Path 3610: Principles Of Disease Quiz! Test

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  • 1/114 Questions

    The similarity between donor and recipient with regard to histocompatibility antigens is a major determinant of the success of tissue and organ transplants.

    • True
    • False
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About This Quiz

The PATH 3610: Principles of Disease Quiz assesses knowledge on the mechanisms of inflammation, focusing on processes like vascular permeability, neutrophil activity, and the role of fibrinogen. It is ideal for students preparing for medical exams, enhancing understanding of disease pathology.

Path 3610: Principles Of Disease Quiz! Test - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Persistence of an antigen or injurious stimulus will cause chronic inflammation to develop

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Chronic inflammation develops when an antigen or injurious stimulus persists in the body. Unlike acute inflammation which is a short-term response to injury or infection, chronic inflammation is a prolonged and continuous immune response. This can occur when the immune system is unable to completely eliminate the antigen or when the stimulus continues to cause damage. Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the statement "Persistence of an antigen or injurious stimulus will cause chronic inflammation to develop" is true.

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  • 3. 

    Many of the chemical mediators of inflammation also act as chemotactic signals to inflammatory cells.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Chemical mediators of inflammation are substances released by cells during an inflammatory response. These mediators not only initiate and regulate the inflammatory process but also attract inflammatory cells to the site of inflammation. This chemotactic effect helps recruit immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury or infection, enhancing the immune response. Therefore, it is true that many chemical mediators of inflammation also act as chemotactic signals to inflammatory cells.

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  • 4. 

    The process by which certain inflammatory cells ingest and destroy particulate matter is termed:

    • Opsonization

    • Phagocytosis

    • Exocytosis

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Phagocytosis
    Explanation
    Phagocytosis is the process by which certain inflammatory cells ingest and destroy particulate matter. During phagocytosis, the cells surround and engulf the foreign particles, forming a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, which contain enzymes that break down the ingested material. This process is important for the immune system to eliminate pathogens and other harmful substances from the body. Opsonization, on the other hand, refers to the coating of particles with molecules that enhance their recognition and uptake by phagocytic cells. Exocytosis is the reverse process, where vesicles release their contents outside the cell.

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  • 5. 

    Tuberculosis is characterized by:

    • Pulmonary hemorrhage

    • Pneumonia

    • Granulomatous inflammation in lungs or other tissues

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Granulomatous inflammation in lungs or other tissues
    Explanation
    Tuberculosis is a disease that is characterized by granulomatous inflammation in the lungs or other tissues. This means that the infection causes the formation of small, compact masses of immune cells called granulomas. These granulomas are a response to the presence of the tuberculosis bacteria and are formed in an attempt to contain the infection. They can be found in the lungs or in other tissues throughout the body. This characteristic inflammation is a key diagnostic feature of tuberculosis.

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  • 6. 

    The increased blood flow into inflamed tissues is termed:

    • Hyperemia

    • Congestion

    • Erythema

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperemia
    Explanation
    Hyperemia refers to the increased blood flow into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is a response to tissue injury or infection, and it is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Increased blood flow to the affected area brings in more immune cells and nutrients, helping to facilitate the healing process. This increased blood flow also contributes to the redness and warmth associated with inflammation. Therefore, hyperemia is the correct term to describe the increased blood flow into inflamed tissues.

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  • 7. 

    A surgical sponge (gauze) mistakenly left in the abdominal cavity during surgery would cause

    • Development of peritonitis

    • foreign body granuloma formation

    • Pyogranulomatous inflammation

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. foreign body granuloma formation
    Explanation
    A surgical sponge left in the abdominal cavity during surgery can lead to foreign body granuloma formation. When a foreign object, such as a surgical sponge, is left inside the body, the immune system responds by surrounding it with granulomatous inflammation. This is a protective mechanism to isolate and contain the foreign body. Over time, the body may form a granuloma, which is a mass of immune cells and fibrous tissue. This can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and infection. Peritonitis, on the other hand, refers to inflammation of the abdominal lining and may occur if the sponge causes an infection.

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  • 8. 

    The systemic fever response is a result of which of the following?

    • Pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center in the brain

    • A loss of vasomotor control due to bacteria toxins

    • Decreased heat loss from the body due to peripheral vasoconstriction

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center in the brain
  • 9. 

    Mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:

    • Serotonin

    • Histamine

    • Proteases

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Histamine
    Explanation
    Mast cells play a crucial role in inflammation because their granules release histamine. Histamine is a chemical mediator that causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to increased blood flow to the affected area. It also increases the permeability of blood vessels, allowing immune cells and other substances to enter the site of inflammation. Histamine also triggers the contraction of smooth muscles, contributing to symptoms such as bronchoconstriction and itching. Overall, the release of histamine by mast cells promotes the inflammatory response and helps to recruit immune cells to the site of injury or infection.

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  • 10. 

    The synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites is increased at inflammatory sites.

    • True

    • False

    • Option 3

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites refers to the production of various compounds derived from arachidonic acid, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These metabolites play a crucial role in inflammation, as they are involved in the regulation of immune responses and the promotion of inflammation. Therefore, it is true that the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites is increased at inflammatory sites.

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  • 11. 

    Sites of lymphocyte priming are the:

    • Spleen and tonsils

    • Peripheral lymph nodes

    • Thymus and bone marrow

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Thymus and bone marrow
    Explanation
    The thymus and bone marrow are the primary sites of lymphocyte priming. Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, undergo maturation and differentiation in these organs. The thymus is responsible for the development of T lymphocytes, while the bone marrow is involved in the production of B lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are then released into the bloodstream and travel to peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils, where they become fully activated and initiate immune responses against foreign substances.

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  • 12. 

    Leucocytes have specific receptors for opsonins (such as antibody, complement factors, and collectins), which causes phagocytosis to be

    • Enhanced

    • Nonspecific

    • Decreased

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Enhanced
    Explanation
    Leucocytes have specific receptors for opsonins, such as antibodies, complement factors, and collectins. These opsonins bind to pathogens and mark them for phagocytosis by the leucocytes. This enhances the process of phagocytosis, making it more efficient and effective in eliminating the pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is "enhanced".

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  • 13. 

    The defining characteristic of AIDS is:

    • Low white blood cell counts

    • Reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells

    • Increased incidence of opportunistic infections

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells
    Explanation
    The defining characteristic of AIDS is reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. In individuals with AIDS, the immune system becomes severely compromised, leading to a decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells. This decrease in CD4+ T cells makes the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections, which are infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system. Therefore, while low white blood cell counts and increased incidence of opportunistic infections are associated with AIDS, the reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells is the defining characteristic.

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  • 14. 

    In acute inflammation, leucocytes tend to 'stick' more to endothelial cells of the microvasculature.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    In acute inflammation, leucocytes tend to 'stick' more to endothelial cells of the microvasculature. This is because during inflammation, the endothelial cells of the blood vessels become activated and express adhesion molecules on their surface. These adhesion molecules allow the leucocytes to adhere to the endothelial cells and subsequently migrate out of the blood vessels and into the inflamed tissue. This sticking of leucocytes to endothelial cells is an important step in the inflammatory response, as it allows for the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation to help fight off any pathogens or repair any damaged tissue.

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  • 15. 

    Major sites of HIV infection and persistence are:

    • Both helper and cytotoxic T cells

    • CD8+ cells

    • CD4+ cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. CD4+ cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in lymph nodes
    Explanation
    HIV primarily infects and persists in CD4+ cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in lymph nodes. CD4+ cells are a type of T cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, while dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that activate the immune response. Lymph nodes are important sites for immune cell activation and interaction. Therefore, HIV infection and persistence in these cells and tissues contribute to the progression of the disease.

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  • 16. 

    Specificity and memory are characteristics of the:

    • Inflammatory response

    • Immune response

    • Innate defense mechanisms

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Immune response
    Explanation
    The immune response is characterized by specificity and memory. Specificity means that the immune system can recognize and target specific pathogens or foreign substances. Memory refers to the ability of the immune system to remember previous encounters with pathogens, allowing for a faster and more efficient response upon subsequent exposure. These characteristics are not typically associated with the inflammatory response or innate defense mechanisms.

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  • 17. 

    The fever associated with acute inflammation is a result of:

    • Mediators such as interleukin-1 and prostaglandins causing a 'resetting' of core temperature

    • Increased blood flow to peripheral tissues

    • Decreased peripheral blood flow leading to diminished heat loss

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Mediators such as interleukin-1 and prostaglandins causing a 'resetting' of core temperature
    Explanation
    Mediators such as interleukin-1 and prostaglandins cause a 'resetting' of core temperature, leading to fever in acute inflammation. These mediators act on the hypothalamus, the part of the brain responsible for regulating body temperature. They increase the set point for body temperature, causing the body to perceive a lower temperature as being too cold. As a result, the body responds by increasing its own temperature through mechanisms such as shivering and vasoconstriction. This leads to fever, which is a common symptom of acute inflammation.

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  • 18. 

    Following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction. This is a protective mechanism that helps to minimize bleeding and prevent further damage. Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the injured area, which helps to limit the amount of blood loss and allows for the formation of a blood clot. This initial vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation, which helps to bring in immune cells and nutrients to aid in the healing process. Therefore, the statement "Following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction" is true.

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  • 19. 

    A principle role of histocompatability molecules is:

    • To intiate auto immune disease

    • To cause tissue and organ rejection (in transplantation)

    • To bind foreign proteins for presenation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. To bind foreign proteins for presenation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells
    Explanation
    Histocompatibility molecules play a crucial role in the immune system by binding foreign proteins and presenting them to antigen-specific T cells. This process allows the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign invaders, such as viruses or bacteria. By presenting these foreign proteins, histocompatibility molecules help activate the appropriate T cells, leading to an immune response against the invading pathogens. This function is important for the body's defense against infections and diseases.

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  • 20. 

    When antigens react with their specific antibodies, they form:

    • Complement

    • Opsonins

    • Immune complexes

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Immune complexes
    Explanation
    When antigens react with their specific antibodies, they form immune complexes. Immune complexes are formed when antibodies bind to antigens, creating a complex that can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system. These complexes play a crucial role in immune responses, as they help to neutralize pathogens and facilitate their removal from the body.

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  • 21. 

    Exudation refers to

    • Formation of pus

    • increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability

    • Collection of fluid in body cavities

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability
    Explanation
    Exudation refers to the increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability. This process occurs when there is inflammation or injury to the blood vessels, causing them to become more permeable. As a result, fluid and proteins leak out of the vessels and into the surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and the formation of exudate. Exudation is an important part of the immune response and helps to deliver immune cells and substances to the site of injury or infection.

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  • 22. 

    The increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by

    • Increased hydrostatic pressure

    • Widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells

    • Fluid leakage through damaged endothelial cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
    Explanation
    The increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by the widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells. This allows fluids and molecules to leak out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and inflammation. The increased permeability is a result of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes, which cause the endothelial cells to contract and separate, creating gaps through which fluid can escape. This process facilitates the migration of immune cells and proteins to the site of injury or infection, promoting the inflammatory response.

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  • 23. 

    The marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to:

    • Reflex neural mechanisms

    • The effects of kinins

    • Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells
    Explanation
    In acute inflammation, the marked active dilation of vessels is due to the release of chemical mediators by damaged cells. When cells are damaged, they release various chemical mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines. These mediators cause vasodilation, which leads to an increase in blood flow to the site of inflammation. This increased blood flow helps deliver immune cells and nutrients to the area, promoting the healing process. Reflex neural mechanisms and the effects of kinins may also play a role in inflammation, but the primary reason for the active dilation of vessels is the release of chemical mediators by damaged cells.

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  • 24. 

    The marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to:

    • Reflex neural mechanisms

    • The effects of kinins

    • Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Release of chemical mediators by damaged cells
    Explanation
    The marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to the release of chemical mediators by damaged cells. When tissue is damaged, cells release chemical mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. These chemical mediators cause vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the damaged area. This increased blood flow helps to deliver immune cells and nutrients to the site of injury, promoting the inflammatory response and facilitating tissue repair. Reflex neural mechanisms and the effects of kinins can also contribute to vasodilation in acute inflammation, but the primary cause is the release of chemical mediators by damaged cells.

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  • 25. 

    The process by which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient is termed:

    • Emesis

    • Diapedesis

    • Chemotaxis

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Chemotaxis
    Explanation
    Chemotaxis refers to the process in which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient. In this process, the cells move towards higher concentrations of certain chemicals, such as cytokines or chemokines, which are released at the site of injury. This directional migration allows the inflammatory cells to reach and accumulate at the site of injury, where they can initiate the immune response and aid in tissue repair.

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  • 26. 

    The lack of response to our own antigens is termed:

    • Anergy

    • Self tolerance

    • Immunogenicity

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Self tolerance
    Explanation
    Self tolerance refers to the lack of response by the immune system to its own antigens. This is an important mechanism to prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues. Anergy refers to a state of unresponsiveness or lack of immune response. Immunogenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to induce an immune response.

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  • 27. 

    The term serology refers to the study of:

    • Serum chemistry

    • The body reaction to infectious disease

    • Antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting
    Explanation
    Serology is the study of antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting. This field of study involves the detection and measurement of antibodies in serum, which is the clear liquid portion of blood after the cells have been removed. By studying these reactions, scientists can determine if a person has been exposed to a particular infectious disease and if they have developed immunity to it. Serology plays a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring infectious diseases, as well as in the development and evaluation of vaccines.

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  • 28. 

    Molecules which evoke an immune response when introduced into a host are termed:

    • Antigens

    • Haptens

    • Pathogens

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Antigens
    Explanation
    Molecules that elicit an immune response when introduced into a host are called antigens. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other substances that are recognized by the immune system as foreign. Upon recognition, the immune system produces antibodies or activates immune cells to eliminate the antigen. Haptens, on the other hand, are small molecules that can bind to larger proteins but do not typically elicit an immune response on their own. Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms that can contain antigens and trigger an immune response.

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  • 29. 

    Inflammatory mediators which have a role in signaling pain include:

    • arachidonic acid metabolites

    • components of the complement system

    • bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin
    Explanation
    Bradykinin, histamine, and serotonin are all inflammatory mediators that play a role in signaling pain. These molecules are released during inflammation and can activate pain receptors, leading to the sensation of pain. Bradykinin is known to enhance pain sensitivity, while histamine can cause itching and pain. Serotonin is involved in the transmission of pain signals in the spinal cord. Therefore, these three inflammatory mediators contribute to the signaling of pain in the body.

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  • 30. 

    The most common cause of osteomyelitis is:

    • Bacterial seeding from the blood

    • Extension from a wound

    • Surgical fixation of fractures

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacterial seeding from the blood
    Explanation
    Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, and the most common cause of this condition is bacterial seeding from the blood. Bacteria can enter the bloodstream from various sources, such as dental infections, urinary tract infections, or skin infections. Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria can travel to the bones and cause an infection. This is why bacterial seeding from the blood is the most common cause of osteomyelitis. Extension from a wound or surgical fixation of fractures can also lead to osteomyelitis, but they are not as common as bacterial seeding from the blood.

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  • 31. 

    Bacteremia in young children or animals most often leads to bacterial seeding of the:

    • Renal microcirculation

    • Growth plates (epiphyses)

    • skeletal muscles

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Growth plates (epiphyses)
    Explanation
    Bacteremia in young children or animals can lead to bacterial seeding of the growth plates (epiphyses). Growth plates are areas of developing cartilage at the ends of long bones, and they play a crucial role in bone growth. Bacterial seeding of the growth plates can cause inflammation and damage to the cartilage, leading to growth disturbances and potential long-term complications. This is why growth plates are particularly susceptible to bacterial seeding in cases of bacteremia in young individuals.

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  • 32. 

    Opsonization refers to the:

    • Enhanced phagocytosis of injuries agents by leukocytes

    • Activation of mediator precursors

    • Enhanced recognition by leukocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, Collectins)

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Enhanced recognition by leukocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, Collectins)
    Explanation
    Opsonization refers to the enhanced recognition by leukocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, Collectins). This process enhances phagocytosis, as the opsonins act as markers that bind to the surface of the foreign agents, making them more easily recognized and engulfed by leukocytes. Opsonization also helps in the activation of mediator precursors, leading to a more efficient immune response against the injurious agents.

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  • 33. 

    Neutrophil diapedesis is assisted by:

    • Enlarged endothelial pores

    • Digestive enzymes

    • Increased phagocytic ability

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Enlarged endothelial pores
    Explanation
    Neutrophil diapedesis refers to the process by which neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, squeeze through the walls of blood vessels to reach the site of infection or inflammation. Enlarged endothelial pores facilitate this process by creating larger openings in the endothelial lining of blood vessels, allowing neutrophils to pass through more easily. This is in contrast to the other options, such as digestive enzymes or increased phagocytic ability, which are not directly involved in assisting neutrophil diapedesis.

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  • 34. 

    Complete the following statement correctly: Macrophages:

    • Are found only in certain tissues of the body

    • Secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function

    • Express immunoglobulins on their surfaces

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function
    Explanation
    Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are found in various tissues throughout the body. They play a crucial role in the immune response by secreting cytokines, which are proteins that can influence the function of both T and B cells. This communication between macrophages and T and B cells is essential for coordinating the immune response and effectively fighting off infections and diseases. Macrophages do not express immunoglobulins on their surfaces, unlike B cells, which are responsible for antibody production.

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  • 35. 

    The inflammatory mediators having the greatest role in the early phase of the acute inflammatory response are:

    • Arachidonic acid metabolites

    • Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)

    • Cytokines

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)
    Explanation
    During the early phase of the acute inflammatory response, vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin play a significant role. These mediators are released by mast cells and platelets, causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. This results in the characteristic signs of inflammation, including redness, swelling, and heat. Histamine and serotonin also attract immune cells to the site of inflammation and promote the release of other inflammatory mediators, amplifying the inflammatory response. Arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines also contribute to inflammation, but they have a lesser role compared to vasoactive amines in the early phase.

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  • 36. 

    Relative to transudates, exudates are characterized by:

    • Similar cell types

    • Lower albumin levels

    • Greater numbers of cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Greater numbers of cells
    Explanation
    Exudates are characterized by greater numbers of cells compared to transudates. This means that exudates have a higher concentration of cells, which can include inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. In contrast, transudates have a lower cell count. This difference in cellular composition helps to distinguish between the two types of fluids.

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  • 37. 

    Inflammation is initiated by:

    • Infection

    • Trauma

    • Tissue injury

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Tissue injury
    Explanation
    Inflammation is a biological response to tissue injury. When tissues are damaged, the body's immune system triggers an inflammatory response to protect and repair the affected area. This response involves the release of various chemicals and immune cells that help to remove harmful substances, fight off pathogens, and initiate the healing process. While infection and trauma can also cause tissue injury and subsequently initiate inflammation, the most direct cause of inflammation is tissue injury itself.

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  • 38. 

    Infection with HIV causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) because:

    • Neutrophil granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow are destroyed

    • The virus causes uncontrolled replication of CD8+ cells

    • The virus damages CD4+ T cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. The virus damages CD4+ T cells
    Explanation
    HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) specifically targets and damages CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. CD4+ T cells help coordinate the immune response and activate other immune cells to fight off infections. When HIV damages these cells, it weakens the immune system, making the individual more susceptible to infections and diseases. This eventually leads to the development of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is characterized by severe immune system dysfunction.

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  • 39. 

    Neutrophils leave capillaries in inflammation by the process of:

    • Diapedesis

    • Phagocytosis

    • Margination

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Diapedesis
    Explanation
    Neutrophils leave capillaries in inflammation by the process of diapedesis, which refers to the migration of these white blood cells from the blood vessels to the site of inflammation. During diapedesis, neutrophils squeeze through the gaps between endothelial cells lining the capillaries, allowing them to enter the surrounding tissue and initiate an immune response. This process is crucial for the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection or tissue damage, where they can effectively combat pathogens and promote tissue repair.

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  • 40. 

    In the secondary immune response:

    • Specific antibody production occurs more rapidly

    • Peak antibody levels are earlier and lower

    • higher levels of IgM are produced

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Specific antibody production occurs more rapidly
    Explanation
    In the secondary immune response, specific antibody production occurs more rapidly compared to the primary immune response. This is because during the secondary response, memory B cells are already present and can quickly recognize the antigen, leading to a faster production of specific antibodies. This rapid response helps to eliminate the pathogen more efficiently and effectively.

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  • 41. 

    During the lag period of the primary immune response, B cells with receptors for the specific antigen:

    • Become plasma cells and begin secreting antibody

    • Undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells

    • Produce cytokines to recruit more B cells

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells
    Explanation
    During the lag period of the primary immune response, B cells with receptors for the specific antigen undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells. This is because clonal expansion allows for the proliferation of B cells that recognize the specific antigen, leading to the generation of a large population of plasma cells. These plasma cells then begin secreting antibodies that are specific to the antigen, helping to eliminate the pathogen or foreign substance.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus?

    • Plasma, fibrin, tissue macrophages and tissue debris

    • Neutrophils, mucus, tissue debris

    • Degenerating neutrophils, plasma tissue debris, and dead microbes

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Degenerating neutrophils, plasma tissue debris, and dead microbes
    Explanation
    Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is formed at the site of infection. It is composed of degenerating neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), plasma (the liquid component of blood), tissue debris (dead cells and other materials), and dead microbes (bacteria or other pathogens). This combination of components reflects the body's immune response to the infection, with neutrophils being the primary cells involved in fighting off the infection and the other components representing the aftermath of this battle.

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  • 43. 

    Fibrinous inflammation develops when:

    • Inflammation is caused by bacteria invasion

    • Vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the vessels

    • Clotting is initiated in vessels

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the vessels
    Explanation
    Fibrinous inflammation develops when vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the vessels. This leads to the deposition of fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting, in the affected tissues. The increased vascular permeability allows for the leakage of fibrinogen, which then gets converted into fibrin. This fibrin forms a mesh-like network that traps inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, and other substances at the site of inflammation. This process helps to contain the inflammation and promote tissue repair.

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  • 44. 

    The secondary immune response is characterized by which of the following, as compared to the primary immune response?

    • A longer lag period

    • A greater magnitude

    • Later IgG production

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. A greater magnitude
    Explanation
    The secondary immune response is characterized by a greater magnitude compared to the primary immune response. This means that the secondary immune response produces a larger and more robust immune response, with higher levels of antibodies and immune cells. This is due to the presence of memory cells that are generated during the primary immune response and are able to recognize and respond more quickly to subsequent infections or exposures to the same pathogen. The greater magnitude of the secondary immune response leads to a faster and more effective clearance of the pathogen.

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  • 45. 

    A primary characteristic of the immune response is its:

    • Role as a defense mechanism

    • Specificity

    • Ability to fight infectious disease

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Specificity
    Explanation
    The primary characteristic of the immune response is its specificity. This means that the immune system is able to recognize and target specific pathogens or foreign substances, while leaving the body's own cells unharmed. This specificity is achieved through the presence of specialized cells and molecules that can identify and bind to specific antigens. By being specific, the immune response can effectively eliminate the particular pathogens or foreign substances that have invaded the body, thus protecting against infectious diseases.

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  • 46. 

    Septicemia refers to:

    • Blood poisoning with toxins

    • Spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream

    • Bacterial toxins in the bloodstream

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream
    Explanation
    Septicemia refers to the spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream. This condition occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause an infection throughout the body. The bacteria and their toxins can travel to various organs and tissues, leading to severe illness and potentially life-threatening complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further spread of the infection and to manage the associated symptoms.

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  • 47. 

    Neutrophils contain:

    • Inactive fibrinogen

    • Immunoglobulin such as IgG

    • Enzymes which can degrade biologic material

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Enzymes which can degrade biologic material
    Explanation
    Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response. They contain enzymes, such as proteases and lysozymes, which are capable of breaking down and degrading biologic materials, including bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. These enzymes help neutrophils to destroy and eliminate pathogens and other harmful substances from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is that neutrophils contain enzymes which can degrade biologic material.

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  • 48. 

    Nonspecific defense mechanisms:

    • Are physical barriers to infectious organisms

    • Include all defense mechanisms other than the immune response

    • Refer to acute and chronic inflammatory responses

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. Include all defense mechanisms other than the immune response
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "include all defense mechanisms other than the immune response." Nonspecific defense mechanisms refer to the body's innate defense mechanisms that act as a general defense against pathogens. These mechanisms include physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical barriers like enzymes and antimicrobial substances. They are called nonspecific because they do not target specific pathogens, unlike the immune response which involves the production of specific antibodies to fight against specific pathogens.

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  • 49. 

    The 'cardinal signs' of inflammation include redness, heat, pain, swelling, and:

    • A) pus

    • B) increased white blood cell count

    • C) loss of function

    • Option 4

    Correct Answer
    A. C) loss of function
    Explanation
    The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, heat, pain, swelling, and loss of function. Loss of function refers to the impaired or limited ability to move or use the affected area. This can occur due to the swelling and pain associated with inflammation, which can restrict movement and make it difficult to carry out normal activities. Therefore, loss of function is a characteristic symptom of inflammation.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 22, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

  • Current Version
  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Oct 29, 2018
    Quiz Created by
    Leviy.elhadad
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