Cognitive Thinking & Learning Chapt 9

Cognition refers to the mental processing of information, including processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. It involves the ability to acquire, process, store, and use knowledge. Cognition is an umbrella term that encompasses various cognitive processes and abilities that allow individuals to understand and interact with the world around them. It is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and plays a crucial role in everyday tasks and activities.

The question asks for the option that is NOT one of the three basic units of thought. The three basic units of thought are image, concept, and language. Prototype is not one of the three basic units of thought, so it is the correct answer.

Chimps have been successfully taught to use sign language through operant conditioning. This means that they have learned to communicate with humans using a system of signs and gestures, which they have been trained to associate with specific meanings. This method of teaching animals to talk has been proven effective, as demonstrated by the successful communication achieved with chimps like Washoe, who had a vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This is because ASL is indeed a true language, as it has its own grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. Additionally, ASL stands for American Sign Language, which is the primary sign language used by the Deaf community in the United States. Lastly, ASL is a gestural language, meaning that it relies on visual gestures, facial expressions, and body movements to communicate. Therefore, all of these statements accurately describe ASL.

The English sentence "I to school go" violates the aspect of language known as syntax. Syntax refers to the rules and principles that govern the structure and arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence. In this sentence, the word order is incorrect, as the subject "I" should come before the verb "go" and the preposition "to" should come before the noun "school". This violation of the syntactic rules makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.

IQ tests show a pattern of distribution called a normal (bell-shaped) curve. This means that the majority of individuals score around the average, with fewer individuals scoring either significantly above or below the average. This distribution is characterized by a symmetrical shape, with the highest point (mode) in the center and the scores gradually decreasing as they move away from the center. This pattern is commonly observed in many natural phenomena and is a fundamental concept in statistics.

The concepts such as "larger," "above," and "left" are relational in nature. Relational concepts involve the relationship between objects or entities, such as their position or size in relation to each other. Therefore, the correct answer is "relational."

Grammar is the correct answer because it refers to the set of rules that govern the structure and formation of sentences in a language. It includes rules for combining words into phrases and sentences, as well as rules for phonology (making sounds into words). Transformation rules, productivity, and syntax are all related concepts within the study of grammar, but they do not encompass the entire set of rules for making sounds into words and words into sentences.

A heuristic is a strategy or method that is based on practical experience and common sense, rather than on strict rules or precise calculations. It is a "rule of thumb" that helps in problem-solving or decision-making by providing a general guideline or shortcut. In this context, the term "heuristic" refers to a strategy that is a "rule of thumb".

The concept of prototypical refers to something that is the most typical or ideal example of a particular concept. In this context, it means that prototypical is the best fit for describing a concept that is the ideal example of the concept.

The given scenario describes a sudden realization or understanding that comes to Glenna when she solves the story problem. This ability to reorganize her thoughts and quickly find the solution is a clear example of insight.

Mental retardation is diagnosed by IQs approximately 70 or below. This means that individuals who have an IQ score of approximately 70 or below are considered to have mental retardation. IQ scores are used as a measure of intelligence, and a score of 70 or below indicates significant cognitive impairment.

Framing refers to the way in which a question or situation is presented, which can influence the decision-making process. When the wording of a question affects the decision a person makes, it is referred to as framing. This means that the specific way in which information is presented can shape our perception and ultimately impact the choices we make.

Multiple-choice items on an exam most probably measure convergent thinking. This is because multiple-choice questions typically have only one correct answer, requiring the test-taker to narrow down options and choose the most appropriate or accurate response. This type of thinking involves the ability to analyze information, apply logical reasoning, and come up with a single correct solution or answer. Divergent thinking, on the other hand, involves generating multiple possible solutions or ideas, flexibility refers to adaptability in thinking, and originality refers to thinking creatively and uniquely.

The WAIS-II divides intelligence into performance and verbal intelligence. Performance intelligence refers to a person's ability to solve visual and spatial problems, while verbal intelligence refers to their ability to understand and use language effectively. These two types of intelligence are assessed separately in the WAIS-II to provide a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's cognitive abilities.

The WAIS-III and WISC-IV are both intelligence tests, but they are designed for different age groups. The WAIS-III is specifically designed for adults, while the WISC-IV is designed for children. Therefore, the correct answer is "adult; children."

Subtractive bilingualism refers to a situation where minority children lose their native language and culture as they acquire the majority language. This can occur when minority languages are devalued or not supported in educational settings, leading to the dominance of the majority language. It is considered undesirable because it can result in a loss of cultural identity and limited opportunities for communication and social integration within the minority community.

Selective combination refers to the act of combining seemingly unrelated bits of useful information. This process involves identifying and connecting different pieces of information to create new insights or solutions. It requires the ability to recognize the relevance and potential connections between diverse ideas or concepts. This term accurately describes the action described in the question.

The change in names from NMRI to MRI was made to improve the connotative meaning of the term. The word "nuclear" was dropped because it was associated with being radioactive, which had negative connotations. By removing this word, the new term MRI had a more positive and neutral connotation, making it more acceptable and less alarming to the public.

Valuing independence is a characteristic of the creative personality because creative individuals often prefer to work alone and have the freedom to explore their own ideas and thoughts without external influence or restrictions. They value their autonomy and tend to thrive in environments where they have the freedom to express themselves and make their own decisions. This independence allows them to think outside the box, challenge conventional ideas, and come up with innovative solutions to problems.

Experts in a particular field have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and experience, which allows them to recognize patterns in material more easily. They have encountered similar problems and situations numerous times, enabling them to quickly identify familiar patterns and apply appropriate strategies. Novices, on the other hand, rely more heavily on acquired strategies and may struggle to recognize patterns due to their limited experience. This ability to recognize patterns is a key difference between experts and novices in a particular field.

Howard Gardner has proposed that there are actually eight different kinds of intelligence. This theory is known as the theory of multiple intelligences. According to Gardner, intelligence is not a single, unified concept, but rather a combination of various abilities and skills. He identified eight different types of intelligence, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence. Each type of intelligence is unique and represents a different way in which individuals can excel or demonstrate their cognitive abilities.

The correct sequence in creative thinking is orientation, preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. This sequence follows a logical progression of steps in the creative thinking process. Orientation involves gaining a clear understanding of the problem or task at hand. Preparation involves gathering relevant information and conducting research. Incubation is the stage where ideas are allowed to develop and simmer in the subconscious mind. Illumination is the "aha" moment when a breakthrough idea or solution emerges. Finally, verification involves testing and evaluating the idea to ensure its validity and effectiveness.

In this scenario, Alex initially learns to call the first animal he sees a "duck." However, when he sees a chicken, he mistakenly calls it a duck. This incorrect labeling of the chicken as a duck is an example of a negative instance in concept formation. A negative instance refers to an example that does not fit the concept or rule being learned. In this case, the chicken does not fit the concept of a duck, and Alex's mother corrects him, highlighting that the chicken is not a duck.

Concepts that are defined by the presence of two or more features are called conjunctive. This means that the concept is formed by the combination or conjunction of multiple features.

Deductive thought is a type of reasoning that starts with general principles or premises and applies them to specific situations or conclusions. It involves drawing logical conclusions based on established principles or rules. In deductive thought, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true if the premises are true. This is different from inductive thought, which starts with specific observations and uses them to make generalizations or predictions. Therefore, deductive thought is the correct answer for the given question.

The thinking error that involves ignoring the base rate is the underlying odds. This error occurs when individuals fail to consider the basic probability or likelihood of an event occurring. Instead, they may rely on other factors or information that seem more salient or persuasive, leading them to disregard the base rate. This can result in flawed decision-making and inaccurate assessments of risk or probability.

The term "semantic differential" is actually a way of measuring the connotative meaning of a word. It is a technique used in linguistics to assess the different shades of meaning that a word can have, beyond its literal or denotative definition. This method involves using a scale with opposite adjectives to rate the connotation of a word, allowing researchers to understand the emotional or evaluative associations that people have with a particular word.

A random search strategy may work best when the number of alternatives for solving a problem is small. This is because a random search strategy involves randomly trying different solutions without any specific order or pattern. When there are only a few alternatives, randomly trying them can help explore different possibilities and potentially find a solution. However, it is important to note that a random search strategy may not be efficient or effective when the number of alternatives is large or when there is a specific pattern or structure to the problem.

In creative thinking, fluency refers to the total number of suggestions one is able to make. It represents the ability to generate a large quantity of ideas or solutions. This is an important aspect of creative thinking as it allows for a wide range of possibilities to be explored and considered. Flexibility, on the other hand, refers to the ability to shift perspectives or adapt ideas, while originality refers to the uniqueness or novelty of the ideas generated. Automaticity, on the other hand, does not directly relate to the total number of suggestions made in creative thinking.

The operational definition of intelligence is determined by the procedures used to measure it. This means that intelligence is defined based on the methods and techniques used to assess and evaluate it. Different tests and assessments are used to measure intelligence, such as IQ tests, cognitive assessments, and problem-solving tasks. These procedures help to quantify and understand a person's cognitive abilities and determine their level of intelligence.

Trial-and-error learning is a process where an individual learns through repeated attempts and errors until they find a solution. This type of learning does not involve understanding or insight, but rather relies on a mechanical approach of trying different possibilities until the correct one is found. Therefore, the correct answer is "a mechanical solution."

Prototypical thinking refers to categorizing objects or ideas based on their typical or representative features. It is not considered faulty conceptualization because it is a common and often useful cognitive process. On the other hand, social stereotyping and all-or-nothing thinking are examples of faulty conceptualization as they involve making generalizations or extreme judgments without considering individual differences or nuances. Therefore, the correct answer is prototypical thinking.

The coach's statement of "Score more points than the other team!" is a general solution because it provides a broad and overarching strategy for winning a basketball game. It does not provide specific details or instructions on how to achieve this goal, but rather gives a general principle that can be applied in any game situation.

Perceptual barriers refer to the limitations in our ability to perceive or interpret information accurately. Functional fixedness, which is the inability to see an object's potential uses beyond its traditional function, is an example of a perceptual barrier. This barrier hinders problem-solving by limiting our ability to think creatively and find alternative solutions. Therefore, the correct answer is perceptual barriers.