ISTQB-all Chapters Exam4

Regression testing is a type of testing that is performed to ensure that changes or modifications made to a system do not have any unintended side effects on the existing functionality of the system. It is not limited to any specific level of testing and can be used at any stage of the testing process. White-box testing is not a prerequisite for regression testing, as it focuses on internal code structure and logic, whereas regression testing focuses on the overall system functionality. Therefore, the statement "Regression testing is intended to find side-effects after changes have been applied to the system under test" is the correct answer.

In a typical formal review, the roles of Reviewer, Author, and Moderator are commonly played. The Reviewer is responsible for evaluating and providing feedback on the work, while the Author is the creator of the work being reviewed. The Moderator facilitates the review process and ensures that it is conducted effectively. However, the role of a Business Analyst is not typically involved in a formal review. Business Analysts are usually involved in analyzing and improving business processes, requirements gathering, and solution design, rather than reviewing specific work.

The excerpt from the bug report provides developers with the information to isolate the failure by specifying the test file (TS0ITCO72.dat) that was used to recreate the failure. This information helps the developers to identify and understand the specific conditions or inputs that caused the failure, allowing them to focus their efforts on debugging and fixing the issue.

A debugging tool is a software tool that helps in analyzing and removing the cause of failure in a program or system. It allows developers to identify and fix bugs or errors in the code by providing features like breakpoints, step-by-step execution, and variable inspection. Debugging tools are commonly used during the development and testing phase to ensure the reliability and functionality of the software. They are specifically designed to assist in the troubleshooting process and help in identifying and resolving issues that may lead to failures.

Error guessing is a test design technique that relies on the tester's experience to anticipate potential defects in the system or component under test. The tester uses their knowledge of common errors and mistakes made during development to design tests that specifically target and expose these defects. This technique is based on the assumption that experienced testers can accurately predict where errors are likely to occur and can design effective tests to uncover them. By intentionally trying to guess and expose potential defects, error guessing helps in identifying and addressing vulnerabilities in the system or component.

This statement is an example of testing contributing to higher quality because it shows that the tester has identified a bug during the testing process. By finding and reporting the bug, it can be resolved before the release, ensuring that the final product is of higher quality and free from known issues. This demonstrates the importance of testing in identifying and fixing problems, ultimately leading to a higher quality product.

The correct answer is 0.00,0.01,50.00,50.01. This set of gasoline purchase transactions covers the boundary values for the variable because it includes the minimum and maximum values for the gallons of gasoline dispensed (0.00 and 50.00) as well as values just below and above those boundaries (0.01 and 50.01). This ensures that all possible scenarios are covered, including the cancellation of the transaction before any gasoline is dispensed and the maximum amount of gasoline being dispensed.

Regression testing is the process of testing a previously tested program after it has been modified. This is done to ensure that the modifications or changes made to the program have not introduced any new defects or errors and that the program still functions correctly. It involves re-running the test cases that were previously executed to verify that the program still behaves as expected. By conducting regression testing, developers can identify and fix any issues that may have been introduced during the modification process, ensuring the overall quality and reliability of the software product.

Given that the software is considered low-risk and the tester has a good understanding of the system and its intended behavior, it is likely that the main test design technique would be experience-based. This means that the tester will rely on their own knowledge, expertise, and past experiences to identify potential issues and prioritize their testing efforts. This approach is suitable when there is limited time and resources available for testing and when the tester has a good understanding of the system.

The given answer states that all the factors mentioned (I, II, III, IV, and V) are important for the successful deployment of a test tool. This means that rolling out the tool incrementally, adapting and improving processes, providing training for new users, defining usage guidelines, and implementing continuous improvement are all crucial for the successful deployment of a test tool.

If the customer's most experienced users are running the acceptance test suite on delivery, and 15 of the acceptance tests have failed, there is a possibility that the customer may have a negative reaction to the bugs that affect those tests. This could lead to contractual problems with acceptance and final payment, as the successful completion of these tests is a condition for the customer's acceptance of the software and final payment. Therefore, it would be reasonable to be concerned about the failed tests and their potential impact on the project.

The correct answer is that all of this information belongs in an incident report. According to the IEEE 829 standard, an incident report should include inputs provided, actual results observed, expected results under these conditions, environment used, and the reproducibility of behavior. Therefore, all the given pieces of information are relevant and should be included in the incident report.

Data-driven automated test scripting is a technique where test input and expected results are stored in a table or spreadsheet. This allows a single control script to execute all of the tests in the table, making the testing process more efficient and automated. By organizing the test data and expected results in a structured format, it becomes easier to manage and execute multiple tests with minimal effort.

The test manager's directive to vary the specific way in which the test is run aligns with the testing principle of the pesticide paradox. The pesticide paradox states that if the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the tests become ineffective at finding new bugs. By varying the way the test is run, such as the order of actions, input values, and interaction methods, the test manager aims to overcome the pesticide paradox and increase the chances of finding new bugs that may have been missed in previous runs of the test.

The correct answer is i, ii, iii, and iv are correct. Static analysis tools are able to detect a variety of defects in code, including variables that are never used, security vulnerabilities, programming standard violations, and uncalled functions and procedures. Therefore, all of the options provided are correct.

The minimum number of tests needed is 3. This is because there are three questions that need to be asked: "What type of ticket do you require, single or return?", "What rate, Standard or Cheap-day?", and "What type of ticket do you require, single or return?". Each question has two possible answers, so the minimum number of tests needed to cover all combinations and replies is 3.

The iterative lifecycle model is a development life cycle where a project is divided into multiple iterations. Each iteration involves the completion of a set of tasks, such as requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows for incremental development, where each iteration builds upon the previous one, allowing for feedback and adjustments to be made throughout the development process. This approach is beneficial when requirements are not fully understood at the beginning or when there is a need for frequent changes and improvements.

Test script A depends on test script B, which means that test script A cannot be executed until test script B has been successfully executed. Additionally, test script C blocks the execution of test script A, indicating that test script A cannot be executed until test script C is no longer blocking it. Therefore, the correct flow of execution would be to first execute test script B, followed by test script C, and finally test script A.

A stub is a skeletal or special-purpose implementation of a software component that is used to develop or test a component that calls or is dependent on it. It acts as a placeholder for the actual component and allows for testing and development to proceed without the need for the complete and fully functional component. Stubs are used to simulate the behavior of the actual component and can be used to test different scenarios and interactions.

The situation illustrates the contribution of testing to higher quality. By extending the test execution period, the project team acknowledges the importance of testing in finding and fixing bugs. This decision shows that the team recognizes that thorough testing can lead to a higher quality product by identifying and resolving issues before they impact the end-users.

The correct answer is i-d, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b. In the software development life cycle, the high-level design stage corresponds to integration tests, as it involves testing the integration of different components or modules. The system requirements stage corresponds to system tests, as it involves testing the entire system as a whole. The low-level design stage corresponds to unit tests, as it involves testing individual units or components. The business requirements stage corresponds to acceptance tests, as it involves testing whether the system meets the business requirements.

The document provided by the business analyst describes the most common user scenarios. This suggests that the document contains specific requirements and specifications for the e-learning application. Therefore, you would use this document to create specification-based tests, which are designed to verify that the application meets the specified requirements and performs as expected in various scenarios.

The tester's decision to investigate the unusual network access, even though it was not specified in the test, demonstrates their curious mindset. They are curious about why the application is accessing the network when it shouldn't be and want to investigate further to understand the cause behind it. This shows their proactive approach to testing and their desire to uncover potential issues or anomalies that may impact the application's performance or functionality.

The benefit of static techniques that is likely to convince management to use them is reduced testing cost and time. By using static techniques such as reviews and inspections, potential defects and issues can be identified and resolved early in the development process. This helps in reducing the amount of time and effort required for testing, as well as the associated costs. By catching and fixing defects early, the project is more likely to stay on schedule and meet the planned delivery date, thus avoiding any financial penalties for the employer.

Configuration management supports testing by uniquely identifying the tested item. This means that configuration management keeps track of the specific version or configuration of the software or system that is being tested. By identifying the tested item, configuration management allows testers to accurately reproduce and analyze the results of the testing process. This is important for debugging, troubleshooting, and ensuring that any defects or issues found during testing can be properly addressed and resolved.

The excerpt does not conform to best practices in terms of tester/developer communications because it includes negative and unprofessional language towards the developers. It is important for testers and developers to maintain a respectful and collaborative communication to effectively address and resolve issues.

As a test manager on a large project, anticipating a large number of defects in the system, incident management tool support would be helpful. Incident management tools assist in effectively capturing, tracking, and resolving defects or issues that arise during testing. These tools provide a centralized platform for managing and prioritizing incidents, assigning them to the appropriate team members, and tracking their progress until resolution. By using an incident management tool, the test manager can ensure that all defects are properly documented, addressed in a timely manner, and have clear visibility throughout the testing process.

This answer is the best incident report because it clearly states the discrepancy between the displayed result and the expected result according to the requirements document. It also mentions the specific section of the requirements document (V2.5, chapter 5.1) that outlines the expected result. Additionally, it acknowledges that the displayed value has been incorrect in previous releases but not in the same manner as it is currently.

Heuristic test strategy is the only one that is inherently reactive. The other test strategies mentioned (analytical, model-based, methodical, and standard-compliant) are not inherently reactive.

The given answer suggests that during the analysis portion of the test process, the concern about possible slow response to customer requests indicates a product risk that should be considered for testing. This means that there is a potential issue with the product's performance under ordinary load, which needs to be evaluated and addressed during the testing phase to ensure that it meets the required performance standards.

The correct answer is I, III, IV and V are common test objectives. This is because the objectives of testing include preventing defects, gaining confidence in the system, providing information, and finding defects. Removing defects is not necessarily a common test objective as it may not always be possible to remove all defects.

The state transition table will have 8 rows because there are two initial states (not running and running) and two events/conditions (on signal and off signal) for each state. Therefore, 2 x 2 = 4 rows for the initial states and events/conditions. Additionally, there are two resulting states (succeed and fail for the on signal, safe and unsafe for the off signal), resulting in a total of 4 x 2 = 8 rows in the table.

The given set of input values (0.2, 0.9, 29.5) covers the equivalence partitions for the units field in the e-commerce system. The smallest valid order amount is 0.5 units, so the input value of 0.2 falls within this range. The precision of the units field is 0.1 units, so the input value of 0.9 is within the allowed precision. The largest valid order amount is 25.0 units, so the input value of 29.5 exceeds this limit. Therefore, the set of input values (0.2, 0.9, 29.5) covers the different equivalence partitions for the units field.

The drawback of independent testing illustrated by this manager's comment is that the test team is seen as responsible for the delays. This implies that the manager perceives the independent test team as the cause of the delay in releasing the software. This suggests that there may be a lack of understanding or communication between the independent test team and the rest of the project team, leading to a perception of isolation and potential finger-pointing. It highlights the need for better collaboration and alignment between the test team and the rest of the project team to avoid such misconceptions.

The decision table has three conditions: "Balance exceeded," "Credit limit okay," and "Caution." Each condition has two possible values: "yes" or "no." The action column has three possible actions: "Honor check," "Return check," and "Send notice." To cover all the combinations of conditions and actions, we need to design tests for each possible combination. There are three conditions, each with two possible values, resulting in 2^3 = 8 possible combinations. However, one of the combinations ("yes, yes, yes") is not included in the decision table, so we only need to design tests for the remaining 7 combinations. Therefore, the correct answer is 3.

The test case 100.0, 5.0, 0.42 covers the positive branch of the if statement in the interest function, where avg_balance is greater than 0.0. This ensures that the calculation of monthly interest is performed.

The test case -50.0, 1.25, 0.0 covers the negative branch of the if statement, where avg_balance is less than or equal to 0.0. This ensures that the calculation of monthly interest is not performed and the function returns 0.0 as expected.

By including both positive and negative test cases, we cover all possible branches of the if statement in the interest function, achieving 100% decision coverage.

The test case specification and the test procedure specification have different contents. The test case specification specifies the sequence of actions for the execution of a test, while the test procedure specification is used only for automated test execution. Therefore, the correct answer is that the test case specification specifies the sequence of actions for the execution of a test.

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The correct answer is II, III and IV Only. The syllabus explicitly mentions that test design based on use cases can be beneficial for Integration test, System test, and Acceptance test. Component test is not mentioned as benefiting from use case-based test design.

The statement "II is useful for IV during V; I is useful for III during VI" is true. This means that the Use case document (II) is helpful for conducting Structural testing (IV) during Integration testing (V). Additionally, the System architecture design document (I) is useful for conducting Functional testing (III) during Acceptance testing (VI).