Criminal Justice Exam 1

Crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery using force are considered as crimes against people because they directly harm or violate the rights of individuals. These crimes involve physical harm, psychological trauma, or the threat of violence towards another person. They infringe upon the personal safety, well-being, and autonomy of individuals, making them crimes against people.

The correct answer is bill of rights. The bill of rights refers to the first 10 amendments to the constitution that outline the rights and freedoms of individuals. These amendments establish requirements for adjudication, such as the right to a fair trial, protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to legal representation, and the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. The bill of rights serves as a safeguard against government overreach and ensures the protection of individual liberties.

A written notice to appear in court is known as a summons. It is a legal document that is issued by a court or law enforcement agency and is typically served to individuals involved in a legal case. The summons informs the recipient that they are required to appear in court at a specific date and time to address the charges or claims against them. It serves as a formal notification of legal proceedings and failure to comply with a summons can result in legal consequences.

If someone is found "not guilty" in a court of law, it means that the evidence presented against them was not sufficient to prove their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In such cases, the person is considered innocent and is therefore free to go home. Therefore, the statement "If found NOT guilty you can go home" is true.

The correct answer is procedural. Procedural deals with the process, rules, and methods that govern legal proceedings and the enforcement of rights in a court of law. It focuses on the steps and procedures followed in a legal case, such as filing a complaint, gathering evidence, presenting arguments, and reaching a verdict. This branch of law ensures that the legal system operates fairly and efficiently by providing guidelines for how cases are handled and resolved.

The process of taking a suspect into custody for the purpose of prosecution is known as "arrest." During an arrest, a person is detained by law enforcement officials based on probable cause or a warrant. This is done to ensure that the individual remains in custody until their case can be presented before a court of law. Arrest is a crucial step in the criminal justice system as it allows for the proper investigation, legal proceedings, and potential punishment for the alleged crime.

A victimless crime refers to offenses where the "offender" and the "victim" are the same person or where the behavior is consensual. In such cases, there is no direct harm caused to another individual or their property. This term is often used to describe activities that are illegal but do not involve a clear victim, such as drug use or prostitution. These acts are considered crimes because they violate established laws, but there is no identifiable victim who has been directly harmed by the actions.

Differential association is the correct answer because it refers to the concept of individuals becoming criminals or delinquents through their association with others who condone law violations. This theory suggests that people learn criminal behavior through their interactions with others who engage in criminal activities, and the more an individual associates with those who support and encourage law-breaking, the more likely they are to become involved in criminal behavior themselves. This explanation aligns with the question's context and provides a clear understanding of the term.

A grand jury is a group of citizens who listen to the evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether there is enough probable cause to hold a person for trial. They play a crucial role in the judicial system by acting as a check on the prosecutor's power and ensuring that individuals are not unjustly accused or detained.

Men rea refers to the guilty mind or intent of a person when committing a crime. It is a legal term used to determine the mental state of a defendant in criminal cases. The term "men rea" is derived from Latin, meaning "guilty mind." It is an essential element in proving criminal liability, as it establishes the intention or knowledge of the accused in committing the unlawful act.

The correct answer is "subcultural of violence." This term refers to the idea that certain cultures or subcultures may view violence as an acceptable or valued behavior. It suggests that violence is not universally condemned but rather can be seen as a normal part of life within these specific cultural contexts. This concept was developed by Marvin Wolfgang, who studied patterns of crime and violence in different societies.

Jurisdiction refers to the authority of a state, county, or city to enforce and apply its own laws within its own territory. It grants the power to interpret and administer justice within a specific geographical area. This allows the government to maintain order, resolve disputes, and ensure compliance with local regulations. Jurisdiction is essential for the functioning of a legal system and enables the authorities to exercise control and protect the rights of individuals within their jurisdictional boundaries.

Decriminalization refers to the legislative decision to charge a crime into a non-criminal act. This means that certain behaviors or actions that were previously considered criminal are no longer punishable by law. It is the opposite of criminalization, which involves making an activity or behavior illegal. Criminal law, on the other hand, refers to the body of laws that define crimes and specify the punishment for them. Therefore, the correct answer is decriminalization.

The concept described in the question, which includes attachment to others, commitment to conventional activities, involvement in those activities, and belief in widely shared moral values, is known as a social bond. A social bond refers to the connections and relationships that individuals have with society and the social institutions they are a part of. It encompasses the various ways in which individuals are connected to and engaged with their communities and the broader social fabric.

The correct answer is psychoanalytic theory. This theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, explains behavior as a result of the interaction between three components of the personality: the id, ego, and superego. The id represents primal instincts and desires, the ego represents rationality and mediates between the id and superego, and the superego represents societal norms and moral values. This theory suggests that behavior is influenced by unconscious desires and conflicts, and that understanding these unconscious motivations can help explain human behavior.

UCR stands for Uniform Crime Reporting, which is a program that collects and publishes crime statistics in the United States. It is a nationwide effort that involves law enforcement agencies voluntarily submitting data on crimes reported to them. The UCR provides information on various types of crimes, such as murder, robbery, and burglary, and helps in measuring crime rates and trends over time. Therefore, UCR is the correct answer as it is directly related to the measurement and collection of crime statistics.

A warrant is a legal document issued by a judge or magistrate that authorizes the police to make an arrest, conduct a search, or seize property. It is based on probable cause, which means that there is sufficient evidence to believe that a crime has been committed and the person named in the warrant is responsible. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "warrant" because it accurately describes the statement made by the police regarding the existence of probable cause in a given case.

Procedural law refers to the set of rules and guidelines that govern the legal process followed in the adjudication of individuals suspected of violating the law. It outlines the procedures and methods to be followed during investigations, arrests, trials, and appeals. This branch of law ensures that the rights of individuals are protected and that the legal process is fair and just. It establishes the framework within which criminal cases are handled, ensuring that the accused receives due process and a fair trial.

When you have a dispute with one other person or group, it is known as a civil dispute. Civil law deals with private disputes between individuals or organizations, such as contract disputes, property disputes, or personal injury claims. It focuses on resolving conflicts and providing remedies to the injured party, rather than punishing the wrongdoer. Unlike criminal law, civil law does not involve crimes or offenses against society as a whole.

Common law refers to the body of unrecorded decisions made by English judges in the middle ages, reflecting the values, customs, and beliefs. It is a legal system based on precedent and the principle that similar cases should be decided in a similar manner. Common law is distinct from statutory law, which is created by legislatures, and it forms the foundation of the legal systems in many English-speaking countries.

The given correct answer for this question is "information." This is because information is a way to capture the true extent of crime. It refers to gathering data, facts, and details about criminal activities, which helps in understanding the full scope and impact of crime in a particular area or society. It is an essential tool for law enforcement agencies, researchers, and policymakers to make informed decisions and develop effective strategies to combat crime.

Labeling theory suggests that adjudicating a juvenile as a delinquent encourages future delinquency through a negative public identity or changed self-image. This theory argues that when individuals are labeled as deviant or delinquent, they internalize this label and it becomes a part of their self-identity. This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where they engage in further delinquent behavior because they believe that is what is expected of them. The labeling theory emphasizes the importance of societal reactions and labeling in shaping individuals' behavior and identity.

Positivism refers to the belief that human behavior is determined by a combination of internal and external influences, including biological, psychological, and social factors. This perspective suggests that individuals' actions are not solely a result of their own free will, but are influenced by various factors beyond their control. Positivism seeks to understand and explain human behavior by examining these different influences and their impact on individuals' actions.

Profiling is the correct answer because it involves analyzing criminal incidents to identify specific characteristics of offenders, victims, and situations. This helps in gaining a deeper understanding of crime and enables the development of strategies to prevent it. Profiling is commonly used by law enforcement agencies to create profiles of potential offenders based on their behavior patterns, demographics, and other factors. By understanding the motivations and patterns of criminals, law enforcement can effectively target prevention efforts and apprehend offenders.

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Insanity is classified as a legal term rather than a medical one. In legal contexts, it refers to a person's mental state and their ability to understand the consequences of their actions. The determination of insanity is made by the court system, taking into account various factors such as the person's mental capacity and their ability to distinguish right from wrong. In contrast, medical terms related to mental health typically focus on diagnoses and treatment plans, rather than legal implications. Therefore, the statement that insanity is not a medical term but a legal term is true.

The right to a lawyer comes from the 6th amendment. This amendment guarantees the right to legal counsel for individuals accused of a crime. It ensures that defendants have the right to have an attorney present during all critical stages of the criminal proceedings, including arraignments, trials, and appeals. This amendment is crucial for protecting the rights of individuals and ensuring a fair and just legal process.

The idea that people commit crimes with motivation is known as the routine activities theory. This theory suggests that crime occurs when three elements converge: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. It emphasizes the importance of situational factors and opportunities for crime, rather than focusing solely on individual characteristics or social factors. By understanding the routine activities theory, we can better understand why and how crimes are committed.

Substantive law deals with the rights, obligations, and duties of individuals and organizations. It focuses on the substance of the law and governs the relationships between individuals and the state. This includes laws related to property, contracts, torts, and constitutional rights. In the context of the given question, dealing with issues within the constitution falls under the purview of substantive law as it involves the interpretation and application of constitutional rights and provisions.

When the service has an issue with you, it is known as a criminal matter. This refers to situations where a person has violated the law and is being prosecuted by the government. Criminal cases are typically more serious and can result in penalties such as fines, probation, or even imprisonment. In contrast, civil matters involve disputes between individuals or organizations and are resolved through lawsuits, often resulting in financial compensation or other non-criminal remedies. Substantive and procedural are terms that generally relate to the laws and rules governing a particular case, but they do not specifically refer to the situation described in the question.

The various types of court jurisdiction are limited, general, and appellate. Limited jurisdiction refers to courts that have jurisdiction over specific types of cases, such as traffic violations or small claims. General jurisdiction refers to courts that have the authority to hear a wide range of cases, including both civil and criminal matters. Appellate jurisdiction refers to courts that have the power to review decisions made by lower courts. These types of jurisdiction help to define the scope and authority of different courts within the legal system.