Final Chapters 25, 26 And Others
Final week 4
- 1.
Which of the following is true about interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph and transcellular fluid?
- A.
Contain no electrolytes
- B.
Protein-free fluids
- C.
Classified as extracellular
- D.
PH less than 6 (highly acidic)
Correct Answer
C. Classified as extracellularExplanation
these are all classified as extracellular fluid compartments. the fluid in these compartments is alkaline (not acidic) and contains electrolytes and protein.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following forms the greatest extracellular fluid compartment?
- A.
Lymph
- B.
Interstitial
- C.
Plasma
- D.
Transcelular
Correct Answer
B. InterstitialExplanation
most extracellular fluid is located within the interstitial spaceRate this question:
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- 3.
Which fluid compartment is located between the cells and is also called tissue fluid?
- A.
Lymph
- B.
Plasma
- C.
Interstitial
- D.
Transcellular
Correct Answer
C. InterstitialExplanation
fluid located between the cells is called interstitial fluid or tissue fluidRate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is descriptive of normal saline?
- A.
Distailed water
- B.
0.9% sodium chloride
- C.
Highly acidic
- D.
Contains albumin
Correct Answer
B. 0.9% sodium chlorideExplanation
normal saline is 0.9% NaC1 (it resembles the concentration of plasma)Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is most likely to occur when output exceeds intake?
- A.
Diuresis
- B.
Polyuria
- C.
Hematuria
- D.
Dehydration
Correct Answer
D. DehydrationExplanation
when water output exceeds water intake, the person is most apt to become dehydratedRate this question:
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- 6.
Water and chloride usually follow the movement of this cation
- A.
Bicarbonate
- B.
Sodium
- C.
Potassium
- D.
Albumin
Correct Answer
B. SodiumExplanation
water and the anion (C1-) follow the movement of sodium (Na+)Rate this question:
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- 7.
Poor skin turgor is most indicative of
- A.
Cystitis
- B.
Acidosis
- C.
Edema
- D.
Dehydration
Correct Answer
D. DehydrationExplanation
poor skin turgor is due to a deficiency of water in the interstitial compartment and is indicative of dehydrationRate this question:
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- 8.
Kaliuresis refers to the urinary loss of
- A.
Water
- B.
Albumin
- C.
Potassium
- D.
Sodium
Correct Answer
C. PotassiumExplanation
kaliuresis refers to the urinary excretion of potassium K+Rate this question:
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- 9.
K+
- A.
Is a cation
- B.
Is an acid
- C.
Neutralizes H+
- D.
Is the chief extracellular cation
Correct Answer
A. Is a cationExplanation
Potassium (K+) is a cation, a positively charged ion; it is the cheif intracellular cationRate this question:
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- 10.
Bicarbonate (HCO-3) is considered an anion because it
- A.
Contains hydrogen
- B.
Contains carbon
- C.
Contains oxygen
- D.
Contains a negative charge
Correct Answer
D. Contains a negative chargeExplanation
bicarbonate is an anion because it carries a negative chargeRate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following can be defined as an H+ donor?
- A.
Ion
- B.
Tincture
- C.
Acid
- D.
Bicarbonate
Correct Answer
C. AcidExplanation
an acid is defined as a substance that donates H+ upon dissolving (as in HC1 dissociating to H+ and C1-)Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following acts as a base?
- A.
H+
- B.
OH-
- C.
Calcium ion
- D.
Gastric juice
Correct Answer
B. OH-Explanation
a base removes H+ from solution, as in OH- combining with H+ (acid) to form water (H20)Rate this question:
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- 13.
Excess diuresis is most likely to cause
- A.
Edema
- B.
Overhydration
- C.
Blood volume depletion
- D.
Acidosis
Correct Answer
C. Blood volume depletionExplanation
excess diuresis causes excess loss of water, thereby causing dehydration and a decrease in blood volumeRate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is most likely to occur when output is less than intake?
- A.
Dehydration
- B.
Edema
- C.
Hypovolemia
- D.
Polyuria
Correct Answer
B. EdemaExplanation
when water output is less than water intake, the person is likely to develop edema (fluid retention)Rate this question:
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- 15.
Hypoventilation is most likely to cause
- A.
Acidosis
- B.
Edema
- C.
Renal excretion of bicarbonate
- D.
Hypokalemia
Correct Answer
A. AcidosisExplanation
hypoventilation causes CO2 retention and the formation of H+ , thereby causing respiratory acidosisRate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is not a function of the lungs?
- A.
Oxygenation of blood
- B.
Excretion of carbon dioxide
- C.
Secretion of aldosterone and the regulation of Na+
- D.
Regulation of blood pH
Correct Answer
C. Secretion of aldosterone and the regulation of Na+Explanation
the lungs oxygenate blood, excrete CO2, and help regulate blood pH. they do not secrete aldosterone and control Na+Rate this question:
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- 17.
Hyperventilation is most likely to cause
- A.
A blood pH greater than 7.45
- B.
Diuresis
- C.
Edema
- D.
Acidosis
Correct Answer
A. A blood pH greater than 7.45Explanation
hyperventilation causes the excretion of CO2 and a decrease in [H+], thereby causing alkalosis (a pH greater than 7.45)Rate this question:
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- 18.
Metabolic acidosis such as diabetic ketoacidosis is most likely to cause
- A.
Hypoventilation
- B.
Kussmaul respirations
- C.
The renal excretion of bicarbonate
- D.
The renal retention of H+
Correct Answer
B. Kussmaul respirationsExplanation
metabolic acidosis stimulates Kussmaul respirations in an attempt to increase pH toward normalRate this question:
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- 19.
Most body water is located within which space?
- A.
Interstitial
- B.
Intravascular
- C.
Intracellular
- D.
Transcellular
Correct Answer
C. IntracellularExplanation
Most body water is located within the intracellular compartment. Transcellular, intravascular, and interstitial fluids are extracellular compartments.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is not true of extracellular fluid?
- A.
Most body water is extracellular
- B.
Plasma is extracellular
- C.
Transcellular fluid is extracellular
- D.
Ther is more interstitial fluid than intravascular fluid
Correct Answer
A. Most body water is extracellularExplanation
most body water is located within the intracellular compartmentRate this question:
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- 21.
Which ion determines pH?
- A.
Sodium
- B.
Hydrogen
- C.
Bicarbonate
- D.
Potassium
Correct Answer
B. HydrogenExplanation
the hydrogen ion (h+) determines pH. pH is defined as -log [H+]Rate this question:
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- 22.
Hyperkalemia refers to an increase in the blood levels of which ion?
- A.
Hydrogen
- B.
Bicarbonate
- C.
Calcium
- D.
Potassium
Correct Answer
D. PotassiumExplanation
hyperkalemia refers to an increase in potassium (K+) in the bloodRate this question:
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- 23.
Retention of the ion causes water retention and edema formation
- A.
Potassium
- B.
Hydrogen
- C.
Sodium
- D.
Bicarbonate
Correct Answer
C. SodiumExplanation
retention of sodium (Na+) causes water retention and edema. Na+ "holds" waterRate this question:
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- 24.
More than 99% of this cation is stored in the bones and teeth
- A.
Potassium
- B.
Hydrogen
- C.
Chloride
- D.
Calcium
Correct Answer
D. CalciumExplanation
more than 99% of the calcium is stored within the bones and teethRate this question:
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- 25.
This is the chief extracellular cation
- A.
Chloride
- B.
Calcium
- C.
Sodium
- D.
Potassium
Correct Answer
C. SodiumExplanation
the chief extracellular cation (positively charged ion) is sodium (Na+)Rate this question:
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- 26.
This ion determines the resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle
- A.
Sodium
- B.
Calcium
- C.
Hydrogen
- D.
Potassium
Correct Answer
D. PotassiumExplanation
the resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle is determined by potassium (K+)Rate this question:
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- 27.
Most diuretics increase urine production by blocking the effects of this cation
- A.
Calcium
- B.
Bicarbonate
- C.
Chloride
- D.
Sodium
Correct Answer
D. SodiumExplanation
Most diuretics increase urine production by blocking the tubular reabsorption of Na+. the excretion of Na+ is accompanied by the excretion of water as urine (diuresis)Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which hormone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and to excrete potassium?
- A.
ADH
- B.
Erythropoietin
- C.
Aldosterone
- D.
PTH
Correct Answer
C. AldosteroneExplanation
the adrenal cortical hormone, aldosterone, stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb Na+ and to excrete K+Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium and to excrete phosphate?
- A.
ADH
- B.
Aldosterone
- C.
Parathyroid hormone
- D.
Erythropoietin
Correct Answer
C. Parathyroid hormoneExplanation
PTH (parathyroid hormone) stimulates the tubules to reabsorb calcium and to excrete phosphate (its phosphaturic effect)Rate this question:
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- 30.
Respiratory rate is most sensitive to the effects of this ion
- A.
Na+
- B.
K+
- C.
H+
- D.
C1-
Correct Answer
C. H+Explanation
respiratory rate is most sensitive to the effects of H+: excess H+ stimulates the respiratory rate (as in Kussmaul respirations)Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following anions buffers H+?
- A.
Ca2+
- B.
HCO-3
- C.
Na+
- D.
K+
Correct Answer
B. HCO-3Explanation
bicarbonate, an anion, buffers H+, calcium, Na+ and K+ are cations (positively charged ions)Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following is a characteristic of acidosis?
- A.
PH of 7.55
- B.
A decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ion in the blood
- C.
Urinary excretion of bicarbonate
- D.
PH less than 7.35
Correct Answer
B. A decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ion in the bloodExplanation
acidosis is characterized by decreased pH (less than 7.35). a decreased pH reflects an accumulation of H+ in the bloodRate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following is most likely to develop in a patient who hyporventilates because of a chronic respiratory disease, such as emphysema?
- A.
Kussmaul respirations
- B.
A decrease in the plasma concentration of hydrogen ion
- C.
An increase in plasma pH
- D.
Acidosis
Correct Answer
D. AcidosisExplanation
Hypoventilation causes CO2 retention, an accumulation of H+ in the blood, and acidosisRate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following is most likely to develop in an anxious hyperventilation patient?
- A.
Respiratory acidosis
- B.
Alkalosis
- C.
A decrease in plasma pH
- D.
Ketoacidosis
Correct Answer
B. AlkalosisExplanation
Hyperventilation decreases H+ concentration and causes alkalosisRate this question:
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- 35.
Which condition is caused by vomiting stomach contents?
- A.
Hyperkalemia
- B.
Hypernatremia and blood volume expansion
- C.
Hypocalcemic tetany
- D.
Alkalosis
Correct Answer
D. AlkalosisExplanation
vomiting of stomach contents causes a loss of H+ (HC1 in the stomach) and alkalosisRate this question:
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- 36.
Which condition stimulates Kussmaul respirations?
- A.
Respiratory acidosis
- B.
Respiratory alkalosis
- C.
Ketoacidosis
- D.
Hypocalcemic tetany
Correct Answer
C. KetoacidosisExplanation
ketoacidosis (increased H+) stimulates respiratory activity (Kussmaul respirations)Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which of the following is a buffer pair?
- A.
PTH, aldosterone
- B.
ADH, ANF
- C.
HCO-3, H2CO3
- D.
Sodium, potassium
Correct Answer
C. HCO-3, H2CO3Explanation
bicarbonate and carbonic acid are an important buffer pair. the bicarbonate can remove H+ while the carbonic acid can donate H+Rate this question:
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- 38.
What does urinary specific gravity measure?
- A.
Plasma H+ concentration
- B.
Hydration status of the body
- C.
Plasma potassium
- D.
The buffering capacity of the blood
Correct Answer
B. Hydration status of the bodyExplanation
urinary specific gravity is a measure of the hydration status of the body. an elevated SG is indicative of dehydration; a low SG indicated blood volume expansionRate this question:
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- 39.
A patient is admitted with severe emphysema and a PO2 of 85. He also has a blood pH of 7.25 and a serum bicarbonate of 40. Which of the following is the accurate description?
- A.
Metabolic acidosis and respiratory compensation
- B.
Metabolic alkalosis with a respiratory compensation
- C.
Respiratory alkalosis with a renal compensation
- D.
Respiratory acidosis with a renal compensation
Correct Answer
D. Respiratory acidosis with a renal compensationExplanation
Hypoventilation (emphysema) causes an increase in [H+] and a decreased pH; this is called respiratory acidosis. The kidneys attempt to correct the acidosis by making and reabsorbing filtered bicarbonateRate this question:
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- 40.
Which group is incorrect?
- A.
Cations; sodium, potassium, calcium
- B.
Acid-base imbalances; acidosis and alkalosis
- C.
Lines of defense against acid-base imbalance: buffers, lungs, kidneys
- D.
Transcellular fluids: aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma
Correct Answer
D. Transcellular fluids: aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, plasmaExplanation
plasma is not considered transcellular fluid; it is an extracellular fluidRate this question:
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- 41.
Which group is incorrect?
- A.
Anions: bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate
- B.
Lines of defense against acid-base imbalance: buffers, lungs, kidneys
- C.
Transcellular fluids: aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid
- D.
Hormones: aldosterone, ADH, ANP, urea
Correct Answer
D. Hormones: aldosterone, ADH, ANP, ureaExplanation
Urea is not a hormone; it is a waste product that is eliminated in the urineRate this question:
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- 42.
Which group is incorrect?
- A.
Ions: sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride
- B.
Lines of defense against acid-base imbalance: buffers, lungs, kidneys
- C.
Extracellular fluid: intravascular, interstitial, transcellular
- D.
Substances that are normally found in a sample of urine: urea, creatine, glucose
Correct Answer
D. Substances that are normally found in a sample of urine: urea, creatine, glucoseExplanation
Under normal conditions, glucose does not appear in the urine; glucosuria develops in response to hyperglycemia, as in diabetes mellitusRate this question:
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- 43.
The seminiferous tubules
- A.
Are located in the pelvic cavity
- B.
Are tightly coiled structures that produce sperm
- C.
Secrete testosterone
- D.
Are primarily concerned with ejaculation
Correct Answer
B. Are tightly coiled structures that produce spermExplanation
the seminiferous tubules, located in the testes, produce sperm. the surrounding interstitial cells secrete the testosterone that nourishes the spermRate this question:
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- 44.
The scrotum
- A.
Makes sperm
- B.
Is a sac located between the thighs and holds the testicles
- C.
Secretes androgens
- D.
Contains the prostate gland and urethra
Correct Answer
B. Is a sac located between the thighs and holds the testiclesExplanation
the scrotum is a sac that contains the testicles; it is located outside the body for temperature reasonsRate this question:
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- 45.
This coilled structure sits on top of the testes; it is a place where sperm mature
- A.
Scrotum
- B.
Epididymis
- C.
Prostate gland
- D.
Prepuce
Correct Answer
B. EpididymisExplanation
the epididymis, located within the scrotum, is a coiled tubular structure that sits on top of the testes; sperm mature hereRate this question:
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- 46.
Which term refers to the penis and scrotum?
- A.
External genitals
- B.
Gonads
- C.
Gametes
- D.
Zygotes
Correct Answer
A. External genitalsExplanation
the penis and the scrotum are called the external genitalsRate this question:
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- 47.
This piece of skin, also called the foreskin, is removed during circumcision
- A.
Scrotum
- B.
Penis
- C.
Epididymis
- D.
Prepuce
Correct Answer
D. PrepuceExplanation
the foreskin is called the prepuce; it is removed during the surgical procedure, circumcisionRate this question:
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- 48.
This structure carries both urine and semen
- A.
Vagina
- B.
Urethra
- C.
Ejaculatory duct
- D.
Vas deferens
Correct Answer
B. UrethraExplanation
the ejaculatory duct and vas deferens are tubes that carry semen and sperm; they do not carry urine. The urethra carries semen and urine and is part of both the urinary tract and the male reproductive tractRate this question:
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- 49.
This is the male copulatory organ
- A.
Penis
- B.
Vas deferens
- C.
Prostate glands
- D.
Testes
Correct Answer
A. PenisExplanation
copulation refers to intercourse; the organ that participates in copulation is the penisRate this question:
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- 50.
These cells secrete testosterone
- A.
Prostate gland
- B.
Prepuce
- C.
Interstitial cells
- D.
Seminiferous tubules
Correct Answer
C. Interstitial cellsExplanation
the seminiferous tubules produce sperm; the interstitial cells secrete testosteroneRate this question:
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