Thinking, Language, And Intelligence/ Practice Multiple-choice

Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that helps to identify relationships among items or factors. It is a technique used in research to understand the underlying structure of a set of variables or items. By analyzing the correlations between variables, factor analysis can group them into meaningful factors that explain the common variance among them. This procedure is commonly used in psychology, social sciences, and market research to uncover latent variables and simplify complex data sets.

Functional fixedness refers to the cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to see alternative uses or functions for an object beyond its typical or intended purpose. In this case, Jimmy's lack of realizing that he could use a dime to tighten the screw on his bike demonstrates functional fixedness. He was only considering the typical use of a dime as currency and did not think of using it as a tool.

Morphemes are the smallest unit that carries meaning in language. They can be individual words or parts of words that have their own meaning and cannot be further divided into smaller units with meaning. For example, in the word "unhappiness," "un-" and "-ness" are morphemes that carry meaning. This definition of morphemes as the smallest unit that carries meaning is widely accepted in linguistics.

This scenario exemplifies the representativeness heuristic because Jimmy is judging his friend's car based on how closely it resembles his favorite type of car. He is making a quick judgment and assuming that the car is nice solely based on its similarity to his preferred car type, without considering other factors or gathering more information. This heuristic involves making decisions or judgments based on how well an object or situation matches a prototype or stereotype.

The correct answer is analytical, creative, practical. Robert Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is made up of three types: analytical intelligence, which involves problem-solving and logical thinking; creative intelligence, which involves the ability to think outside the box and come up with innovative solutions; and practical intelligence, which involves the ability to apply knowledge and skills to real-life situations. This order of intelligence types aligns with Sternberg's theory, making it the correct answer.

Charles Spearman believed that the g factor, or general intelligence, was responsible for a person's overall intelligence. He argued that this factor represents a common underlying ability that influences performance across various cognitive tasks. According to Spearman, individuals who perform well in one cognitive domain are likely to perform well in others, indicating the presence of a general factor that contributes to overall intelligence. This concept of a single determinant of intelligence has been influential in the field of psychology and has shaped our understanding of human cognitive abilities.

This scenario demonstrates the availability heuristic. Jimmy lacks knowledge about car companies and their profitability, so he relies on the information that is readily available to him, which is the car company he knows the most about. He assumes that the car company he is familiar with must sell the most amount of cars, even though this may not be true. The availability heuristic refers to the tendency of individuals to make judgments based on the ease with which relevant examples come to mind.

Standardization refers to the process of administering a test to a representative sample group. This allows for the establishment of norms and standards that can be used for comparison when interpreting individual test scores. By giving the test to a sample group, researchers can draw inferences about the larger population based on the performance of the sample. Standardization helps ensure that test scores are meaningful and can be compared across individuals or groups.

Concepts are mental groupings of information that are based on similarities. They allow us to organize and understand the world around us by grouping similar objects, events, or ideas together. Concepts help us to categorize and make sense of the vast amount of information we encounter daily. They provide a framework for understanding and reasoning, allowing us to make predictions and draw conclusions based on previous knowledge and experiences.

The correct answer is that a person's language ability would have a direct influence on the way a person thinks. This is known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which suggests that language shapes and influences our thoughts and perceptions. According to this hypothesis, the structure and vocabulary of a language can affect the way speakers of that language perceive and interpret the world around them. For example, some languages have specific words for concepts that might not exist in other languages, leading to differences in how speakers of those languages think about and understand those concepts.

Jimmy's love of vanilla bean ice cream would be considered his prototype. A prototype is an original or typical example of something that serves as a standard or model. In this case, Jimmy's preference for vanilla bean ice cream serves as his standard or model for comparing other flavors of ice cream. It is his favorite and the benchmark against which he judges other flavors.

Howard Gardner would support the idea that it is possible for a person to have separate or multiple intelligence. Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences, which suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity, but rather a combination of various intelligences. According to Gardner, individuals can excel in different areas such as math, interpersonal skills, verbal skills, and more. This theory recognizes and values the diversity of human abilities and talents, explaining why Jimmy may excel in math and interpersonal reasoning while struggling with verbal skills and ability.

Divergent thinking is the correct answer because it involves generating multiple ideas and possibilities. In this scenario, Jimmy's friends are listing as many ideas as possible to come up with an idea for their Friday night plans. This demonstrates divergent thinking as they are exploring different options and possibilities instead of narrowing down to a single solution.

Alfred Binet is the correct answer because he was the first to develop an intelligence test based on a person's mental abilities compared to their chronological age. This test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale, was designed to identify individuals who may need additional educational support or who may be gifted. The test measured a person's mental age, which is the level of cognitive functioning typically associated with a certain age group. By comparing a person's mental age to their chronological age, Binet could determine if an individual was advanced or behind in their cognitive development.

A test-retest procedure involves administering a test multiple times to determine if it produces consistent results. Therefore, the correct answer is reliability, as it refers to the consistency and stability of test scores over time.

B.F. Skinner would agree that proper schooling and instruction would help a person to develop proper language acquisition. Skinner was a behaviorist psychologist who believed that language is learned through conditioning and reinforcement. He emphasized the importance of environmental factors in language development and believed that language skills could be acquired through systematic instruction and practice. Skinner's theories and research on operant conditioning and behavior modification support the idea that proper schooling and instruction are essential for language acquisition.

Following the instructions step by step to construct the model airplane requires cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving. Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and using information. In this case, Jimmy needs to use his cognitive abilities to understand and execute the instructions accurately, ensuring that he does not skip any steps. Therefore, the given answer "cognition" accurately describes the mental processes involved in following the instructions.

In the given scenario, Jimmy is considering multiple options for his prom date and is evaluating them based on their positive and appealing features. This aligns with the additive decision-making model, where different attributes or features of each option are considered separately and then combined to determine the overall desirability of each option. Jimmy is likely comparing the positive features of each potential date and adding them up to make his decision.

Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test measures the intended construct or concept. In this scenario, Jimmy is trying to assess whether his students are paying attention in class. By designing questions that are specific to what he stated in class, he is indirectly measuring the construct of attention. If a student answers these questions correctly, it suggests that they were paying attention in class, thus demonstrating construct validity.

Anchoring Heuristic refers to the cognitive bias where individuals rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions or judgments. In this case, Jimmy is using the previous year's best record as his anchor point to make his decision about which football team could have the best record this season. He is using this initial information as a reference point and not making any effort to consider other factors or gather more information. This demonstrates the use of the Anchoring Heuristic.