Human Development - Exam 1

This statement is false because stress can indeed affect infant mortality. Research has shown that maternal stress during pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes for the infant, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues. Additionally, postnatal stressors such as lack of support, financial difficulties, and parental mental health problems can also contribute to an increased risk of infant mortality. Therefore, stress can have a significant impact on infant mortality rates.

Normative influences refer to the common and expected events or experiences that occur in the lives of most individuals. These events can include milestones such as graduating from school, getting a job, getting married, or having children. Normative influences are considered normal and typical because they happen to a large majority of people and are often influenced by societal norms and expectations.

Previous health problems such as diabetes, infections, and mental illness can increase the risk of infant mortality. This means that if a mother has any of these health issues, her baby is more likely to die at a young age. These health problems can affect the development and overall health of the baby, making them more vulnerable to complications and death. Therefore, it is true that previous health problems can increase the risk of infant mortality.

Continuity theory refers to the idea that as individuals age, they strive to maintain a sense of consistency and continuity in their lives. This theory suggests that individuals tend to maintain their established patterns of behavior, beliefs, and preferences as they age, rather than making drastic changes. Continuous learning aligns with this theory as it implies that individuals continue to acquire knowledge and skills throughout their lives, adapting and growing rather than reaching a point where learning ends. Therefore, continuous learning is a suitable explanation for the concept of continuity theory.

The ego ideal conscious, also known as "morality, ethics," refers to the part of the mind that represents the internalized moral values and standards of society. It acts as a guiding force, influencing behavior and decision-making based on what is considered right or wrong. The super ego, which encompasses the ego ideal conscious, is responsible for enforcing these moral principles and ensuring adherence to societal norms.

Freud's Model of Personality Structure consists of id, ego, and super ego. The id represents the unconscious and instinctual drives, seeking immediate gratification. The ego is the conscious part of the mind that mediates between the id and the demands of reality. It balances the desires of the id with the constraints of the superego, which represents the moral and societal norms. Together, these three components form Freud's model of personality structure.

The correct answer is 8 weeks to birth. The fetal stage of development begins at around 8 weeks after fertilization and continues until birth. During this stage, the organs and body systems of the fetus continue to develop and mature. This is a critical period of growth where the fetus becomes more recognizable as a human being, with distinct features and characteristics. The fetal stage is characterized by rapid growth and refinement of the structures and functions necessary for life outside of the womb.

Fertilization is the process in which a sperm and an ovum combine to form a new cell. This is the initial step in sexual reproduction, where the genetic material from both parents is combined to create a unique individual. Permutation refers to rearranging elements, generalization is the act of making broad statements or conclusions, and germination is the process in which a seed begins to grow into a new plant.

Longitudinal research is a type of research where a group of people is assessed over an extended period of time. This allows researchers to observe and analyze changes and developments that occur within the group over time. It is useful in studying the long-term effects of certain factors or interventions, as well as understanding patterns and trends that may emerge over time. This type of research provides valuable insights into the stability and changes in behavior, attitudes, and characteristics of individuals or groups.

The embryonic stage occurs during the period of 2-8 weeks. This is the stage of prenatal development that starts after fertilization and lasts for approximately 6 weeks. During this stage, the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterine wall and begins to develop into an embryo. Major organs and body systems start to form, and the embryo becomes more recognizable as a human. By the end of the embryonic stage, the basic structure of the body has been established, and the embryo is ready to enter the fetal stage of development.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the correct answer because it refers to the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant within the first year. SIDS is a devastating occurrence that typically happens during sleep and its exact cause is unknown. It is important for parents and caregivers to follow safe sleep practices to reduce the risk of SIDS. Infant Mortality refers to the overall death rate of infants, including deaths from various causes, while Deceased Infant Syndrome is not a recognized term or condition.

Discontinuity theory suggests that each stage of development has a distinct and separate end point, indicating that learning and growth occur in distinct stages. This means that there is a clear break or discontinuity between each stage, and once a stage is completed, there is no further learning or growth in that particular area. This theory implies that individuals cannot continue learning indefinitely, but rather have specific periods of development with an end point.

A critical period refers to a specific time frame in an organism's development when it is particularly sensitive to certain external stimuli or experiences. During this period, the absence or presence of a particular event can have a significant and lasting impact on the individual's development. It is a crucial window of opportunity for learning and development, and if missed or not properly stimulated, it may result in permanent deficits or difficulties in acquiring certain skills or abilities.

Non-normative influences refer to events or experiences that are uncommon or atypical, and do not happen to most people. These events can have a significant impact on an individual's development and life trajectory. Unlike normative influences, which are typical events that occur at typical times for most individuals (such as going to school or getting married), non-normative influences are unique and may include things like winning the lottery, experiencing a natural disaster, or encountering a life-altering event. These events can shape an individual's development in ways that differ from the majority of people, making them non-normative.

The germinal stage refers to the earliest stage of prenatal development, which starts from fertilization and lasts for approximately 2 weeks. During this stage, the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and begins to implant itself into the uterine wall. The formation of the placenta also takes place during this period. Therefore, the correct answer is "from fertilization to 2 weeks."

Imprinting refers to the behavior in which a young animal forms an attachment or bond with the first moving object it sees. This behavior is important for the animal's survival and social development. Imprinting typically occurs during a critical period early in the animal's life and is a form of learning that is relatively permanent. Plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to adapt or change in response to its environment. Elasticity refers to the ability of an object to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed.

Universality theory refers to a concept that can be applied to everyone, regardless of their background or circumstances. It suggests that the theory is not limited to specific individuals or groups, but rather has a broad applicability to all. This means that the principles or ideas of universality theory can be universally relevant and useful in understanding and addressing various situations or phenomena.

The correct answer is "can only be applied to certain people." This suggests that context-specific theory is not universally applicable and can only be relevant or useful for specific individuals or situations. It implies that the theory cannot be generalized or applied to everyone, highlighting its limited scope and applicability.

The causes of neonatal deaths include pneumonia, preterm delivery, and asphyxiation at birth. This means that all three of these factors can contribute to the death of a newborn. Pneumonia is a common infection in newborns that can be life-threatening. Preterm delivery refers to a baby being born before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of complications and death. Asphyxiation at birth occurs when the baby does not receive enough oxygen during the birthing process, leading to potential brain damage or death. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to neonatal deaths.

Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential are types of development research. Development research focuses on studying changes and patterns of growth over time in individuals or groups. Longitudinal research involves collecting data from the same subjects over an extended period. Cross-sectional research collects data from different subjects at a specific point in time. Sequential research combines elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional research by studying different cohorts at multiple time points. Therefore, the correct answer is development research.

Passive theory suggests that individuals do not have control over their own destiny. According to this theory, external factors and circumstances determine the course of one's life, and personal agency or effort does not play a significant role in shaping outcomes. This implies that individuals are powerless in shaping their own future and are subject to the whims of fate or external forces beyond their control.

Multiple pregnancies can indeed affect infant mortality. Twins, triplets, or higher-order multiples are at a higher risk for complications and health issues compared to single pregnancies. These complications can include premature birth, low birth weight, developmental delays, and congenital abnormalities. These factors can significantly increase the risk of infant mortality in multiple pregnancies. Therefore, the statement that multiple pregnancies do not affect infant mortality is incorrect.

Infants that are born before completing the 37th week of gestation are considered pre-term. This term is used to describe babies who are born prematurely, before they reach full term. Being born pre-term can result in various health complications and the need for special medical care.

Human nature is a complex and multifaceted concept. It encompasses both good and bad qualities, as well as the potential for growth and change. Some individuals may have inherently good tendencies, while others may have a predisposition towards negative behaviors. Additionally, human nature can also be influenced by external factors such as upbringing, culture, and environment. Therefore, it is accurate to say that human nature can encompass all of the above possibilities.

High altitudes are known to increase chances of infant mortality because the lower levels of oxygen at higher altitudes can lead to complications in newborns and infants. The reduced oxygen levels can affect their respiratory and cardiovascular systems, making them more vulnerable to health issues and increasing the risk of mortality. Additionally, the colder temperatures and harsher environmental conditions at high altitudes can also pose additional challenges for infants, further increasing their chances of mortality.

The correct answer is "both a and b". This means that both the factors mentioned in option a (child abuse, brain injury, poverty, violent pornography, cruelty to animals, bullying, and fire-setting) and the factors mentioned in option b (parents with severe mental illness, womb experiences, hyper-sexuality, and brain dysfunctions) contribute to the nature aspect of a serial killer.

The pleasure principle ("do what you want") is associated with the id. The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that operates based on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and impulses without considering the consequences or moral implications. It is driven by basic needs and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual pleasure. The id operates on the unconscious level and is the source of our most primitive and impulsive behaviors.

The correct order of the 3 Stages of Development is germinal, embryonic, fetal. The germinal stage is the first stage of development, which begins at fertilization and lasts for about two weeks. During this stage, the zygote divides and implants itself into the uterine wall. The embryonic stage follows the germinal stage and lasts from about week 3 to week 8 of pregnancy. During this stage, the major organs and systems of the body begin to form. Finally, the fetal stage begins around week 9 and continues until birth. This is the stage where the fetus grows and develops further, with the organs becoming more mature.

The reality principle refers to the part of the mind known as the ego. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which means it considers the external world and adapts the individual's behavior to meet the demands of reality. It helps to mediate between the id's desires and the superego's moral standards, finding a balance between the individual's instinctual drives and societal expectations.

Plasticity refers to the ability of the body to repair itself. This means that the body has the capacity to adapt and recover from injuries or damage. It involves the regeneration and remodeling of tissues and organs to restore their normal function. Plasticity is an essential process in healing and maintaining the overall health and well-being of the body. Elasticity, electricity, and availability do not pertain to the body's ability to repair itself.

During Weeks 17-22 of pregnancy, the ear development is complete, and the baby can hear sounds. Additionally, brain waves become detectable during this stage.

During Week 4 of fetal development, the heart begins to beat. This is a significant milestone as it marks the start of the baby's circulatory system. The heart is formed and starts pumping blood, which is essential for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus. This development is crucial for the overall growth and development of the baby.

The active theory refers to the belief that individuals have the power to control their own destiny. This means that people have the ability to shape their future and make choices that will influence the outcomes of their lives. It implies that individuals are not simply passive recipients of fate or external circumstances, but rather active agents who can take control of their own lives and shape their own paths. This theory suggests that everyone has the potential to exert control over their destiny, regardless of their background or circumstances.

The correct answer is 12%. This means that 12% of mothers continue to binge drink during pregnancy. Binge drinking during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the health and development of the baby, including fetal alcohol syndrome. It is important for expectant mothers to avoid alcohol consumption to ensure the best possible outcomes for their child.

During Weeks 13-16 of pregnancy, the development of the baby progresses significantly. One of the notable developments during this period is the formation of hard bones in the hands and legs. This indicates that the skeletal system of the baby is becoming more defined and structured. Other developments mentioned in the options such as the ability to survive outside the womb, detectable brain waves, and the ability to swallow, digest food, and urinate may occur at different stages of pregnancy but are not specifically associated with Weeks 13-16.

Pacifiers help prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) by reducing the risk of a baby falling into a deep sleep, which is associated with an increased risk of SIDS. The sucking motion of using a pacifier helps to keep the baby's airway open and promotes better breathing, which can reduce the likelihood of SIDS. Additionally, pacifiers may provide a soothing effect and help babies to self-soothe, potentially reducing the risk of SIDS.

Cross-sectional research is the type of research that assesses age-related differences on one occasion. In this type of research, data is collected from individuals of different age groups at a single point in time. It aims to examine the differences between these age groups and understand how variables may vary across different age cohorts. This research design is useful for studying age-related changes and can provide valuable insights into developmental processes.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages consist of five stages. These stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage represents a different focus of pleasure and potential conflicts that individuals may experience during their development. Freud believed that unresolved conflicts in these stages could lead to psychological issues later in life. Therefore, the correct answer is 5.

A sensitive period is the time during development when a person is open to certain kinds of experiences. This period is characterized by heightened sensitivity and receptiveness to specific stimuli or learning opportunities. During this time, individuals are more likely to acquire certain skills or knowledge more easily and effectively. It is a critical phase where the brain is particularly receptive to learning and development in specific areas, and missing out on these experiences during this period may have long-lasting effects.

Both child abuse and brain injury can contribute to the nurture aspect that contributes to a serial killer. Child abuse can lead to the development of antisocial behavior, aggression, and a lack of empathy, which are common traits in serial killers. Brain injury can also affect impulse control, decision-making, and emotional regulation, potentially increasing the likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. Additionally, poverty, violent pornography, cruelty to animals, bullying, and fire-setting can all contribute to a disturbed upbringing and the development of violent tendencies.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can often result in a lower IQ and increased ADHD in the child. This is because alcohol crosses the placenta and can interfere with the development of the baby's brain and nervous system. It can cause a range of cognitive and behavioral problems, including lower intelligence and attention difficulties. Therefore, it is important for pregnant women to avoid alcohol to protect the health and well-being of their unborn child.

Neonatal refers to a baby that dies within the first 4 weeks of life.

Sequential research is the correct answer because it involves the combination of both longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods. In this type of research, data is collected from different groups of participants at multiple time points, allowing for the examination of both individual and group-level changes over time. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the research topic by capturing both the stability and the variability of phenomena.

The correct answer is 4%. This indicates that only a small percentage of mothers abuse alcohol during pregnancy. This is significant because alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to various negative effects on the developing fetus, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. It is important for expectant mothers to be aware of the risks associated with alcohol consumption and to avoid it altogether during pregnancy to ensure the health and well-being of their baby.

Smoking during pregnancy is known to increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. It can also lead to various complications such as low birth weight, developmental issues, and an increased chance of mental retardation in the baby. Smoking exposes the fetus to harmful chemicals and reduces the oxygen supply, which can have detrimental effects on the developing baby. Therefore, smoking is a significant risk factor during pregnancy that can lead to these adverse outcomes.

During Freud's Latency Stage, which occurs between the ages of 6 and 12, sexual energy goes underground. This means that sexual thoughts and desires are repressed and not actively expressed or experienced. However, there is no mention of sexual thoughts resurfacing during this stage, and the age range of 13+ is not relevant to the Latency Stage.

During Week 22 of pregnancy, it is possible for 14% of babies to survive outside of the womb. This suggests that the fetus has developed enough to have a chance of survival if born prematurely.

At 6 months, the baby's eyes are fully developed. This means that the baby's eyes have reached their full potential in terms of structure and function. By this stage, the baby should have developed the ability to focus, track objects, and perceive depth and colors. This is an important milestone in the baby's visual development, as it allows them to explore and interact with the world around them more effectively.

In Freud's Oral Stage, the mouth is considered the center of sexual energy. The result of this stage can lead to dependency or anger. The id, which represents basic instincts and desires, is present during this stage, while the ego, which represents rationality and control, develops towards the end of this period. This stage occurs during the ages of 0-2.

Pre-term births account for nearly 50% of neurological birth defects and more than 1/3 of infant deaths. This means that when babies are born prematurely, before completing the full term of pregnancy, they are at a higher risk of experiencing neurological birth defects and even death. This could be due to the fact that their organs and systems are not fully developed, making them more vulnerable to complications and health issues. Therefore, pre-term births have a significant impact on the occurrence of these conditions and mortality rates among infants.