Into To Criminal Justice Final
Cancel
-
+
Aslkdjflskjdlflsjldkjf
- 1.According to a study by researchers at eight universities, which of the following types of new stories dominates local television news shows?
- A.
Crime and criminal justice
- B.
Government and politics
- C.
Natural disasters
- D.
Sports
- 2.Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media and the law, criminal justice is a(n):
- A.
Institution of social control
- B.
Private response to crime
- C.
Informal method of social control
- D.
Subtle social control
- 3.The term jurisdiction, as used in your text, means:
- A.
The specific location in which a court is located
- B.
The loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country
- C.
A politically defined geographical area
- D.
The system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies
- 4.After an arrest has been made, the suspect is brought to the police station to be:
- A.
Incarcerated
- B.
Booked
- C.
Interrogated
- D.
Tried
- 5.A(n) ____ outlines the formal charge or charges, the law or laws that have been violated and the evidence to support the charge or charges.
- A.
Information
- B.
Grand jury indictment
- C.
Complaint
- D.
Ordinance violation
- 6.The primary purpose of the ____ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.
- A.
Preliminary hearing
- B.
Indictment
- C.
Arraignment
- D.
Initial appearance
- 7.Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a:
- A.
Grand jury
- B.
Indictment
- C.
Bench trial
- D.
Arraignment
- 8.The ultimate goal of the crime control model is:
- A.
Due process
- B.
The means by which crime is controlled
- C.
Control
- D.
Human rights
- 9.If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials, then they have the right to:
- A.
Declare a mistrial
- B.
Appeal
- C.
Demand a retrial
- D.
Request new counsel
- 10.____ is the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences.
- A.
Parole
- B.
Booking
- C.
Bail
- D.
Probation
- 11.One problem with finding an appropriate definition of crime is that:
- A.
Too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes
- B.
Crime should be defined only by the presence of physical injury to another person
- C.
Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are
- D.
Most behaviors that are defined as criminal are actually "victimless crimes."
- 12.If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime:
- A.
Under duress
- B.
In entrapment
- C.
In self-defense
- D.
In defense of a third party
- 13.
- A.
The M'Naghten rule
- B.
The irresistible impulse or control test
- C.
Durham's rule
- D.
The substantial capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code
- 14.Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter, daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, Jerry Rubin and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington, D.C.?
- A.
Necessity
- B.
Entrapment
- C.
Insanity
- D.
Under age
- 15.Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2005?
- A.
Driving under the influence
- B.
Larceny theft
- C.
Drug abuse violations
- D.
Simple assault
- 16.A study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) determined which crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Three of the following crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
Assault
- B.
Rape
- C.
Murder
- D.
Arson
- 17.Survey results discussed in your text suggest that there is a greater fear of being ____ than there is of being ____.
- A.
The victim of a property crime; the victim of a violent crime
- B.
The victim of burglaries when one is not home; the victim of sexual assault
- C.
A crime victim in general; the victim of a specific crime
- D.
The victim of sexual assault; a crime victim in general
- 18.A crime is a violation of the ____ of a political jurisdiction.
- A.
Tort
- B.
Civil law
- C.
Penal code
- D.
Morals
- 19.Which of the following refers to the scope of criminal law?
- A.
Specificity
- B.
Uniformity
- C.
Politicality
- D.
Regularity
- 20.Which of the following refers to the way in which the criminal law should be enforced?
- A.
Specificity
- B.
Uniformity
- C.
Politicality
- D.
Regularity
- 21.Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution?
- A.
Punishment
- B.
Restitution
- C.
Regulation
- D.
Treatment
- 22.In case law, the decision becomes a potential basis or ____, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future.
- A.
Stare decisis
- B.
Precedent
- C.
Ordinance
- D.
Common law
- 23.The ____ protects Americans from "unreasonable searches and seizures."
- A.
Eighth Amendment
- B.
Fifth Amendment
- C.
Sixth Amendment
- D.
Fourth Amendment
- 24.The ____ states that excessive bail shall not be required.
- A.
Eighth Amendment
- B.
Fifth Amendment
- C.
Sixth Amendment
- D.
Fourth Amendment
- 25.A ____ is a written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person.
- A.
Subpoena
- B.
Warrant
- C.
Writ
- D.
Seizure
- 26.In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court broaden the protection against compelled self-incrimination to cover nearly all custodial police interrogations?
- A.
Miranda v. Arizona
- B.
Escobedo v. Illinois
- C.
Brown v. Mississippi
- D.
Arizona v. Fulminante
- 27.In jury trials, when does jeopardy attach?
- A.
When the first witness has been sworn in
- B.
When the verdict is read
- C.
When the judge passes sentence upon the convicted person
- D.
When the entire jury has been selected and sworn in
- 28.The right to counsel may be waived, but only if the waiver is made:
- A.
By the defendant's attorney
- B.
Knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily
- C.
By the defendant and at least two witnesses known to the defendant
- D.
Within 14 days after charges are filed
- 29._____ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. The function of the rules is to set limits to the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials (police and other administrators) and to define conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior.
- A.
Substantive law
- B.
Procedural law
- C.
Civil law
- D.
Criminal law
- 30.For most people, the only personal experience they have with the criminal justice process is contact with a:
- A.
Federal police officer
- B.
Courtroom
- C.
Correctional institution
- D.
Local police officer
- 31.Which of the following is unquestionably the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task of any police agency?
- A.
Patrol
- B.
Investigation
- C.
DNA profiling
- D.
Field interrogation
- 32.Your textbook names five roles that investigators may play in a police department. Three are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
Investigators conducting background checks of applicants to the police department
- B.
Uniformed patrol officers investigating the crimes they have been dispatched to or have encountered on their own while on patrol
- C.
Uniformed police officers conducting field interrogations and other types of aggressive patrol
- D.
Internal affairs investigators conducting investigations of alleged crimes by police personnel
- 33.With DNA profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ____ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim.
- A.
Hair
- B.
Semen
- C.
Blood
- D.
All of the above
- 34.Some of the more important functions of traffic units are:
- A.
To recommend traffic engineering changes that will enhance the flow of traffic and promote safety
- B.
To enforce traffic laws, particularly when violations of those laws cause traffic accidents
- C.
To educate motorists in a community about traffic safety and proper driving procedures
- D.
All of the above
- 35.The crime triangle is a view of crime and disorder as an interaction among three variables, which are:
- A.
Preventive patrol, investigation and follow-up
- B.
Citizens, police and criminals
- C.
Urban, suburban and rural locations
- D.
Victim, offender and location
- 36.Which of the following drug enforcement strategies accounts for the greatest number of drug arrests and seizures?
- A.
Street-level enforcement
- B.
Mid-level investigations
- C.
Major investigations
- D.
Drug demand reduction
- 37.Which of the following is the FBI's definition of terrorism?
- A.
The unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives
- B.
The systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics or individuals to attain a political objective
- C.
Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience
- D.
The unlawful use or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States or its territories without foreign direction committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives
- 38.A role expectation consists of the rights and responsibilities associated with a particular position in society.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 39.In street police work, passion is the ability to use force or the recognition that force is a legitimate means of resolving conflict.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 40.Field interrogations generally do not reduce crime in targeted areas.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 41.According to your text, three highly important qualities for police are:
- A.
The three I's of police selection, common sense and compassion
- B.
Strength, endurance and compassion
- C.
Strength, common sense and the three I's of police selection
- D.
The three I's of police selection, appearance and compassion
- 42.Your textbook names some of the characteristics of a police chief's job. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT listed in your textbook?
- A.
A typical police chief rarely serves longer than 10 years
- B.
Police chiefs must be long-term (preferably lifetime) local residents in order to fully understand the needs of the community
- C.
Police chiefs must be politically savvy in order to survive
- D.
Much of the political controversy and many of the social problems in major cities and counties end up involving the police department and its chief
- 43.The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as:
- A.
Limited discretion
- B.
Selective enforcement
- C.
High discretion
- D.
Full enforcement
- 44.Which of the following has/have always made the police the major respondents to domestic violence calls?
- A.
Ongoing police interest
- B.
High concern for women's safety
- C.
Referrals from other agencies
- D.
The availability of 24-hour service
- 45.Which of the following is defined as the harmful physical and emotional outcomes that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the employee?
- A.
Racial profiling
- B.
Stress management
- C.
Organizational change
- D.
Job stress
- 46.When did the systematic psychological testing of police officers begin?
- A.
1950s
- B.
1960s
- C.
1970s
- D.
1980s
- 47._____ are officers who actively seek ways to make money illegally while on duty.
- A.
Meat eaters
- B.
Grass eaters
- C.
Vegans
- D.
Carnivores
- 48.A court of ____ jurisdiction has the authority to hear a case when it is first brought to court.
- A.
Original
- B.
General
- C.
Special
- D.
Appellate
- 49.In highly controversial cases, all of the judges in a circuit may sit together and hear a case in what is known as a(n):
- A.
Bench trial
- B.
Grand jury
- C.
En banc hearing
- D.
Circuit court
- 50.Trial courts of ____ jurisdiction are sometimes referred to generally as "inferior trial courts" or simply as "lower courts."
- A.
Special
- B.
General
- C.
Personal
- D.
Limited
- 51.Which of the following is NOT one of the three key actors in the court process, according to your textbook?
- A.
The defense attorney
- B.
The defendant
- C.
The judge
- D.
The prosecutor
- 52.The ____ mandate(s) that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in the prosecutor's possession.
- A.
Writ of habeas corpus
- B.
Plea bargaining process
- C.
Rules of discovery
- D.
Insanity defense
- 53.Your textbook names six non-trial duties of judges. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these non-trial duties?
- A.
Accepting guilty pleas
- B.
Allowing the jury a fair chance to reach a verdict on the evidence presented
- C.
Informing suspects of their rights
- D.
Setting and revoking bail
- 54.The Supreme Court has ruled that anyone arrested without a warrant may be held no longer than ____ before a judge decides whether the arrest was justified.
- A.
72 hours
- B.
96 hours
- C.
24 hours
- D.
48 hours
- 55.The alternative to the grand jury, in states that do not choose to utilize them is the filing of a(n):
- A.
Complaint
- B.
Subpoena
- C.
Information
- D.
Indictment
- 56.Your textbook names three basic types of plea bargaining, which are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these basic types of plea bargaining?
- A.
A defendant may revoke a confession and refuse to face trial
- B.
A defendant may plead guilty to one charge in return for the prosecutor's promise to drop other charges that could be brought
- C.
At the request of the prosecutor, a defendant who pleads guilty may receive a lighter sentence than would typically be given for the crime
- D.
The defendant may be allowed to plead guilty to a lesser offense
- 57.From which of the following sources does most funding for prosecutors' offices come?
- A.
City governments
- B.
County governments
- C.
State governments
- D.
Grant funds
- 58.Incarceration rates are ______ for defendants with publicly financed attorneys than for those with privately retained counsel in state and federal courts and the length of jail or prison sentence is ______ for defendants with publicly financed attorneys.
- A.
Higher; shorter
- B.
Lower; longer
- C.
Higher; longer
- D.
Lower; shorter
- 59.About ____ of all convictions in felony cases are the result of guilty pleas.
- A.
75 percent
- B.
80 percent
- C.
95 percent
- D.
100 percent
- 60.What is the result if, after serious deliberation, even one juror cannot agree with the others on a verdict?
- A.
A hung jury
- B.
Dismissal of the juror that cannot agree
- C.
Conviction
- D.
Exoneration
- 61.State and federal legislative bodies enact ____ that specify appropriate punishments for each statutory offense or class of offense.
- A.
Indeterminate sentences
- B.
Forms of restitution
- C.
Flat-time sentences
- D.
Penal codes
- 62.Judges can suspend an entire sentence if the offender:
- A.
Seeks medical treatment
- B.
Stays out of trouble
- C.
Makes restitution
- D.
Any of the above
- 63.A(n) ____sentence has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration, rather than a set period.
- A.
Determinate
- B.
Presumptive
- C.
Indeterminate
- D.
Flat-time
- 64.Presumptive sentences may be based on sentencing guidelines, which are developed by sentencing commissions comprised of:
- A.
Private citizens, including victims
- B.
Legislatures
- C.
Both criminal justice professionals and private citizens
- D.
Police and court personnel
- 65.Your textbook names five major criticisms of determinate sentencing. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms?
- A.
It creates judicial disparity in sentencing
- B.
It creates overcrowded prisons
- C.
It merely shifts sentencing discretion from judges to legislatures and prosecutors
- D.
It produces an unusually harsh prison system
- 66.Which of the following is an effort to do something for victims and their survivors—to return them, as much as possible, to their previous state and to make them "whole" again?
- A.
Retribution
- B.
Restoration
- C.
Rehabilitation
- D.
Deterrence
- 67.According to your textbook, restorative justice seeks four goals. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of restorative justice?
- A.
To meet victims' needs
- B.
To restore the health of the community
- C.
To punish the offender for the harm done
- D.
To require the offender to contribute to repairing the harm done
- 68.Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a:
- A.
Defendant
- B.
Prosecutor
- C.
Judge
- D.
Probation officer
- 69.Your text lists four examples of the claims that a convicted offender can make at allocution. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these claims?
- A.
That his or her civil rights are being violated by the sentence
- B.
That he or she has gone insane since the verdict was rendered
- C.
That he or she is not the person who was found guilty at trial
- D.
That she is pregnant
- 70.Before 1968, the only issues the Supreme Court considered in relation to capital punishment concerned:
- A.
The constitutionality of executing juveniles
- B.
The means of administering the death penalty
- C.
The constitutionality of executing women
- D.
The constitutional provision against cruel and unusual punishment
- 71.All but four of the capital offenses under federal law involve murder. Three of these are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
Treason
- B.
Drug trafficking in large quantities
- C.
Espionage
- D.
Kidnapping
- 72.In the 2005 case of ____, the Court effectively limited capital punishment to offenders who are 18 years of age or older at the time of their offenses.
- A.
Ford v. Wainwright
- B.
Roper v. Simmons
- C.
Hitchcock v. Dugger
- D.
Lockett v. Ohio
- 73.Your textbook names several factors that reflect the American public's sustained support for the death penalty. Three are listed below. Which of the following does NOT belong?
- A.
The incapacitative power of the penalty
- B.
The desire for vindictive revenge
- C.
The desire to end unnecessary appeals and lawsuits from such convicts
- D.
The symbolic value it has for politicians and law
- 74.From which of the following sources does the federal government's Crime Victims Fund receive its funding?
- A.
Annual congressional appropriations
- B.
Fees for federal gun registration
- C.
Fines and penalties paid by federal criminal offenders
- D.
All of the above
- 75.Approximately what percent of Americans favor the death penalty?
- A.
45
- B.
65
- C.
75
- D.
95
- 76.Which of the following countries typically executes the most people?
- A.
U.S
- B.
Iran
- C.
China
- D.
Pakistan
- 77.For most offenses, a majority of defendants are sentenced either on the day of conviction or the next day.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 78.Judges almost always impose the sentence agreed upon during plea negotiations because if they did not, plea bargaining would not work.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 79.Before the 1600s, institutional confinement usually served functions other than punishment for criminal behavior. Six examples are listed in your textbook and three of these are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these examples?
- A.
Hold and punish slaves
- B.
Rehabilitate criminals
- C.
Coerce payment of debts and fines
- D.
Quarantine disease
- 80.Most early women's prison employed ____, as distinguished from the ____ of men's prisons.
- A.
A family-style living plan; cell-block plan
- B.
Solitary confinement; cottages
- C.
Life sentences; early-release programs
- D.
A family-style living plan; solitary confinement
- 81.Which of the following is NOT one of the three largest businesses in the private prison industry mentioned in your book?
- A.
Corrections Corporation of America
- B.
The GEO Group, Inc. (formerly the Wackenhut Corporation)
- C.
Prison Corporation America
- D.
Cornell Companies
- 82.Inmates who are vulnerable to assault by other inmates may be designated for:
- A.
Administrative segregation
- B.
New-generation jails
- C.
Congregate living areas
- D.
Protective custody
- 83.Group counseling is more popular than individual counseling in institutional settings, primarily because:
- A.
Inmates frequently prefer talking about their problems and fears in front of groups of their peers
- B.
It is more economical and there are large numbers of inmates who share similar backgrounds and problems
- C.
Although it is less economical, the prison system wants to do what is best for the inmates
- D.
Inmates demand it
- 84.What state spent the least on inmate health care in 2005?
- A.
New Jersey
- B.
New York
- C.
Alaska
- D.
Texas
- 85.A ____ is an institutional setting in which people are cut off from the wider society and are expected to live according to institutional rules and procedures.
- A.
Medium-security prison
- B.
Jail
- C.
Furlough programs
- D.
Total institution
- 86.Several factors have rendered the current inmate society unstable. Five are listed in your textbook and three are listed here. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
Increased staff size and training
- B.
The increased politicalization of inmates
- C.
Increasing racial heterogeneity
- D.
Court litigation
- 87.Living in prison is fundamentally different from living in the free community in several ways, three of which are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
Life is typified by greater insecurity, stress and unpredictability
- B.
There are rarely opportunities for any level of educational achievement
- C.
There is less privacy
- D.
Deprivation of personal freedom and material goods is more pronounced
- 88.A distinguishing feature of the inmate society in many women's prisons is the presence of:
- A.
Interpersonal conflict
- B.
Interracial tension
- C.
Pseudo-families
- D.
All of the above
- 89.The Supreme Court has ruled that censorship in prisons is legal only if it furthers one of three substantial government interests. Which of the following is NOT one of these interests?
- A.
Punishment
- B.
Order
- C.
Security
- D.
Rehabilitation
- 90.A high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates are judged:
- A.
Valid and are therefore won in the trial stage
- B.
Frivolous and are lost in the trial stage
- C.
Valid, but not taken to trial due to lack of funding
- D.
Frivolous and are therefore dismissed
- 91.The parole authority may consist of three different people or groups of people, which are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?
- A.
A representative of the parole board
- B.
Members of a parole board
- C.
A probation officer
- D.
A parole board
- 92.One study on recidivism demonstrated that the inmates who adjusted most successfully to prison ____ to life in the free community upon release.
- A.
Had the least difficulty adjusting
- B.
Adjusted slowly, but most thoroughly
- C.
Adjusted better than others
- D.
Had the most difficulty adjusting
- 93.What is the cause of death for the vast majority of prison inmates who are not eventually released from prison?
- A.
Natural causes
- B.
Execution
- C.
Suicide
- D.
AIDS
- 94.According to a recent national study of recidivism among state prisoners, which of the following is NOT true?
- A.
Men were more likely than women to be rearrested, reconvicted, resentenced to prison for a new crime and returned to prison with or without a new prison sentence
- B.
Blacks were more likely than whites to be rearrested, reconvicted, resentenced to prison for a new crime and returned to prison with or without a new prison sentence
- C.
Older persons were more likely to be rearrested than younger persons
- D.
All of the above are true
- 95.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the restoration of convicted felons' civil rights?
- A.
Some rights are restored automatically
- B.
Some rights are restored by executive or judicial proceedings
- C.
Some rights are lost permanently
- D.
All of the above are true
- 96.Which of the following is NOT commonly cited as a reason for high rates of prison violence?
- A.
Improper management and classification practices by staff
- B.
High levels of crowding and competition over resources
- C.
The young age of most inmates in many prisons
- D.
All of the above are cited
- 97.American criminal justice consists of three main agencies, which are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of those three main agencies?
- A.
Corrections
- B.
Prisons
- C.
Police
- D.
Courts
- 98.Often, an arrest supported by ____ and ____ is sufficient to close a case, especially with a less serious crime.
- A.
Witness statements; crime scene evidence
- B.
Media coverage; jurisdiction
- C.
Crime scene evidence; media coverage
- D.
Witness statements; jurisdiction
- 99.A suspect becomes a defendant after:
- A.
An information has been made
- B.
A complaint has been made
- C.
Arrest
- D.
Charges have been filed
- 100.The purpose of the ____ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.
- A.
Preliminary hearing
- B.
Indictment
- C.
Arraignment
- D.
Initial appearance
Back to top
