2240 Action Prep, Attention And Memory

A reaction time situation that has one signal and one response is considered:

• Simple RT

• Choice RT

• Discrimination RT

• Easy RT

The gun going off in a 100m race is defined as a:

• Warning Signal

• Foreperiod

• Go Signal

• Start Signal

Response Time is defined as:

• The interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response

• The interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement

• The time interval from the onset of a signal (stimulus) to the completion of a response

• The time interval between the warning signal and the go signal (stimulus)

With EMG it is possible to fractionate RT into two components. Which of those components is defined as: the period from the increase in muscle activity until the actual limb movement.

• Foreperiod

• Pre-motor

• Response Time

• Motor Time

Which of the following orders of the Information Processing Model is correct:

• INPUT - Response Selection, Response Programming, Stimulus Identification - OUTPUT

• INPUT - Response Programming, Response Selection, Stimulus Identification - OUTPUT

• INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Programming, Response Selection - OUTPUT

• INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Selection, Response Programming - OUTPUT

A pitcher in baseball (who has many deliveries to choose from) predominantly slows a batsmens action preparation at what stage of information processing:

• Stimulus Identification

• Response Programming

• Response Selection

• Initiation of Response

Which of the following statements regarding Stimulus Identification is FALSE:

• The individual analyses the environment (from vision, touch etc.)

• Important things taken into account include object speed, direction, if it is moving at all etc.

• Detection of movement pattern

• The decision of what, if any, response should be made

Which of the following statements is FALSE:

• RT will decrease when the stimulus is more predictable

• RT will increase when the foreperiod has a higher regularity

• RT will increase logarithmically as the number of stimulus response choices increases

• The more complex the movement, the greater the RT

Which of the following is not a Task or Situational Characteristic that influences RT preparation?

• The number of response choices

• The influence of the probability of pre-cue correctness

• The repetition of the movement

• The length of the stimulus

All of the following occur in the preparation stage of action except for:

• Postural organisation

• Limb performance characteristics

• Object control characteristics

• Spatial coding

• They all occur during preparation

• C) & d)

The psychological refactory period describes:

• The period of time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a planned action

• A delay during which a person seems to put a planned action on hold while executing a previously initiated action

• The time it takes for a person to recognise a 'fake' or 'bluff' and then perform the correct response to the final stimulus

• The physical relationship between the stimulus and the response ie. the stroop effect

Which if the following statements about Attention is incorrect:

• Preparation for and performance of perceptual-motor skills are influenced by our limited capacity to select and attend to information

• Attnetion refers to the engagement in the perceptual, cognitive and motor activities associated with performing skills

• One of the issues with attention capacity is when there is a simultaneous performance of multiple activities

• Each individual has an unlimited attention capacity

The Filter Theory (otherwise known as the bottleneck theory):

• Proposed that attention limits were the result of the limited availability of resources

• Proposed that a person has difficulty doing many things at one time

• Propose there is one central source of attention resource for which all activities requiring attention compete

• Contends we have several attention mechanisms with limited resources

Kahneman's Model of attention shows that people display the greatest amount of attention when they have:

• High Arousal

• Low Arousal

• Medium Arousal

• One simple task to focus on

• A complex task to focus on

• Many tasks to supply attention to

When it comes to assessing Attention Demands and focussing Attention, which of the following states is FALSE:

• Width indicated focus to be large or small

• Direction indicates attention of focus to be internal or external

• Primary Task is the task of interest

• Secondary task performance is the basis to make influences about the attention demands of the primary task

When a person performs a skill or engages in certain information-processing activities without requiring attention resources, this is known as..

• Attention Deficiency

• Lack of Attention

• Motor Skill Proficiency

• Automacity

Three procedures are used to investige Visual Selective Attention. Which of the following is not one of these:

• Temporal occlusion of video/film

• Spatial or event occlusion of video/film

• Specific surveys given to novices and experts, asking questions about attention and visual components of the skill

• Eye-movement recordings

What is the difference between performance and learning?

• Performance is an observable behaviour while learning is a change (usually an improvement) in motor skill proficiency

• Performance is the execution of a movement whilst learning is a change in motor performance

• Performance is the level of skill proficiency a person has, whereas learning is how that person came to having that level of proficiency

• Performance is greater in experts (when compared with novices) whereas novices have great levels of learning in comparison to experts

What are the tow different structures of Memory?

Short term (working) memory deals with which of the following functions and attention processes (pick more than one):

• Decision making

• Protecting memory from loss

• Knowledge of "how to do" something eg. procedural

• General (factual knowledge)

• Problem solving

• Movement production and evaluation

• Store past memories

What is the general capacity for short term memory (in items):

• 5 (-+2)

• 7 (-+2)

• 9 (-+2)

• 8 (-+2)

The technique for memory that groups items into larger collections (ie. letters into words) is known as:

• Grouping

• Tasking

• Chunking

• Associating

____________ Memory has a  limited capacity, relatively short duration, temporary storage, processing for transfer of Memory to the ________ Memory, and is a temporary workspace.

• Short-term Memory, Working Memory

• Working Memory, Long-term Memory

• Long-term Memory, Working Memory

• Long-term Memory, Short-term Memory

Procedural Memory (how to do something), Semantic Memory (general knowledge) and Episodic Memory (consiously re-experiencing past memories) are all systems of which form of memory:

• Working Memory

• Short-term Memory

• Long-term Memory

• Phonological Memory

_________ Memory requires a new protein synthesis, whereas __________ Memory involves modifying existing proteins

• Short, Long

• Long, Short

• Working, Short

• Short, Working

Briefly describe the case of "HM". What is the significance of HM's case for motor behaviour?

Rembering a past birthday and what presents you were given is an example of what sort of memory:

• Explicit

• Episodic

• Semantic

• Implicit

Trying to remember which US President was in office in 1987 would be an example of which form of memory?

• Procedural

• Episodic

• Explicit

• Implicit

Which of the following statements about this sporting context is FALSE:

• A coach must have good declarative knowledge to impart

• A sportsperson must be able to perform the skill and hence must have good Episodic Memory

• A team manager must have good explicit memory in order to correctly and efficiently manage the team

Memory tests that requires a response with few, if any, cues given are called:

• Recognition Test

• Recall Test

• Implicit Test

• Retention Test

An example of an Implicit memory skill would be:

• Asked to explain the movement or action needed to be performed

• Being quizzed or tested on certain aspects of the skill

• Performing the skill/action

• Performing a similar action and seeing if there is a transfer apparent

Trace Decay is a form of forgetting which naturally occurs with the passing of time. ____________ Interference is when an interference occur post learning. For example, something being mentioned in a lecture and then receiving a text message and being distracted. __________ Interference occurs when there is an interference before learning occurs (prior). For example, the lecturer pointing out that someone will be giving the next lecture, and introducing them, then teaching something important. The students focus may still remain on the aforementioned distraction.

• Proactive, retroactive

• Retroactive, proactive

• Explicit, implicit

• Implicit, explicit

List and discuss some of the strategies that can be used to enhance memory performance

Which of the following strategies to enhance memory performance uses the technique of developing the practice context so that it more resembles the test context? *Important for Motor Learning*

• Increase Meaningfulness

• Intention to Remember

• Subjective Organisation

• Encoding Specificity Principle

Long-term Memory is split up into two components of Knowledge:

• Episodic & Semantic

• Declarative & Procedural

• Explicit & Implicit

• Proactive & Retroactive