Learning Systems Theory Quiz Questions

The interstimulus interval for stimulus A and B is 0 ms because Stimulus B is presented immediately after Stimulus A. This means that there is no time gap or delay between the two stimuli.

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve suggests that there is a rapid decline in memory retention within the first day of learning, followed by a much slower decline over time. This means that most forgetting occurs shortly after learning, and then the rate of forgetting slows down significantly.

Pre-categorical processing refers to the stage of information processing where the brain is able to process certain aspects of a stimulus but does not fully identify its category. This means that the brain can recognize some features or characteristics of the stimulus, but it is unable to categorize it accurately. It suggests that the processing is incomplete and does not reach the level of fully identifying the category to which the stimulus belongs.

In the flowerpot or pedestal technique, the rat falls from the platform when it enters REM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement and is associated with vivid dreaming. During REM sleep, the body is in a state of muscle paralysis, which causes the rat to lose its balance and fall from the platform. This technique is often used in sleep research to study the effects of REM sleep deprivation on the brain and behavior.

The Karni et al. (1994) study published in Science makes use of a task that is considered procedural because it is nonverbal. This means that the task does not involve verbal communication or language. Instead, it likely involves actions, movements, or visual stimuli that participants need to learn and remember. Procedural tasks typically require the development of motor or perceptual skills, rather than the explicit recall of facts or information. Therefore, the fact that the task in this study is nonverbal suggests that it falls under the category of procedural learning.

Sleepwalking typically occurs in Stages 3 and 4. These stages are known as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep. During these stages, the brain waves slow down and the body undergoes restorative processes. Sleepwalking is more likely to occur during these stages because it involves complex behaviors and movements, such as walking or talking, which are more likely to happen during deep sleep. Sleepwalking is less likely to occur during lighter stages of sleep, such as stage 1 or stage 2, or during REM sleep when dreaming occurs.

In this working memory task, Trial A precedes Trial B with an interstimulus interval of 20 seconds. Proactive interference refers to the phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the recall or retrieval of new information. Since Trial A comes before Trial B, it is more likely that the information from Trial A will interfere with the recall or retrieval of information in Trial B. Therefore, we can assume that Trial B is affected by proactive interference from Trial A.

The correct answer is 20 s. Short-term memory (STM) is a temporary storage system that can hold a limited amount of information for a short period of time. If the information in STM is not actively rehearsed or refreshed, it will decay and be lost. Research suggests that the duration of STM without rehearsal is approximately 20 seconds. This means that if we do not actively repeat or think about the information within that time frame, it will fade away from our memory.

Counting backward by threes in the Brown-Peterson task is considered to disrupt subvocal rehearsal of the trigram. Subvocal rehearsal refers to silently repeating the trigram in one's mind to maintain it in short-term memory. By counting backward, participants are engaging in a verbal task that interferes with their ability to mentally rehearse the trigram. This disruption of subvocal rehearsal supports the idea that it plays a crucial role in maintaining information in short-term memory.

The correct answer suggests that visual memory in long-term memory (LTM) is coded at least partially semantically. This means that when pictures are studied along with verbal explanations of their content, the information is better remembered in LTM. This implies that the meaning and context of the pictures are important for encoding and retrieving visual information from memory. It also suggests that visual information is not solely stored in a visual or spatial format, but is also connected to semantic knowledge and understanding.

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the body experiences muscle atonia, which is a state of temporary paralysis. This is a natural mechanism that prevents individuals from physically acting out their dreams and potentially causing harm to themselves or others. During this stage, the brain is highly active, and vivid dreaming occurs. Therefore, the correct answer is stage REM.

Henry Molaison developed anterograde amnesia after having surgery to treat his epilepsy. This is because during the surgery, a part of his brain called the hippocampus was removed to alleviate his seizures. The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of new memories, and its removal resulted in Henry's inability to create new long-term memories. While his previous memories remained intact, he was unable to remember any new information after the surgery. This case study played a significant role in understanding the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.

K-complexes and spindles are characteristic brain wave patterns that are commonly observed during stage 2 of sleep. Stage 2 is a transitional stage between light sleep (stage 1) and deep sleep (stage 3 and 4). K-complexes are large, slow waves that are believed to be involved in the processing and integration of external stimuli, while spindles are bursts of fast brain waves that are thought to play a role in memory consolidation. Therefore, the presence of K-complexes and spindles in stage 2 is indicative of the brain's transition into a deeper and more restorative sleep state.

The term "precognitive" refers to having knowledge of future events or information. This means that a person who is precognitive is able to foresee or predict things that will happen in the future.

Serial exhaustive search refers to a search process that continues until the end of a memory set, even after finding the sought-after item. This means that the search does not terminate immediately upon finding the desired item, but instead continues until all items in the memory set have been examined. This type of search is exhaustive in nature as it thoroughly examines the entire set of items. It is called "serial" because the search is conducted in a sequential manner, examining each item one by one.

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of atonia during REM sleep. Atonia is a state of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep to prevent individuals from acting out their dreams. In RBD, this paralysis is absent, leading to individuals physically acting out their dreams. Therefore, RBD is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the absence of atonia in human sleep.

Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory impairment where the individual is unable to form new memories after the onset of the condition. This means that they have difficulty remembering events or information that occurred after the amnesia started. However, their ability to recall events from the past, including those that happened 20 years ago, may remain intact. Therefore, the correct answer is "memory for events in the past week" as this would fall within the timeframe of new memories that the individual with anterograde amnesia would struggle to retain.

The phonological loop is responsible for maintaining and processing verbal information, such as words. In this scenario, the word written in green ink on a whiteboard would be primarily maintained in the phonological loop because it involves processing the visual information of the word and converting it into a verbal representation. The phonological loop is responsible for the temporary storage and rehearsal of verbal information, making it the most appropriate component of working memory for maintaining the word in this situation.

The correct answer is Sensory, STM, LTM. In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory is divided into three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory memory holds information from our senses for a very brief period. STM is responsible for holding a limited amount of information for a short duration. LTM is the system where information is stored for a long time, potentially indefinitely. This model suggests that information moves from sensory memory to STM and then to LTM through processes like attention, rehearsal, and retrieval.

The pair "friend and acquaintance" would be coded most similarly in LTM because they are both related to relationships and social connections. Both words refer to people who are known to each other, although the level of familiarity may differ. This similarity in meaning and context would result in them being stored closely together in long-term memory. The other word pairs, such as "steal and steel" or "great and grate," do not share the same semantic relationship and would not be coded as similarly in LTM.

According to the complementary learning systems theory, the hippocampus is specialized for rapid learning that is not good at detecting patterns, while the cortex is specialized for slow learning that is good at detecting patterns. This suggests that the hippocampus is responsible for quickly acquiring new information, but it does not have the ability to recognize or understand complex patterns. On the other hand, the cortex is capable of slower but more comprehensive learning, allowing it to detect and interpret patterns effectively. This explanation aligns with the theory of complementary learning systems and provides a logical understanding of the roles of the hippocampus and cortex in learning and pattern recognition.

The correct answer is "the icon". In sensory memory, the icon refers to the briefly stored representation of visual information. It is a visual image or mental representation that remains in our memory for a very short period of time before it is either transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. The icon helps us retain visual information for a brief moment, allowing us to perceive and make sense of our surroundings.

The Baddeley and Hitch (1974) experiment challenges traditional views of STM because it suggests a capacity greater than the commonly accepted 7 plus or minus 2. This contradicts the idea that STM has a limited capacity for retaining information. The experiment's findings indicate that individuals were able to memorize a digit span of six numbers, which exceeds the traditional view of STM's capacity. This implies that STM may have a greater capacity than previously believed.

The word length effect suggests that longer words are remembered less well in working memory tasks. This supports the idea of subvocal rehearsal in short-term memory because longer words take longer to rehearse. As a result, fewer of them can be held in short-term memory compared to shorter words.

In Sperling's (1960) experiments, the instructed task in the partial report condition was to report all the letters in the cued row. This means that participants were asked to recall and report all the letters they saw in the specific row that was cued. This task was designed to assess the participants' ability to retain and recall visual information from a brief display. By asking them to report all the letters in the cued row, researchers could measure the capacity and accuracy of their visual memory.

Visible persistence refers to the phenomenon where a visual stimulus continues to be perceived by the viewer even after it has been removed. This persistence is due to the afterimages that are formed in the visual system. When a stimulus is masked, it means that it is immediately followed or overlapped by another stimulus that prevents the viewer from perceiving it fully. This disrupts the visible persistence because the masked stimulus is not given enough time to leave an afterimage and be perceived for a longer duration. Therefore, masking disrupts the visible persistence.

The method of loci is a mnemonic strategy that involves memorizing a route. This technique relies on visualizing a familiar location, such as a house, and mentally placing items or information that needs to be remembered at different locations within that space. By mentally retracing the route and associating each item with a specific location, it becomes easier to recall the information when needed. This method is often used to improve memory and recall, especially for lists or sequences of information.

According to the dual-coding hypothesis, words that can be represented both visually and verbally are remembered best. The word "elephant" can easily be visualized, as it is a concrete object that can be imagined and seen in the mind's eye. This visual representation enhances memory encoding and retrieval, making "elephant" the word that would be remembered best.

When Hopfield networks "dream," it means that through periodic activation, they are able to unlearn parasitic memories. This process allows the network to eliminate unwanted or irrelevant information that may have been stored in its connections. By periodically activating the network, it can gradually weaken and eventually remove these parasitic memories, improving its overall performance and ability to recall relevant information.

The correct answer is the articulatory loop. The articulatory loop is a component of working memory that is responsible for the rehearsal and manipulation of verbal information. It is involved in the subvocalization process, which is the silent repetition of words or sounds in the mind. This process helps to maintain information in working memory and prevent it from being forgotten. The central executive is responsible for coordinating and controlling the different components of working memory. The visuospatial sketchpad is involved in the manipulation and storage of visual and spatial information. Wernicke's area is a region of the brain that is primarily associated with language comprehension and production.

Peripheral processing in the visual system refers to the processing that occurs between the retina and visual cortex. This means that it includes the initial stages of visual processing that take place in the retina, such as the detection of light and the formation of neural signals, as well as the subsequent processing that occurs in the visual cortex, where the signals are further analyzed and interpreted. This processing is crucial for our ability to perceive and make sense of visual information from our surroundings.

Dysarthria refers to an impairment in articulating speech which has a neurological cause. This means that individuals with dysarthria have difficulty controlling the muscles used for speech production, resulting in slurred or unclear speech. It is caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, such as in the muscles, nerves, or brain regions involved in speech production. This impairment can affect the clarity, volume, and quality of speech, making it difficult for others to understand.

The 2-back task involves phonological coding because it requires the participant to remember and compare the current stimulus with the one presented two trials ago. This task relies on the phonological loop of working memory, which is responsible for the temporary storage and processing of auditory information. The participant needs to encode and maintain the auditory stimuli in working memory to successfully perform the task, making the answer "information is held in working memory" the correct explanation.

The production of actual, out-loud speech is thought to occur in Broca's area and regions around Broca's area. This area of the brain is responsible for the motor planning and execution of speech. It is involved in the production of language and is connected to other areas of the brain involved in language processing.

Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity that occur during non-REM sleep. Research suggests that one of the functions of sleep spindles is to synchronize memory storage in the hippocampus and neocortex. The hippocampus is involved in the formation and consolidation of memories, while the neocortex is responsible for long-term memory storage. Sleep spindles help to transfer information from the hippocampus to the neocortex, facilitating memory consolidation during sleep. This synchronization process is crucial for memory formation and retention.

The correct answer is "random periodic activation that originates in the brainstem" because according to the Hobson-McCarley Activation Synthesis model, during REM sleep, the brainstem generates random electrical impulses that activate various areas of the brain. This random activation is responsible for dreaming.

Synchronized EEG is found in stage 3 and 4 of sleep. During these stages, the brain waves become slower and more synchronized, indicating deep sleep. This is also known as slow-wave sleep or delta sleep. Synchronized EEG patterns during stage 3 and 4 sleep are associated with important restorative functions of the body, such as tissue repair, hormone regulation, and memory consolidation.

The fact that participants often falsely report a homophone of a studied word as being on the studied list suggests that coding in working memory is phonological. This means that participants are relying on the sound or pronunciation of the word rather than its meaning when recalling it. This finding supports the idea that working memory primarily processes and stores information based on its phonological characteristics.

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