Human Memory & Language And Thought

Incubation is not part of memory. Memory involves the processes of storage, retrieval, and encoding. Storage refers to the ability to retain information over time, retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, and encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored and retrieved. However, incubation is not a process related to memory. Instead, incubation refers to a cognitive process where the mind unconsciously continues to work on a problem or idea, often leading to creative insights or solutions.

The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember items that are presented at the beginning of a sequence. This effect occurs because these items have a higher chance of being transferred into long-term memory, as there is more attention and rehearsal given to them compared to items presented later in the sequence. This phenomenon is often attributed to the fact that people have more cognitive resources available at the beginning of a task, leading to better encoding and retention of information.

Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar theory distinguishes between a sentence's surface structure and its deep structure. Surface structure refers to the actual arrangement of words in a sentence, while deep structure refers to the underlying meaning and syntactic structure. Chomsky's theory suggests that the deep structure is transformed into the surface structure through a series of transformations and rules. This distinction is important in understanding how language is generated and interpreted.

Decay Theory is not involved in cognition because it is a theory that suggests that forgetting occurs due to the natural decay or fading of memories over time, rather than being influenced by cognitive processes such as acquisition, storage, or retrieval. While acquisition refers to the process of acquiring new information, storage involves the retention of that information, and retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored information. Decay theory, on the other hand, focuses on the idea that forgetting is a result of the passage of time and the weakening of memory traces.

Logical reasoning includes mental procedures that yield valid conclusions. It involves using logical principles and rules to analyze and evaluate arguments, identifying patterns, and drawing accurate conclusions based on evidence and reasoning. Logical reasoning is a systematic approach that ensures the validity and coherence of the conclusions reached. It is a fundamental aspect of critical thinking and problem-solving, allowing individuals to make sound judgments and decisions based on logical principles.

Underextension occurs when a child only uses a word in a specific context. This means that the child restricts the meaning of a word to a particular situation or object, rather than using it in a more general or broader sense. For example, a child might only use the word "dog" to refer to their own pet dog and not recognize other dogs as being called the same.

Structural encoding is the encoding process that is stored based on visual codes. This means that when we visually perceive information, we encode it based on its structure, such as its shape, size, and arrangement. This type of encoding is commonly used when we remember visual patterns or spatial relationships. Semantic encoding, on the other hand, involves encoding based on the meaning of the information, phonemic encoding is based on the sound of the information, and acoustic encoding is based on auditory information. Therefore, the correct answer is structural.

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The Peg Word system is a mnemonic technique that helps in remembering information by associating it with a visual image. It involves creating mental images of items to be remembered and linking them to a set of predetermined words or "pegs." These pegs act as cues to retrieve the associated information. This strategy is useful for remembering lists or sequences of information by creating vivid and memorable mental images.