Crime In Society Exam 1

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The difference in charges for a similar action would best fit under the category of "Place". This is because the charges for Apollo's theft incidents varied based on the location of the crime - one incident occurred in Boulder and the other in Denver. The jurisdiction and local laws may differ between these two places, leading to different charges being applied for the same action.

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Robbery is the correct answer because it involves the act of taking money or goods from a victim's person or in their presence against their will. This act is done through the use of force or threat. Simple assault refers to the intentional act of causing apprehension of harmful or offensive contact, but it does not involve the taking of money or goods. Burglary refers to the unlawful entry into a building or structure with the intent to commit a crime, but it does not necessarily involve the use of force or threat against a person. Usury refers to the illegal practice of charging excessive interest on a loan. Larceny refers to the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else's personal property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of it, but it does not necessarily involve force or threat.

The difference in actions by the police officer best fits under the category of timing. In the first instance, Chachi was given a ticket for hanging out at the mall after midnight, indicating that the officer was concerned about the time. However, in the second instance, even though Chachi was with friends who were all 18, the officer let him proceed home without any infractions, suggesting that the officer's focus was on the timing of the situation rather than the age or place.

Fear is often the most burdensome and lasting consequence of victimization for many crime victims. The traumatic experience of being a victim can lead to a constant state of fear and anxiety, impacting their daily lives and overall sense of security. This fear can manifest in various ways, such as avoiding certain places or activities, experiencing nightmares or flashbacks, and feeling constantly on edge. The lasting psychological impact of fear can significantly affect a victim's quality of life and their ability to move forward from the trauma they have experienced.

The correct answer is that the deaths from the 9/11 terrorist attacks are not included in the murder figures of the UCR. This means that when calculating the murder statistics for the year 2001, the UCR does not count the deaths resulting from the 9/11 attacks as murders. This could be because the UCR defines murder as the unlawful killing of one person by another, and the deaths from the terrorist attacks may not fit this definition.

The answer states that one problem with finding an appropriate definition of crime is that many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are defined as crimes. This suggests that the current definition of crime is not effectively capturing the severity or harm caused by certain behaviors, leading to an imbalance in how crimes are classified. This can lead to inconsistencies and inequalities in the criminal justice system.

A male-to-female transgendered person who identifies as a woman and has not yet had genital surgery would likely be housed in the Men's section of a correctional facility. This is because in the CJS (Criminal Justice System), housing decisions are typically based on biological sex rather than gender identity. Therefore, regardless of how the individual identifies, they would be placed in the section that corresponds to their assigned sex at birth.

Mala prohibita refers to crimes that are not inherently wrong but are prohibited by the government. This means that these crimes, such as gambling or prostitution, are not universally considered immoral or unethical, but are deemed illegal by the governing authorities. The term "mala prohibita" distinguishes these crimes from "mala in se" crimes, such as rape or murder, which are universally recognized as morally wrong.

The reason given in the text for viewing the "criminal justice system" as a "nonsystem" is that there is little confederation of criminal justice agencies spread throughout the country with different, sometimes overlapping, jurisdictions. This implies that there is a lack of coordination and collaboration among the various agencies involved in the criminal justice system, leading to a fragmented and disjointed approach to addressing crime.

The NCVS is considered a better resource for learning about victimizations compared to the UCR. This is because the NCVS collects data directly from victims themselves, providing a more comprehensive and accurate picture of crime. In contrast, the UCR relies on data reported by law enforcement agencies, which may be subject to biases and underreporting. The NCVS's approach of surveying victims allows for a better understanding of the nature and extent of victimizations, making it a more credible and reliable source of information for researchers, policymakers, and the judiciary.

A crime index refers to any record of crime, such as offenses known to the police, arrests, convictions, or commitments to prison. It is used as an estimate of crimes committed and helps in understanding the overall level of criminal activity in a given area or population.

The dark figure of crime is a term referring to the idea that much more crime occurs than is reported to the police. It suggests that there is a significant gap between the actual number of crimes that take place and the number of crimes that are officially recorded and reported. This may be due to various reasons such as fear of reprisal, lack of trust in the police, or the belief that reporting the crime will not lead to any meaningful action. This concept highlights the limitations of official crime statistics and the hidden nature of a substantial portion of criminal activity.

The NIBRS contains more data on each crime, allowing for a more in-depth examination of crimes. This means that researchers and analysts can gather more specific information about the nature of the crime, the victims involved, and the offenders. This increased level of detail enables a more thorough understanding of crime patterns and trends, as well as the ability to identify specific risk factors and develop targeted prevention strategies. By contrast, the UCR provides less data on each crime, limiting the depth of analysis that can be conducted.

Political crimes refer to criminal acts committed by the government or against the government, often motivated by ideological reasons. These acts can include corruption, censorship, human rights violations, and abuse of power. Political crimes are distinct from other types of crimes as they involve the abuse or manipulation of political power for personal or political gain. These acts can have significant consequences for the functioning of a democratic society and the protection of individual rights and freedoms.

A serious crime usually carrying a penalty of incarceration in prison for more than one year or the death penalty is referred to as a felony. Felonies are considered more severe offenses compared to misdemeanors, which typically carry lesser penalties. Felonies include crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, and burglary. The term "mala prohibita" refers to crimes that are prohibited by law but may not necessarily be inherently wrong or immoral, while "mala in se" refers to crimes that are inherently wrong or immoral. "A crime wave" refers to a sudden increase in criminal activity within a specific area or period.

Robbery is the correct answer because it involves the taking of property from a person using force or threat of force. This crime is most likely to be committed by a stranger as they target individuals who are not known to them and are often motivated by the desire to steal. In contrast, crimes like murder, aggravated assault, simple assault, and sexual assault are more likely to be committed by someone known to the victim, such as a family member, acquaintance, or intimate partner.

Murder is the correct answer because it refers to the intentional and unlawful killing of another person with malice aforethought. This means that the act was planned and carried out with the intent to cause harm or death. Murder is different from manslaughter, which typically involves the killing of another person without premeditation or malice. Voluntary manslaughter refers to a killing that occurs in the heat of the moment, while felony-murder involves a death that occurs during the commission of a felony. However, in this case, the description of the killing as "felonious" and with "malice aforethought" aligns with the definition of murder.

Actus reus refers to criminal conduct, specifically intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm. It is a Latin term that means "guilty act." In order to establish criminal liability, both actus reus and mens rea (the mental state of the defendant) must be present. Actus reus focuses on the physical element of a crime, such as the actual commission of a prohibited act or the failure to act when there is a legal duty to do so. Therefore, actus reus is the correct answer as it directly relates to criminal conduct causing harm through action or inaction.

The Uniform Crime Reports obtain information from local US police agencies. This means that the reports gather data directly from the police departments at the local level. By collecting information from these agencies, the Uniform Crime Reports are able to provide comprehensive and accurate data on crime rates and trends across the United States. This data is then used by law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and researchers to analyze and address crime issues at both local and national levels.

Voluntary manslaughter refers to an intentional killing that is committed without malice aforethought and premeditation. Unlike murder, which involves a deliberate and planned act, voluntary manslaughter occurs in the heat of the moment, often due to sudden provocation or in the absence of premeditation. This distinction is important in legal terms as it helps differentiate between different degrees of culpability and potential penalties for the crime committed.

In the adult criminal justice system, offenders and their acts are referred to as "criminal." Similarly, in the juvenile justice system, the equivalent term for juveniles is "delinquent." This term is used to describe a young person who has committed a crime or engaged in delinquent behavior. It signifies that the individual has violated the law and is subject to the juvenile justice system's interventions and consequences.

The NCVS is a survey that asks randomly selected respondents to discuss victimizations experienced in the prior 6 months. It does not specifically focus on white collar crime. The NCVS is designed to capture a broader range of crimes, including those that may be unreported to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. It is a major government-sponsored alternative to the UCR.

Disorderly conduct refers to any act that disrupts public peace, scandalizes the community, or shocks public morality. It involves behavior that is considered unruly, disruptive, or offensive, such as fighting in public, causing a disturbance, or engaging in offensive language or gestures. This term is commonly used in legal contexts to describe actions that violate laws or regulations related to public order and decency. Desecration refers to the disrespectful treatment of something sacred, hate crime involves acts motivated by prejudice or bias, and vagrancy refers to the state of being homeless or without a permanent address.

The given correct answer is "legal". This is because the definition of crime provided in the question specifically refers to the violation of criminal law or penal code, which falls under the jurisdiction of the legal system. The definition excludes any psychological, criminological, or social aspects, focusing solely on the legal framework and the actions that are considered criminal within that framework.

The correct answer is handgun. Handguns are the most frequently used weapon in murders due to their easy accessibility, concealability, and effectiveness in causing fatal injuries. They are commonly used in crimes of passion, robberies, and gang-related violence. Handguns are preferred by criminals because they are relatively small and can be easily carried and concealed, making them a popular choice for illegal activities.

The Uniform Crime Reports refer to a statistical summary of crimes that have been reported to the police. This means that the reports compile data on crimes that have been officially recorded and reported to law enforcement agencies. It is an important source of information for analyzing and understanding crime trends and patterns in a given jurisdiction. The reports do not include data on crimes committed against police officers in uniform, unreported crimes, or crime data obtained through interviews.

If a person is forced to commit a crime against their will, they are considered to have committed the crime under duress. This means that they were coerced or threatened into committing the crime and did not willingly choose to do so. The person may have feared for their own safety or the safety of someone else, but their actions were not voluntary.

The NCVS is a better source for gathering data on crime victimizations compared to the UCR. This means that the NCVS provides more comprehensive information about the number of individuals who have been victimized by crimes. The UCR, on the other hand, may not capture all victimizations as it relies on reported crimes to law enforcement agencies. Therefore, the NCVS is a more reliable source for understanding the true extent of victimizations in society.

The text discusses several factors that can indirectly impact crime rates, such as police reports for insured stolen items, changing demographic characteristics, and urbanization. However, family size is not mentioned as one of these factors.

According to the typical offense distribution pie-chart, larceny/theft occurs most frequently as reported to police agencies in the US.

The offenses categorized as Part I Index crimes in the UCR are murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Having sexual intercourse with a boy without his consent would be categorized as rape, which is a Part I Index crime. Therefore, this offense would not be categorized as a Part I Index crime in the UCR.

The survey results discussed in the text indicate that people have a higher level of fear of becoming a crime victim in general rather than being the victim of a specific crime. This suggests that individuals are more concerned about the overall risk of being targeted by criminals, rather than being specifically worried about certain types of crimes such as property crimes or violent crimes.

Infotainment refers to the marketing of highly edited information about the world in disguised media vehicles. This term is used to describe the blending of information and entertainment, where news and factual content are presented in an entertaining and engaging format. It is a strategy often employed by media outlets to attract and retain audiences by combining news and entertainment elements.

A moral panic refers to a situation where there is an exaggerated and widespread fear or concern about a particular issue or group of people, often fueled by sensationalized media coverage. This discrepancy between the perceived threat and the actual threat can lead to public support for taking dramatic action to address the problem, even if the threat is not as significant as it is portrayed.

The correct answer is "Women are victimized more than men for all types of violent crime." This statement is not true because men are actually victimized more than women for certain types of violent crimes, such as assault and robbery. While women are more likely to be victimized for sexual assault crimes, they are not victimized more than men for all types of violent crime.

The NVCS is limited because individuals may have different opinions on what constitutes a crime. This subjectivity can lead to inconsistencies in reporting and data collection, making it difficult to accurately measure crime rates.

A typical social definition of crime refers to behavior that goes against the accepted norms and values of society. This definition emphasizes the role of society in determining what is considered criminal behavior, as it is based on societal norms rather than legal or psychological factors. It recognizes that crime is not solely determined by legal statutes, but also by the social context in which it occurs. This definition highlights the importance of understanding crime within the broader social framework and the impact of societal values on defining and responding to criminal behavior.

The correct answer is "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will." This definition aligns with the commonly understood understanding of forcible rape, which involves non-consensual sexual intercourse with a female through the use of force or coercion. This definition emphasizes the importance of consent and the absence of consent in defining rape.

Usury refers to the act of charging or taking interest on a loan at a rate that is higher than what is legally established. It is considered illegal in many jurisdictions as it is seen as exploitative and unfair. Usury is different from other terms listed such as menacing, burglary, embezzlement, and forgery, which refer to different types of illegal activities.

The term "obstacle course justice" accurately characterizes the due process model because it suggests that the process of obtaining justice is filled with hurdles and challenges. This model prioritizes the protection of individual rights and ensures that all legal procedures are followed meticulously. It emphasizes the presumption of innocence and places a greater emphasis on preventing wrongful convictions rather than solely focusing on determining guilt. The term "obstacle course" implies that the process is complex and rigorous, requiring careful navigation and adherence to legal safeguards.

The term "mala in se" refers to crimes that are considered inherently wrong or evil, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law. These are offenses that are universally recognized as morally wrong, such as murder, theft, or rape. The term is derived from Latin and is used to distinguish these crimes from "mala prohibita," which are crimes that are only wrong because they are prohibited by law. In other words, "mala in se" crimes are inherently immoral, while "mala prohibita" crimes are only wrong because they are against the law.

The correct answer is that citizens underreport crime to the police. This means that not all instances of crime are reported to the police, resulting in those cases not being included in the UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting). There could be various reasons for underreporting, such as fear of retaliation, lack of trust in the police, or a belief that the crime is not significant enough to report. This underreporting leads to a gap in the official crime statistics, as not all crimes are captured in the UCR data.

Criminal justice is considered an institution of social control because it is a formal system established by society to enforce laws, maintain order, and punish individuals who violate those laws. It operates within a set of established rules and procedures and is responsible for investigating crimes, apprehending offenders, conducting trials, and imposing penalties. As an institution, criminal justice plays a crucial role in maintaining social order and ensuring that individuals are held accountable for their actions.

Deliberation refers to the full and conscious knowledge of the purpose of killing, indicating that the offender has thought about the motives for the act and its consequences. This suggests that the act was not impulsive or accidental, but rather carefully planned and executed. Deliberation implies a higher level of intentionality and awareness compared to the other options provided.

In the adult criminal justice system, offenders can be convicted. Similarly, in the juvenile justice system, the equivalent action for offenders is called "adjudicated." This term refers to the process of officially determining that a juvenile is guilty of committing a delinquent act. It is the outcome of an adjudicatory hearing, which is a legal proceeding where evidence is presented, and a judge or a panel of judges decides whether the juvenile is responsible for the alleged offense.

Aggravated assault is the correct answer because it refers to intentionally causing serious bodily harm to another person. This term is used to describe a more severe form of assault that involves the intention to cause significant harm, such as using a deadly weapon or causing permanent disfigurement. Misdemeanor assault refers to a less serious form of assault, while simple assault is a general term for any intentional act that causes harm or fear of harm to another person.

According to the 2007 Crime Clock, it is estimated that one murder occurs every 31 minutes. This means that on average, there would be approximately 1,051 murders in a year (assuming a constant rate). This statistic highlights the frequency and severity of murders in society, emphasizing the need for effective crime prevention and law enforcement measures.