Chap. 1 Criminal Justice

Booking is the correct answer because it refers to the law enforcement or correctional administrative process of officially recording an entry into detention after arrest. During booking, the person's identity is established, the place and time of arrest are recorded, the reason for the arrest is documented, and the arresting authority is identified. This process is an important step in the criminal justice system to ensure proper documentation and recordkeeping of individuals who are taken into custody.

A grand jury is a group of jurors selected according to the law and sworn to hear evidence and determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial. Unlike a trial jury, a grand jury does not determine guilt or innocence, but rather decides whether there is enough evidence for a trial to proceed.

An indictment is a formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony. It is a legal document that initiates criminal proceedings against an individual and indicates that there is enough evidence to proceed with a trial. The grand jury reviews the evidence presented by the prosecution and determines whether there is enough probable cause to charge the person with the alleged offense. Once an indictment is issued, the accused person will then go through the trial process.

Probable cause refers to a set of facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specific person has committed a particular crime. It is a standard of evidence that is required for law enforcement officials to make an arrest, conduct a search, or obtain a warrant. In other words, probable cause is the level of suspicion or information that is necessary for legal action to be taken against an individual.

Civil justice refers to the legal system and processes that deal with private rights and remedies sought through civil actions. It encompasses the civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the various procedures and activities associated with resolving disputes between individuals or organizations. Unlike criminal justice, which focuses on punishing offenses against society, civil justice focuses on resolving disputes and providing remedies for individuals who have been wronged. It is an important aspect of maintaining fairness and equity in society by ensuring that individuals have access to legal recourse when their rights are violated.

An arraignment is a court hearing where the identity of the defendant is established, and they are informed of the charges against them and their rights. During the arraignment, the defendant is also required to enter a plea, either guilty or not guilty. This process is a crucial step in the criminal justice system as it ensures that defendants are aware of the charges against them and have the opportunity to respond to them. Therefore, the correct answer is arraignment.

A public-order advocate is someone who believes that in certain situations where there is a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society as a whole should be prioritized over individual rights. This means that they support measures such as stricter law enforcement, surveillance, and limitations on individual freedoms if it is deemed necessary to maintain public order and safety. They believe that the collective well-being of society should take precedence over the rights and liberties of individuals in these specific circumstances.

The correct answer is the Due process model. This perspective in criminal justice focuses on protecting the rights of individuals throughout the entire justice system process. It emphasizes fair treatment, legal rights, and procedural safeguards for defendants. The due process model aims to ensure that individuals are not wrongfully convicted or subjected to unfair treatment by the justice system. This perspective places a strong emphasis on the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair trial, and the principle of proportionality in sentencing.

The statement suggests that civil justice and social justice are interconnected and cannot be separated from each other. This implies that achieving justice in civil matters is closely linked to achieving justice in society as a whole. In other words, a fair and just civil justice system is essential for promoting social justice and equality. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Social justice refers to an idea that encompasses all aspects of civilized life and is connected to fundamental notions of fairness and cultural beliefs about what is right and wrong. It focuses on addressing inequalities and promoting equal opportunities for all individuals in society. This concept emphasizes the need for equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges, aiming to create a fair and just society. Social justice encompasses various areas such as education, healthcare, employment, and criminal justice, among others, in order to ensure that everyone has access to basic human rights and a decent quality of life.

The correct answer is Trial. A trial is the formal legal proceeding where the issues of fact and relevant law in a criminal case are examined in court. It is conducted to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant and to reach a verdict. During a trial, evidence is presented, witnesses are called, and arguments are made by both the prosecution and the defense. The judge or jury then evaluates the evidence and decides whether the defendant should be convicted or acquitted based on the law and the facts presented.

The conflict model is a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interests. This means that the different entities within the criminal justice system, such as law enforcement, prosecutors, and judges, may prioritize their own goals and objectives over the pursuit of justice. This perspective suggests that conflicts and power struggles between these components can result in inequalities and injustices within the system.

The crime-control model is the correct answer because it focuses on the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. This perspective prioritizes public safety and crime prevention over individual rights and due process. It advocates for aggressive law enforcement tactics, such as increased police presence and stricter sentencing, to quickly apprehend and punish criminals. The crime-control model believes that the swift and effective handling of criminal cases is necessary to maintain social order and deter potential offenders.

An individual order advocate is someone who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice. This means that they prioritize the rights and liberties of individuals over other considerations. They may argue for fair treatment, due process, and the preservation of individual rights, even if it means potentially compromising public order or safety. This stance reflects a belief in the importance of protecting individual freedoms and ensuring that the criminal justice system respects and upholds these rights.

The consensus model is a criminal justice perspective that assumes the components of the system work together harmoniously to achieve justice. This model emphasizes the idea that society as a whole agrees on what behaviors should be considered criminal and how they should be punished. It suggests that the criminal justice system should reflect the shared values and beliefs of the community it serves. In this model, the focus is on achieving social order and maintaining stability by promoting consensus and cooperation among all stakeholders in the justice system.