does not receive the treatment or special condition. The purpose of having an experimental group is to determine the effects of the treatment or condition being studied.

During the germinal period, which is the first stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and travels down the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine wall. This process takes about 7-10 days after conception. After implantation, the germinal period continues for another week or so, during which the placenta starts to form and the embryo's major organs begin to develop. Therefore, the germinal period ends approximately two weeks after conception.

The embryonic period begins three weeks after conception. This is the stage of development where the major organs and body systems start to form. During this period, the embryo is highly susceptible to external influences and is at a high risk for developmental abnormalities. It is an important phase in prenatal development as it sets the foundation for the growth and development of the fetus.

Dominant genetic disorders are always expressed, meaning that if an individual inherits a dominant allele for a particular disorder, they will show symptoms of the disorder. This is because the dominant allele overrides the presence of any recessive alleles. Unlike recessive disorders, where an individual needs to inherit two copies of the recessive allele to show symptoms, only one copy of the dominant allele is sufficient to cause the disorder. Therefore, individuals with dominant genetic disorders will always express the disorder, regardless of whether they have one or two copies of the dominant allele.

The term "cohort" refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience during a specific period of time. In this context, the high school classmates are considered a cohort because they belong to the same group of individuals who are part of the same social construction, context, and socioeconomic status. The term "cohort" accurately describes the shared characteristic of being classmates in high school.

An eclectic approach in human development research refers to the practice of incorporating different elements or ideas from various theories rather than solely relying on one particular theory. By doing so, the researcher can draw upon a wider range of perspectives and insights to better understand and explain human behavior. This approach allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of human development by considering multiple factors and viewpoints.

Social learning theory emphasizes observation and imitation as key factors in the learning process. According to this theory, individuals learn by observing the behaviors of others and imitating them. This process allows individuals to acquire new knowledge, skills, and behaviors without the need for direct reinforcement. By observing others, individuals can learn from their experiences and gain a better understanding of how to behave in different situations. The theory suggests that social interactions and modeling play a crucial role in shaping an individual's behavior and development.

According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the genital stage occurs during adolescence, typically around the age of 12 to 18. This stage is characterized by the development of sexual interests and desires, as well as the formation of mature relationships. Therefore, a 16-year-old boy is most likely to be in the genital stage, as he would be experiencing the physical and emotional changes associated with puberty and developing sexual interests.

The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields suggests that development is influenced by various disciplines and perspectives. This implies that understanding development requires knowledge and insights from multiple fields such as psychology, sociology, biology, and anthropology. Therefore, the term "multidisciplinary" accurately describes the characteristic of development being influenced by multiple academic fields.

Monozygotic twins are produced when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm and then splits to form two clusters. This process is known as embryo splitting or cleavage. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions, resulting in the formation of two separate clusters of cells. These clusters then develop into two separate embryos with identical genetic material. This is why monozygotic twins are also called identical twins, as they share the same DNA and are essentially clones of each other.

The term "genotype" refers to an organism's complete set of genes and genetic material inherited from its parents. It encompasses all the genetic information that determines an organism's traits and characteristics. This includes both the expressed and unexpressed genes, as well as any variations or mutations within the genes. The genotype is essentially the genetic blueprint of an organism, which plays a crucial role in shaping its physical and biological features.

The correct answer is "gametes" because sperm and ovum are both reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that contain half the number of chromosomes compared to other cells in the body. Sperm is the male gamete, produced by the testes, while the ovum is the female gamete, produced by the ovaries. During fertilization, a sperm and ovum fuse together to form a zygote, which then develops into a new individual. Therefore, gametes are the correct term to describe sperm and ovum.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, which can be found in undercooked meat and cat feces or garden dirt. If a person ingests the parasite, it can lead to brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation. Therefore, toxoplasmosis is the most likely cause of these symptoms, rather than lead or mercury pollution, German measles, or syphilis.

When something is said to be "empirical," it means that it is based on facts. Empirical evidence is gathered through observation, experimentation, or experience. It relies on objective data and measurable evidence rather than theories, inferences, or opinions. Therefore, the correct answer is facts.

Replication of a study refers to the process of repeating a study using different participants. This involves conducting the same research design, methods, and procedures with a new set of participants to determine if the original findings can be reproduced and generalized to a larger population. Replication is an important aspect of scientific research as it helps to establish the reliability and validity of the original study's results. By replicating a study with different participants, researchers can assess the consistency and robustness of the findings, increasing the confidence in the overall conclusions.

While Henry may be genetically predisposed toward alcoholism, his adoptive family's avoidance of alcohol may prevent the expression of this trait in his phenotype. The environmental factors, such as his upbringing and the lack of exposure to alcohol, can play a significant role in determining whether or not alcoholism will manifest in Henry's behavior and health later in life.

Research on SIDS, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, has consistently shown that placing babies on their backs to sleep is the safest sleeping position. This position helps reduce the risk of suffocation and allows for better airflow, decreasing the likelihood of SIDS. Sleeping on their backs also helps prevent the baby from rolling onto their stomach, which is a higher risk position. It is important to follow this recommendation to ensure the safety and well-being of infants during sleep.

Mirror neurons are brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else. These neurons are responsible for mirroring or imitating the actions and intentions of others, allowing us to understand and empathize with their actions. They play a crucial role in social cognition, imitation, and learning by observing others. Motor neurons, on the other hand, are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles, while sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory organs to the brain. Glial cells provide support and protection to neurons in the brain.

The correct pairing of the four bases that make up amino acids is A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C. This is because in DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). The pairing is complementary, meaning that A-T and T-A form hydrogen bonds, as do C-G and G-C. This base pairing is essential for DNA replication and the synthesis of proteins.

Viability refers to the point in a pregnancy when a fetus has developed enough to be able to survive outside the uterus. It indicates that the fetus has reached a stage where its organs and systems are sufficiently developed to sustain life independently. This milestone typically occurs around 24-28 weeks of gestation. At this stage, medical intervention and support may still be required for the baby's survival, but there is a reasonable chance of successful outcomes.