Microbial Pathology: Hardest Trivia Quiz On Microorganisms!

In addition to an increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), acid phosphatase might also be elevated in a patient with prostate cancer. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme that is normally found in high levels in the prostate gland. However, in the presence of prostate cancer, the cancer cells can release this enzyme into the bloodstream, leading to elevated levels. Therefore, measuring acid phosphatase levels can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring prostate cancer.

Coagulative necrosis - MI
liquafactive necrosis - brain abcess and pancreatitis

The correct answer is Anti DNA and Anti Sm. These antibodies are commonly associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. Anti DNA antibodies target the body's own DNA, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Anti Sm antibodies target a protein called Smith antigen, which is involved in the processing of RNA. These antibodies are often used in the diagnosis and monitoring of SLE, as their presence indicates the presence of the disease.

Major opsins are proteins found in the retina of the eye that are responsible for capturing light and initiating the process of vision. IgG is an immunoglobulin that plays a crucial role in the immune response by binding to pathogens and promoting their destruction. C3b is a component of the complement system, which is involved in the immune response and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer includes IgG and C3b as major opsins are not related to the other options listed (IgM, IgA, C5a, C3a).

Presence of monocytes and macrophages marks the transition from acute to chronic inflammation

Histamine is the primary mediator of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. Histamine is released by mast cells and basophils in response to allergens, and it triggers a cascade of immune and inflammatory responses. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to a drop in blood pressure and increased permeability of blood vessels, which can result in swelling and hives. It also stimulates the production of mucus and causes bronchoconstriction, leading to difficulty in breathing. Overall, histamine plays a crucial role in the development and progression of anaphylaxis.

During the log phase of bacterial growth, the bacteria are actively dividing and multiplying at their maximum rate. This is the phase when the bacteria are most vulnerable and susceptible to the action of bactericidal agents. Bactericidal agents work by killing the bacteria, and they are most effective during the log phase when the bacteria are actively replicating. In the lag phase, the bacteria are adapting to their environment and not actively dividing. In the stationary phase, the growth rate of the bacteria slows down, and in the death phase, the bacteria are dying.

Legionnaires pneumophila is mainly found in the air conditioner environment. This bacterium is known to thrive and multiply in water systems such as cooling towers, hot water tanks, and plumbing systems of large buildings. When the contaminated water droplets are released into the air through the air conditioning system, individuals can inhale them and become infected with Legionnaires' disease. Therefore, the air conditioner environment is a common source of Legionnaires pneumophila.

Regeneration refers to the ability of cells to undergo cell division and replace damaged or lost cells. Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and neurons have limited regenerative abilities, meaning they have a limited capacity to regenerate and replace damaged cells. In contrast, the liver, bone, and cartilages have a higher regenerative capacity and can undergo regeneration to a certain extent.

IgG is the most abundant immunoglobin and is capable of crossing the placenta. IgG is produced in large quantities during a secondary immune response and provides long-term immunity against pathogens. It plays a crucial role in protecting the fetus during pregnancy by transferring maternal antibodies to the developing baby through the placenta. This transfer of IgG antibodies provides passive immunity to the newborn, helping to protect them against infections until their own immune system develops fully.

Bacillus anthracis produces the toxins protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). These toxins are responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacterium and the symptoms associated with anthrax infection. PA binds to host cells, allowing EF and LF to enter and cause damage. EF increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, leading to edema and tissue damage, while LF cleaves host proteins involved in immune response, leading to cell death. These toxins contribute to the virulence of Bacillus anthracis and its ability to cause severe disease.

Rotavirus is the correct answer because it is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Rotavirus is highly contagious and spreads through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It primarily affects infants and young children, causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. Vaccination against rotavirus has been effective in reducing the incidence and severity of gastroenteritis in children.

Achondroplasia ( dwarfism )

Rhinovirus is not a latent virus *****

The most common bacteria vaccine given in the US is DTP, which stands for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. This vaccine is commonly administered to protect against these three bacterial infections.

Langerhans cells are major dendritic cells of the gingival epithelium. These cells are a type of antigen-presenting cell that play a crucial role in the immune response by capturing antigens and presenting them to T cells. Langerhans cells are found in the skin and mucosal tissues, including the gingiva. They are responsible for initiating immune responses against pathogens that enter the oral cavity, helping to protect the gingival tissues from infection and inflammation.

Dengue fever is caused by a group of viruses known as arboviruses. Arboviruses are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes species. These viruses replicate in the mosquito's salivary glands and are then transmitted to humans when the mosquito bites and feeds on their blood. The most common arbovirus causing dengue fever is the dengue virus itself, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Other arboviruses that can cause dengue-like symptoms include Zika virus and chikungunya virus.

Ashoff bodies are characteristic pathological findings in rheumatic fever. These are focal areas of inflammation in the heart, specifically in the myocardium and endocardium. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop after an infection with group A Streptococcus bacteria. It primarily affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and goiter are not associated with the presence of Ashoff bodies.

Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased bone density, also known as "marble bone disease." This condition is caused by a malfunction in the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing old bone tissue, leading to the accumulation of dense and brittle bones. Therefore, a decrease in bone density is not a feature of osteopetrosis, making it the exception among the given options.

Retroviruses are the only known group of RNA viruses that have a diploid genome. Unlike other viruses, retroviruses possess two copies of their RNA genome, which allows for greater genetic diversity and adaptability. This unique characteristic of retroviruses is due to the reverse transcription process they undergo, where their RNA genome is converted into DNA and integrated into the host cell's genome. This integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome is what distinguishes retroviruses from other viruses and makes them diploid.

Aspergillus fumigatus - Fungal ball

Reovirus is the only double-stranded RNA virus. Double-stranded RNA viruses have their genetic material in the form of double-stranded RNA, which is different from other types of viruses that have either single-stranded RNA or DNA as their genetic material. Reovirus is a non-enveloped virus that infects mammals, including humans, and can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Its unique double-stranded RNA structure allows it to replicate and transcribe its genetic material efficiently within the host cell.

Edward syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. This condition is characterized by a variety of physical abnormalities and developmental delays. Babies born with Edward syndrome often have low birth weight, heart defects, clenched fists, and overlapping fingers. They may also experience intellectual disability and have a shortened lifespan. The correct answer, Edward syndrome, refers to this specific genetic disorder and is synonymous with Trisomy 18.

Miliary TB is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by the presence of numerous tiny lesions in various organs, resembling millet seeds. These lesions are caused by the spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria through the bloodstream. Miliary TB can affect multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and brain. It can present with symptoms such as fever, weight loss, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, which reveal the characteristic millet seed-like lesions. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics for an extended period to eradicate the infection.

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Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in white children. It is a hereditary condition that affects the lungs and digestive system, causing thick, sticky mucus to build up in these areas. This mucus can clog the airways and lead to frequent lung infections and difficulty breathing. In the digestive system, it can interfere with the body's ability to absorb nutrients from food. Although cystic fibrosis is not curable, medical advancements have improved the quality of life and life expectancy for those affected.

Cystic fibrosis - causes - deletion causing loss of phenylaline at position 508 in the CFTR gene
Von Hoppel-Lindau disease - Chromosome 3
Marfans syndrome- Fibrilin gene mutation

Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis. It is a type of fungus that can be found in soil and bird droppings. When inhaled, it can enter the body and cause an infection in the central nervous system, leading to meningitis. Cryptococcus meningitis is more commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It is important to diagnose and treat this condition promptly, as it can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease that primarily affects animals but can also be transmitted to humans. It is a highly infectious bacterium that is resistant to environmental conditions, allowing it to survive outside of a host for a long time. Q fever is commonly transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from infected animals or their products. The symptoms of Q fever can vary from flu-like symptoms to severe pneumonia or hepatitis. Therefore, Coxiella burnetii is the correct answer for the causative agent of Q fever.

A retrovirus is a type of virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows it to convert its RNA genome into DNA once it infects a host cell. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, allowing the virus to replicate and persist within the host. Retroviruses are known for their ability to cause chronic infections and can lead to diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Therefore, the presence of reverse transcriptase is a characteristic feature of retroviruses.

Infective endocarditis is the correct answer because Janeway lesions are small, painless, red or purple spots that appear on the palms or soles of the feet. These lesions are caused by microemboli, which are small blood clots that travel through the bloodstream and get lodged in the capillaries. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, including the heart valves, and it can lead to the formation of these microemboli and subsequent Janeway lesions. Myocarditis, Scarlet fever, Toxic shock syndrome, and Subacute endocarditis do not typically present with Janeway lesions.

IgM and IgG are the only antibodies that can activate the complement system. The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps in the destruction of pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response, and it can activate the complement system by binding to antigens on the surface of pathogens. IgG, on the other hand, is the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream and can also activate the complement system by binding to antigens. Together, IgM and IgG play a crucial role in the activation of the complement system and the elimination of pathogens.

Exertional dyspnea and proximal nocturnal dyspnea are the initial and most common signs of heart failure. Exertional dyspnea refers to shortness of breath that occurs during physical activity or exertion, while proximal nocturnal dyspnea is shortness of breath that wakes a person up from sleep. These symptoms are indicative of fluid accumulation in the lungs, which is a characteristic feature of heart failure. The other options listed, such as fatigue, weakness, swelling of the abdomen, reduced ability to exercise, and sudden weight gain, are also associated with heart failure, but exertional dyspnea and proximal nocturnal dyspnea are typically the earliest signs to appear.

Edward syndrome 18 trisomy
Patau syndrome 12 trisomy
Klinefelter syndrome XXY
Turner syndrome XO

Osteitis deformans is another name for Paget's disease. This condition is a chronic bone disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and remodeling. It typically affects older adults and can lead to weakened and deformed bones, causing pain, fractures, and other complications. The disease is named after Sir James Paget, a British surgeon who first described it in the 19th century.

A hapten is a small molecule that cannot elicit an immune response on its own. It needs to bind to a larger carrier molecule in order to be recognized by the immune system and trigger an immune response. Haptens are typically too small to be recognized by immune cells directly, but when they bind to a carrier molecule, they form a complex that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system. This recognition leads to the activation of immune cells and the production of antibodies against the hapten-carrier complex.

Retrovirus - HIV and HTLV
orthomyxovirus - Influenza virus
Paramyxovirus -measles , mumps, RSV , parainfluenza
Togavirus - rubella virus
Rhabdovirus - rabies virus

Right sided CHF, or right-sided congestive heart failure, occurs when the right side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to fluid accumulation in the body, particularly in the peripheral areas such as the legs, ankles, and feet. This type of edema is known as peripheral edema. It is caused by increased pressure in the veins and capillaries, which forces fluid out into the surrounding tissues. Peripheral edema is a common symptom of right-sided CHF and can cause swelling, discomfort, and difficulty moving.

Pott's disease is a form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects the vertebral body. It is characterized by the infection of the spine, usually resulting from the spread of TB bacteria from other parts of the body. Pott's disease can lead to severe back pain, spinal deformities, and neurological complications if left untreated. Therefore, Pott's disease is the correct answer in this case as it specifically relates to TB involving the vertebral body.

Achalasia is a disorder that affects the esophagus and causes difficulty in swallowing. It occurs when the muscles of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) do not relax properly, leading to the narrowing of the esophagus and the accumulation of food and liquid. This can result in a bird beak appearance on a barium swallow, which is a radiographic test used to evaluate the swallowing function. The narrowing of the esophagus resembles the shape of a bird's beak, hence the term.

Primary
- Quantitative - Thrombocytopenia , DIC , ITP , TTP
- Qualitative - Aspirin use, Von willebrand's disease , bernard soulier syndrome
Secondary - Hemophillia , vit K def , anticoagulant
BOTH - Von willebrand's disease , DIC

The correct answer is Candida Albicans. Candida Albicans is a yeast, not a dimorphic fungus. Dimorphic fungi are capable of existing in both a yeast-like form and a filamentous form, depending on the environmental conditions. Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis are all examples of dimorphic fungi.

Coccidioides immits - inhalation of arthrospores

Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
T cell def
Cleft palate
hypoglycemia
microdeletion of 22q11

Griseofulvin is the drug of choice for Dermatophytosis because it is a fungistatic medication that inhibits the growth of fungi responsible for causing dermatophytosis. It works by binding to the microtubules in the fungal cells, disrupting their mitotic spindle formation and preventing fungal cell division. Griseofulvin is effective against a wide range of dermatophytes and is commonly used to treat fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It is well-absorbed orally and has a long half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing. Other antifungal medications like itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B, and fluconazole may also be used in certain cases, but griseofulvin is the preferred choice.

Fungal infection leads to superficial skin disease- trichophyton

Tetany - calcium def (6 % ca ) -- normal (10%)

Rhinovirus and Poliovirus are the correct answers because they are both non-enveloped RNA viruses that do not have a latent phase. Unlike other viruses such as HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus), EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus), and CMV (Cytomegalovirus), which can establish latent infections in the host and remain dormant for extended periods of time, Rhinovirus and Poliovirus do not possess this ability. They primarily cause acute infections and do not persist in the body after the immune response clears the infection.

Left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the left side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. This leads to a backup of blood in the lungs, causing fluid to leak into the lung tissue. This accumulation of fluid in the lungs is known as pulmonary edema. Symptoms of pulmonary edema include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Therefore, the correct answer is "Pulmonary" as left-sided CHF results in pulmonary edema.

Most abundunt - Neutrophills
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Wiskott-aldrich - thrombocytopenia , eczema , recurrent infection , lymphoid cancer
Hyperimmunoglobin E syndrome ( also known as JOB syndrome )

Ribavarin is the correct answer for the question about RSV treatment. Ribavarin is an antiviral medication that is commonly used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. It works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, thereby reducing the severity and duration of the illness. Ribavarin is typically administered through inhalation or oral routes, depending on the age and condition of the patient. It is an effective treatment option for RSV infections, especially in high-risk individuals such as infants, young children, and those with compromised immune systems.

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a common cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension. COPD is characterized by the narrowing of the airways and damage to the lungs, leading to decreased lung function and impaired oxygen exchange. This can result in increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to pulmonary hypertension. The chronic inflammation and structural changes in the lungs seen in COPD contribute to the development of this condition.

Hepadeno virus - reverse transcriptase

Mucormycosis - charaterized by hyphae grwoing in around vessels ******
Cryptococcus cause - respiratory infection, MENINGITIS, pneumonia
Aspergillus fumigatus - Fungal ball

Echovirus - aseptic meningitis
Rhinovirus - common cold
Coxsackie B virus - oleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis

Picornavirus- Hep A
Flavivirus - hep C
Delta virus - hep D

Barrett's esophagus is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged by stomach acid and is replaced by abnormal cells similar to those found in the intestine. This condition increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to manage Barrett's esophagus and prevent further complications.

Endotoxin (LPS) is a virulence factor of Neisseria meningitidis. LPS, or lipopolysaccharide, is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, including N. meningitidis. It plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of meningococcal infections by activating the host immune system, causing inflammation and tissue damage. LPS can also induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of sepsis, a life-threatening condition associated with meningococcal meningitis. Therefore, the presence of endotoxin (LPS) in N. meningitidis contributes to its virulence and pathogenicity.

Cardiac tamponade is the most common complication of pericarditis. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. When inflammation occurs, fluid can accumulate in the pericardial space, leading to increased pressure on the heart. This increased pressure can compress the heart chambers and restrict their ability to fill with blood. As a result, cardiac tamponade can cause a decrease in cardiac output, leading to symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and shortness of breath. It is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the presence of a gastrin-secreting tumor in the pancreas, known as a gastrinoma. This tumor leads to excessive production of gastric acid, resulting in peptic ulcers. Therefore, peptic ulcer and increased gastric secretion are both features of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, kidney stones are not associated with this syndrome. Therefore, the correct answer is kidney stone.

Klinefelter syndrome - Men , Puberty , Hypogonadism , atrophic testes , tall stature, low IQ
Turner syndrome - XO - female, hypogonadism, short stature, primary amenorrhea

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by a bacterium and can be transmitted through sexual contact. Chlamydia infections are often asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not show any symptoms, which can lead to the spread of the infection. If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to get tested regularly and practice safe sex to prevent the transmission of this disease.

Fat embolism occurs in long bone fractures because when a long bone is fractured, the fat from the bone marrow can leak into the bloodstream. This fat can then travel to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, brain, or heart, and cause blockages in the blood vessels. This can lead to serious complications, such as respiratory distress, confusion, or even organ failure. Therefore, long bone fractures are a known risk factor for fat embolism.

Gas embolism occurs in Caisson's disease. Caisson's disease, also known as decompression sickness, is a condition that can occur when a person ascends too quickly from a high-pressure environment, such as deep-sea diving or working in a pressurized environment like a caisson. The rapid decrease in pressure causes dissolved gases, such as nitrogen, to form bubbles in the bloodstream. These bubbles can then block blood vessels, leading to various symptoms including joint pain, dizziness, and even paralysis or death in severe cases.

Leiomyoma - smooth muscle - uterus , most common pelvic tumor , benign
Nueroblastoma - most common tumor in children
Rhabdomyosarcoma - skeletal muscle/striated muscle tumor
Teratoma - ovary , testes
Prostate cancer - mostly in men

The cherry red discoloration of the skin, mucosa, and tissue is a characteristic symptom of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. When CO is inhaled, it binds to hemoglobin in the blood, preventing oxygen from being carried effectively to the body's tissues. This lack of oxygen causes the skin and mucous membranes to appear cherry red. CO poisoning can be caused by inhaling exhaust fumes, faulty heating systems, or fires. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Renal disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by controlling the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. When the kidneys are affected by a disease or condition, such as chronic kidney disease or renal artery stenosis, they may not be able to effectively regulate blood pressure, leading to hypertension. Additionally, certain renal conditions, like polycystic kidney disease or glomerulonephritis, can directly cause high blood pressure. Therefore, renal disease is a common underlying factor in the development of secondary hypertension.

Hypopigmentation refers to a loss of pigment in the skin, resulting in lighter patches or spots. Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a complete absence of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks and destroys melanocytes, leading to depigmented patches on the skin. Freckles, lentigo, and pigmented nevi are not associated with hypopigmentation as they involve an increased production or accumulation of melanin, resulting in darker spots or patches on the skin.

Epinephrine- chronic ashtmatic attack

HPV ( Warts )
retrovirus ( HTLV - adult T-cell leukemia )
adenovirus ( pharyngitis, conjuctivitis )

Ketone in urine - Uncontrolled DM, starvation, alcohol intoxication )
protein in urine - kidney disease

Smoking - centri-lobular emphysema

Emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, resulting in the enlargement of the air spaces and loss of lung elasticity. This leads to a barrel-shaped chest on X-ray due to the increased lung volume. The other options, chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, and COPD, may also present with certain changes on X-ray, but the specific finding of a barrel chest is most commonly associated with emphysema.

The correct answer is "All of them" because sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Enlarged hilar lymph nodes are a common finding in sarcoidosis, often seen on chest imaging. Uveitis, inflammation of the uvea (middle layer of the eye), can occur in sarcoidosis and cause symptoms such as eye redness and pain. Polyarthritis, inflammation of multiple joints, can also be seen in sarcoidosis. Hypercalcemia, an elevated level of calcium in the blood, can occur due to increased production of vitamin D by sarcoid granulomas. Therefore, all of these findings can be seen in sarcoidosis.

All of the mentioned treatment options, including myotomy, Botox injection, pneumatic dilation, and Ca channel blocker, are used for the treatment of achalasia. Achalasia is a condition characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, leading to difficulty in swallowing. Myotomy involves surgically cutting the muscle fibers of the lower esophageal sphincter to relieve the obstruction. Botox injection temporarily paralyzes the sphincter muscles, allowing easier passage of food. Pneumatic dilation involves stretching the sphincter using a balloon. Ca channel blockers relax the smooth muscles of the esophagus. All of these treatments aim to improve the symptoms and restore normal swallowing function in patients with achalasia.

The given answer lists the causes of peptic ulcers as NSAID use, hypersecretion, H. pylori infection, and cigarette smoking. Peptic ulcers can be caused by the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can irritate the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Hypersecretion refers to the excessive production of stomach acid, which can lead to the erosion of the stomach lining. H. pylori is a type of bacteria that can infect the stomach and cause inflammation, leading to the development of ulcers. Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of peptic ulcers by interfering with the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining.

Osteitis fibrsa cystica ( von recklinghausan disease )
Osteomalacia - vit D def in adult ,
Vit D def in children - Rickets

Monckerberg medial sclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by calcific deposits in the muscular arteries. It typically occurs in individuals older than 50 years of age. This condition is different from atherosclerosis, which involves the formation of plaques in the arterial walls. Monckerberg medial sclerosis specifically refers to calcification in the middle layer of the arterial wall, known as the media. This condition does not cause significant narrowing or blockage of the arteries, but it can lead to stiffness and reduced elasticity of the arteries.

Macrocytic - iron def and thalasemia
Normocytic - aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disaese, acute and chronic blood lose

Beta thalassemia major is also known as Mediterranean anemia or Cooley anemia. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Beta thalassemia major is the most severe form of beta thalassemia, characterized by a complete absence or severe reduction in the production of beta-globin chains, leading to a significant decrease in hemoglobin production. This results in severe anemia and requires lifelong blood transfusions and medical management.

Burkitt's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that commonly involves abdominal organs and is closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This cancer primarily affects the B-cells of the immune system and is characterized by rapidly growing tumors. The close link to EBV suggests that the virus may play a role in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma. The other options, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma, may involve abdominal organs to some extent, but they are not specifically associated with EBV like Burkitt's lymphoma.

Rickets is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to weak and soft bones. It is characterized by various symptoms such as craniobates in the skull, rachitic rosary (enlargement of the costochondral junctions), and Harrison groove (a horizontal groove in the lower chest wall). However, the eruption of teeth at an earlier age is not a feature of rickets. This suggests that the other options are all associated with rickets, while the eruption of teeth at an earlier age is not related to this condition.

Colorectal adenocarcinoma mostly occurs in the sigmoid colon. This is because the sigmoid colon is the most common site for the development of adenocarcinoma in the colorectal region. Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the glandular cells lining the colon. While adenocarcinoma can occur in other parts of the colon, such as the ascending or descending colon, the sigmoid colon is the most frequently affected site.

actinomyces - sulfur granules

Cafe au lait spots are pigmented birthmarks that appear as light brown patches on the skin. They are commonly associated with neurofibromatosis, a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form on nerve tissue. Cafe au lait spots are also seen in McCune-Albright syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects the bones, skin, and endocrine system. They can also be present in Fanconi's anemia, a rare blood disorder, and Tuberous sclerosis, a genetic condition that causes benign tumors to develop in various organs.

The correct answer is Tb, Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae), Cat-scratch disease, Sarcoidosis, Syphilis, Crohn's disease. These diseases are all characterized by granulomatous inflammation, which is a specific type of inflammation that occurs when the immune system attempts to isolate and contain foreign substances or pathogens. In granulomatous inflammation, immune cells called macrophages form clusters called granulomas around the foreign material. Each of the diseases listed is known to cause granulomatous inflammation in different parts of the body, leading to specific clinical manifestations and symptoms.

Atelectasis refers to the collapse or closure of a lung or a part of it, leading to incomplete expansion of the air sacs. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of the airways, compression of the lung tissue, or weak breathing. Unlike asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and CO2 poisoning, which are primarily characterized by inflammation, obstruction, or damage to the airways, atelectasis specifically refers to the collapse of the lung tissue.

Cardiac patients should be in an upright position. This is because an upright position helps to improve blood circulation and oxygenation to the body. It reduces the workload on the heart and allows for better breathing. In an upright position, the heart does not have to work against gravity, making it easier for the heart to pump blood. This position also helps to prevent pooling of blood in the lower extremities and reduces the risk of complications such as blood clots.

The greatest occupational health care worker risk for bloodborne infection is Hep B. This is because Hepatitis B is highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or other body fluids. Healthcare workers are at a higher risk due to their frequent exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials. Hepatitis B can cause chronic liver disease and increase the risk of liver cancer, making it a significant concern for healthcare professionals.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs. Non-caseating granuloma formation is a characteristic feature of sarcoidosis, where immune cells gather together to form small nodules. Schaumann bodies and asteroid bodies are specific types of inclusions that can be seen within these granulomas under a microscope. Silicosis, TB, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis do not typically exhibit these specific histological findings, making sarcoidosis the most likely diagnosis in this case.

Streptococcus Viridans is the correct answer because it is a common causative agent of subacute endocarditis. This bacterium is part of the normal flora of the mouth and can enter the bloodstream during dental procedures or even while brushing teeth. Once in the bloodstream, it can adhere to damaged heart valves and cause an infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae can also cause endocarditis, but it is more commonly associated with acute endocarditis. Streptococcus mutans is primarily associated with dental caries, and Staphylococcus aureus is more commonly associated with acute endocarditis.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is caused by mutations in a gene that encodes for a protein called tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase gene result in a deficiency or absence of B cells, leading to a weakened immune response and an increased susceptibility to infections.

Carcinoid tumor- most common neoplasm of appendix

Myasthenia gravis - Autoantibodies to postsynaptic Acetyl choline receptors
Sickle cell anemia - non healing leg ulcers, abdominal chest pain, asplenic
Osteogenic imperfecta - mutation in type 1 collagen

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to increased production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This excessive PTH secretion causes an increase in serum calcium levels, as PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones and enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Additionally, primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with decreased serum phosphorus levels, as PTH inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphorus. Therefore, the laboratory findings of primary hyperparathyroidism typically include increased calcium levels, increased serum PTH levels, and decreased serum phosphorus levels.

Transition mutation - Purine replaced by purine
nonsense mutation- stop codon
missence mutation - Sickle cell anemia

Decrease blood pressure and Angiotensin II - stimulate ADH secretion

Bronchopenumonia caused by ( staph. aureus, H.inf, Klebsiella, Strep pyogen)
Interstitional penumonia - RSV , adenovirus, mycoplasma, legionella

Alcoholism is a common cause of lung abscess because excessive alcohol consumption weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Staphylococcus is also a common cause as it is a bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract and can cause lung abscess when it enters the lungs. Therefore, individuals who are alcoholics and infected with Staphylococcus are at a higher risk of developing a lung abscess.

Beck's triad is a set of three classic signs associated with cardiac tamponade, a condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and compresses the heart. The three signs are hypotension (decrease in blood pressure), distension of the jugular veins, and muffled heart sounds. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increase BP" because it is not a part of Beck's triad.