2240 Action Prep, Attention And Memory

Simple RT refers to a reaction time situation that involves only one signal and one response. In this type of situation, the individual is required to respond as quickly as possible to a single stimulus. There are no additional stimuli or choices to consider, making it a straightforward task. Simple RT is often used in research and psychological experiments to measure basic reaction times and cognitive processing speed.

Chunking is a memory technique that involves grouping items into larger collections. This helps in organizing and remembering information more effectively. By breaking down a large amount of information into smaller, manageable chunks, it becomes easier to process and remember. This technique is particularly useful when trying to remember long lists, numbers, or complex information. Chunking allows the brain to focus on a smaller number of meaningful units, making it easier to encode and retrieve information from memory.

The statement "The decision of what, if any, response should be made" is false. Stimulus Identification involves analyzing the environment and taking into account important factors such as object speed, direction, and movement pattern. However, the decision of what response should be made is not part of the Stimulus Identification process. This decision-making stage comes after Stimulus Identification, in the Response Selection stage.

The correct order of the Information Processing Model is INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Selection, Response Programming - OUTPUT. This order follows the sequential flow of information processing, starting with the identification of a stimulus, followed by the selection of an appropriate response, and finally the programming of the chosen response.

The general capacity for short-term memory is believed to be around 7 (+/- 2) items. This means that on average, individuals can hold about 5 to 9 items in their short-term memory at a given time. This capacity is based on research conducted by psychologist George Miller, who found that most people can remember around 7 items, give or take 2.

The question asks for the procedure that is not used to investigate Visual Selective Attention. The other three options - temporal occlusion of video/film, spatial or event occlusion of video/film, and eye-movement recordings - are all methods commonly used to study Visual Selective Attention. However, specific surveys given to novices and experts, asking questions about attention and visual components of the skill, is not a procedure that directly measures attention or visual components of the skill. Therefore, it is not one of the procedures used to investigate Visual Selective Attention.

The statement that each individual has an unlimited attention capacity is incorrect. Attention capacity refers to the limited amount of information that an individual can attend to and process at any given time. This limitation means that individuals have a finite capacity for attention and cannot attend to an unlimited amount of information simultaneously.

Working memory is a type of memory that has a limited capacity and relatively short duration. It is responsible for temporarily storing and processing information before transferring it to long-term memory. Long-term memory, on the other hand, has a much larger capacity and stores information for a longer period of time. It is the more permanent storage of information. Therefore, the correct answer is "Working Memory, Long-term Memory."

The gun going off in a 100m race is defined as a "Go Signal" because it signifies the start of the race and indicates to the athletes that they can begin running. It is a clear and distinct sound that alerts the participants to start their race and compete against each other.

Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic recall of information or skills without conscious effort. Performing the skill/action is an example of implicit memory because it involves the ability to execute a task without consciously thinking about the steps or movements involved. This type of memory is often associated with procedural skills, such as riding a bike or typing on a keyboard, which become ingrained through repetition and practice. Implicit memory allows individuals to perform tasks effortlessly and without explicit awareness of the underlying knowledge or skills required.

Procedural memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory are all systems of long-term memory. Long-term memory refers to the storage of information and experiences over an extended period of time. Procedural memory involves knowing how to perform certain tasks or skills, semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts, and episodic memory involves consciously re-experiencing past events or personal experiences. These types of memory are all part of the long-term memory system, which is responsible for the storage and retrieval of information over a long period of time.

Automacity refers to the ability to perform a skill or engage in information-processing activities without requiring attention resources. It is the state where a person can perform a task automatically, without consciously thinking about it. This occurs when a skill has been practiced to the point where it becomes ingrained and can be performed effortlessly. Automacity allows individuals to perform tasks quickly and efficiently, freeing up attention resources for other activities.

When the foreperiod has a higher regularity, it means that the time interval between the warning signal and the stimulus becomes more consistent and predictable. In this case, the individual can prepare and anticipate the stimulus, leading to a decrease in reaction time (RT). Therefore, the statement "RT will increase when the foreperiod has a higher regularity" is false.

Recall tests are memory tests that require individuals to retrieve information from memory without any cues or prompts. Unlike recognition tests, where individuals are given options or cues to aid their memory retrieval, recall tests rely solely on the individual's ability to generate the information from memory. This type of test is often used to assess the individual's ability to remember and retrieve information without any external aids or cues.

Long-term Memory is divided into two components: declarative and procedural. Declarative memory refers to the conscious recollection of facts and events, such as remembering historical dates or personal experiences. Procedural memory, on the other hand, involves the unconscious recall of skills and habits, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces. This division allows for the storage and retrieval of different types of information in the long-term memory system.

The correct answer is "retroactive, proactive." In the given context, the explanation suggests that interference can occur both before and after learning. Retroactive interference refers to situations where new information disrupts the recall of previously learned information. In this case, the distraction of receiving a text message after the lecture can interfere with the retention of the lecture content. Proactive interference, on the other hand, occurs when previously learned information inhibits the ability to recall new information. The example given is when the introduction of the next lecturer before teaching something important may cause the students' focus to remain on the previous distraction, thus interfering with their ability to learn the new information.

The psychological refactory period refers to a delay during which a person seems to put a planned action on hold while executing a previously initiated action. This means that when a person is in the middle of performing a task or action, they may experience a delay in starting a new planned action until the ongoing action is completed. This delay is believed to be a cognitive mechanism that allows the person to focus on and complete the current action before moving on to the next one.

Other components include:
-sequencing of simple movements
- movement rhythmicity
Other factors that affect preparations:
- alertedness of the performer
- amount of practice
- attention focussed on the signal vs. the action

The correct answer is the Encoding Specificity Principle. This principle suggests that memory performance can be enhanced by developing the practice context to closely resemble the test context. This means that the conditions and cues present during practice should be similar to those present during the actual test, as this can improve retrieval and recall of information. This principle is particularly important for motor learning, as it helps to create a more effective transfer of skills from practice to performance.

Response Selection is the stage of information processing where a pitcher in baseball predominantly slows a batsman's action preparation. During this stage, the pitcher analyzes the situation, considers the different deliveries they have in their repertoire, and selects the most appropriate response to deceive or outsmart the batsman. Slowing down the batsman's action preparation during this stage can disrupt their timing and make it more difficult for them to anticipate the pitcher's next move.

Long-term memory requires a new protein synthesis because it involves the formation of new synaptic connections and the strengthening of existing ones. This process requires the synthesis of new proteins to support the structural changes necessary for long-term memory storage. On the other hand, short-term memory involves modifying existing proteins, such as through post-translational modifications or changes in protein phosphorylation, to facilitate the temporary storage and retrieval of information.

Width actually indicates focus to be broad or narrow

Reaction Time: the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response
Movement Time: the interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement
Foreperiod: the time interval between the warning signal and the go signal (stimulus)
Response Time consists of both the Reaction Time and Movement Time

There are also many other characteristics including:
- predictability of the correct response choice
- stimulus response compatibility
- fore-period length regularity
- movement complexity
- movement accuracy
- time between different responses to different signals

Short term (working) memory is responsible for holding and manipulating information for a short period of time. It is involved in decision making as it allows us to consider different options and weigh the pros and cons before making a choice. It is also involved in problem solving as it allows us to hold and manipulate information related to the problem at hand in order to come up with a solution. Additionally, short term memory is involved in movement production and evaluation as it helps us remember and execute motor actions.

Remembering which US President was in office in 1987 would be an example of explicit memory. Explicit memory refers to the conscious and intentional recollection of information, facts, and events. In this case, recalling the specific historical fact of the US President in 1987 requires explicit memory, as it involves consciously retrieving and recalling a specific piece of information from the past.

Alternative Theory: proposed that attention limits were the result of the limited availability of resources
Central Resource Capacity Theory: propose there is one central source of attention resource for which all activities requiring attention compete
Multiple Resource Theory: contends we have several attention mechanisms with limited resources

Kahneman's Model of attention suggests that people display the greatest amount of attention when they have medium arousal. This means that individuals are neither too highly aroused nor too lowly aroused. When arousal is too high, it can lead to distraction and difficulty in focusing on tasks. On the other hand, when arousal is too low, individuals may lack motivation and engagement in the task at hand. Therefore, having a moderate level of arousal allows individuals to be alert, focused, and attentive, leading to optimal performance.

Working Memory = short term memory

Pre-Motor: the quiet interval of time between the onset of stimulus and beginning of the activity

A team manager does not necessarily need to have good explicit memory in order to correctly and efficiently manage the team. While having good explicit memory may be helpful in certain aspects of team management, such as remembering specific strategies or game plans, it is not a requirement for overall success in managing a team. Other skills and qualities, such as leadership, communication, and decision-making abilities, are often more important in effectively managing a team.

Performance refers to the actual execution of a movement or behavior, while learning refers to the process of acquiring new skills or improving existing ones. In this context, performance is specifically related to motor skills, and learning is the change or improvement in motor skill proficiency.

Remembering a past birthday and what presents you were given is an example of explicit memory. Explicit memory refers to the conscious recollection of information and experiences that can be intentionally and consciously retrieved. In this case, the individual is actively recalling specific details about their past birthday, such as the gifts they received. This type of memory involves the conscious effort to retrieve and remember specific events or facts.

The correct answer is a) & b). Reaction time is an index of the preparation required to produce action and is also a common measure indicating how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate a movement. It refers to the time it takes for a person to react to a stimulus, indicating both the preparation and initiation of a response. Therefore, options a) and b) are both correct definitions of reaction time.