Chap. 1 Criminal Justice Quiz

A grand jury is a group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial. They review the evidence presented by the prosecution and decide whether there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and whether the accused should be formally charged with the crime. The grand jury's decision is usually based on a majority vote, and if they decide to indict, the accused person will proceed to trial.

An indictment is a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony. It is a legal document that initiates the criminal trial process and signifies that there is enough evidence to proceed with a trial. Indictments are typically based on the findings of a grand jury, which is a group of citizens who review evidence and determine if there is enough probable cause to charge someone with a crime.

Booking is the correct answer because it refers to the process of officially recording an entry into detention after arrest. During this process, the person's identity, the place and time of arrest, the reason for arrest, and the arresting authority are all documented. This step is crucial in the law enforcement or correctional administrative process as it creates an official record of the arrest and provides necessary information for further legal proceedings.

Probable cause refers to a set of facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable and cautious person to believe that a particular individual has committed a specific crime. It is a standard of evidence that is required for law enforcement officials to make an arrest, conduct a search, or obtain a warrant. Suspicion, on the other hand, refers to a general feeling or belief that someone may be involved in criminal activity, but it is not enough to meet the standard of probable cause. Information is a more general term that can refer to any data or details, whereas an indictment is a formal accusation or charge made by a grand jury or prosecutor.

An arraignment is a hearing before a court where the defendant's identity is established, they are informed of the charges against them, and their rights are explained to them. During the arraignment, the defendant is also required to enter a plea, either guilty or not guilty. This process is a crucial step in the criminal justice system as it ensures that the defendant is aware of the charges and has the opportunity to respond to them. It is different from booking, which is the administrative process of recording an arrest, and trial, which is a formal examination of evidence and determination of guilt or innocence.

Civil justice refers to the legal system and processes that deal with private disputes between individuals or organizations. It encompasses civil law, civil procedure, and the various activities and procedures involved in seeking remedies for private rights through civil action. Unlike criminal justice, which focuses on punishing individuals for committing crimes, civil justice focuses on resolving conflicts and providing compensation or remedies to the aggrieved party. It ensures fairness and equity in the resolution of civil disputes and upholds the principles of social justice by protecting the rights and interests of individuals in civil matters.

The statement suggests that civil justice and social justice are interconnected and cannot be separated from each other. This implies that the fair and equitable resolution of civil disputes is inherently linked to the broader concept of justice within society. In other words, civil justice cannot exist in isolation from the principles of social justice, which aim to ensure fairness, equality, and the protection of individual rights within the larger social framework.

The crime-control model is a criminal justice perspective that prioritizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. This model believes that the main goal of the criminal justice system should be to control and prevent crime by any means necessary, even if it means sacrificing some individual rights and due process protections. This approach emphasizes the importance of swift and decisive action, such as aggressive policing, strict sentencing, and prioritizing public safety over individual liberties.

The correct answer is the Due process model. This perspective focuses on protecting individual rights throughout the entire criminal justice process. It emphasizes fairness, ensuring that individuals are treated justly and have their rights upheld. This model emphasizes the importance of following legal procedures and safeguards to prevent any wrongful convictions or violations of individual rights. It aims to balance the need for public safety with the protection of individual liberties.

A public-order advocate is someone who believes that in certain situations where there is a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society as a whole should be prioritized over individual rights. They argue that maintaining public order and safety is crucial for the well-being of the community and may require limiting certain individual freedoms. This perspective often supports proactive law enforcement measures and stricter criminal justice policies to prevent and deter crime.

An individual order advocate is someone who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice. They prioritize the rights and liberties of individuals, advocating for fair treatment and due process. This perspective focuses on ensuring that the rights of the accused are upheld and that the criminal justice system operates in a way that respects individual freedoms. This is in contrast to a public order advocate who prioritizes public safety and the maintenance of social order over individual rights.

Social justice refers to the idea that fairness should be applied to all aspects of society, taking into account cultural beliefs and fundamental notions of right and wrong. It encompasses a wide range of issues, such as equality, human rights, and the distribution of resources. Social justice aims to create a society that is inclusive and equitable for all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances. It focuses on addressing systemic inequalities and promoting social change to ensure that everyone has access to opportunities and resources.

The conflict model is an explanation for the functioning of the criminal justice system that assumes its components primarily serve their own interests. This perspective suggests that various actors within the system, such as police, prosecutors, and defense attorneys, may prioritize their own goals and objectives over the pursuit of justice. It posits that conflicts and competition between these actors can lead to bias, inequality, and a lack of fairness in the criminal justice process. This model highlights the potential for power struggles and conflicting interests within the system, which can impact the outcomes of criminal cases.

In criminal proceedings, a trial is conducted in court to examine the issues of fact and relevant law in a case. The purpose of the trial is to determine whether the defendant should be convicted or acquitted. During the trial, evidence is presented, witnesses are called, and arguments are made by both the prosecution and the defense. The judge or jury then weighs the evidence and makes a decision based on the facts and the applicable law.

The consensus model is based on the assumption that the various components of the criminal justice system, such as law enforcement, courts, and corrections, work together harmoniously to achieve justice. This perspective believes that society as a whole agrees on what behaviors should be considered criminal and how offenders should be punished. It emphasizes cooperation and consensus among the different actors in the system to ensure fairness and effectiveness in achieving justice.