What Do You Know About Memory And Cognition? Trivia Quiz

When the logarithm of memory performance is plotted against the logarithm of delay, a linear function appears. This suggests that retention functions are generally power functions. In other words, there is a consistent relationship between the delay in remembering something and the performance of memory. The linear function indicates that as the delay increases, the memory performance decreases in a predictable and consistent manner. This finding supports the idea that retention of information follows a power function pattern, where the relationship between delay and memory performance can be described by a mathematical equation.

The research by Godden and Baddeley used divers learning word lists and found support for the importance of context effects on memory. This suggests that the surrounding environment or context in which information is learned can have a significant impact on memory recall.

The levels of processing view, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests that the depth of processing affects memory performance. It states that encoding information based on its meaning and relevance leads to better memory retention compared to encoding based on physical characteristics or auditory information. The statement that "Rehearsal is not the only way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory" aligns with this view, indicating that there are other processes or strategies, apart from rehearsal, that can facilitate the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

The fan effect refers to the phenomenon where the retrieval of information is slower and more difficult when there is a larger number of competing associations or "fans" for that information. The correct answer states that prefrontal activation is higher in the high fan condition than in the low fan condition. This suggests that when there are more competing associations for a specific piece of information, the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in cognitive control and attention, becomes more activated in order to overcome the interference and retrieve the desired information.

Photographic memory is not a possible explanation for flashbulb memory because flashbulb memories are not characterized by the ability to recall detailed visual images with perfect accuracy. Instead, flashbulb memories are vivid and emotionally charged recollections of specific events, often associated with significant personal or historical importance. These memories are believed to be formed through a combination of emotional arousal and rehearsal, rather than through the ability to mentally "photograph" and store visual information.

The frontal cortex is the correct answer because it is a brain region that is known to be involved in working memory. Working memory refers to the ability to hold and manipulate information in the mind over short periods of time. The frontal cortex plays a crucial role in executive functions, which include working memory, decision-making, and problem-solving. Numerous studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the frontal cortex can impair working memory performance. Therefore, the frontal cortex is an important brain region implicated in working memory.

An example of a transparent analogy is when there is superficial similarity but not structural similarity. This means that there may be some surface-level similarities between two things, but when you examine their underlying structure or characteristics, they are actually quite different. This type of analogy can be misleading because it focuses on the surface similarities rather than the more important structural aspects.

When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point, participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point. This suggests that our attention is more readily drawn to stimuli that we anticipate or predict, as opposed to stimuli that catch us off guard. This finding aligns with the concept of attentional capture, where attention is automatically directed towards stimuli that are relevant or meaningful to us. It also implies that our attentional system is more efficient and effective when it comes to processing expected stimuli compared to unexpected ones.

The participants in the study were able to filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario. This suggests that they were able to selectively focus their attention on one scenario while ignoring the other, allowing them to retain more information about the attended scenario.

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-directed behavior. It is involved in the process of handling complex subgoals, which refers to breaking down a larger goal into smaller, more manageable subgoals. This allows for a systematic approach towards achieving the overall goal. The prefrontal cortex is known to play a crucial role in executive functions, which are essential for planning, organizing, and executing tasks. Therefore, it is the most likely brain region involved in handling complex subgoals.

The phenomenon of illusory conjunction refers to the tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display. This means that when presented with multiple stimuli, individuals may incorrectly perceive or combine different features from those stimuli, leading to a misinterpretation of the original display. This phenomenon highlights the limitations of visual perception and the potential for errors in processing visual information.

Analogical problem solving is more efficient when participants figured out how to solve the problems by themselves than when "worked out" examples are provided. This means that individuals are better able to solve problems using analogies when they have independently discovered the solution rather than relying on examples that have already been solved. The process of independently figuring out the solution helps individuals develop a deeper understanding of the problem and its underlying structure, allowing them to better apply analogical reasoning to similar problems in the future.

When reasoning with content-free material, the active regions in the brain are the parietal regions. These regions are responsible for processing spatial information, attention, and working memory. They play a crucial role in tasks that involve abstract reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making, particularly when semantic information is not involved. The parietal regions help individuals make sense of non-semantic or non-verbal information, allowing them to reason and make judgments based on the content-free material presented.

Damage to the parietal region of the brain can result in difficulties with spatial processing and mental rotation tasks. This region is responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating motor actions. Therefore, damage to the parietal region can impair the ability to mentally manipulate objects in space, such as rotating them. This explains why the participant in the study is able to identify the object correctly but struggles with mentally rotating it 180 degrees.

This question is asking for the rule of inference that is used when given that A is true, we can infer that B is true. This is known as modus ponens. Modus ponens is a valid deductive argument that states if a conditional statement is true and its antecedent is true, then its consequent must also be true.

This is an example of affirmation of the consequent. In this logical argument, the consequent is affirmed (you became sick), leading to the conclusion that the antecedent must also be true (you ate uncooked food). However, it is important to note that this logical form is invalid, as there could be other reasons for becoming sick besides eating uncooked food.

A right-handed, split-brain patient would make a verbal response to the stimulus presented in the right visual field and a visuo-spatial response to the stimulus presented in the left visual field. This is because the left hemisphere of the brain, which controls language and verbal processing, receives information from the right visual field. Conversely, the right hemisphere, which is responsible for visuo-spatial processing, receives information from the left visual field.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process that strengthens the connection between neurons, specifically at the synapses. It is considered to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. If there is a decline in long-term potentiation, it means that the synaptic connections are weakening, which could lead to a decay of the memory trace. This suggests that the neural process most likely to explain trace decay is a decline in long-term potentiation.

The given result of participants hardly noticing the gorilla-man while tracking the white-shirt team supports the theory of early selection. According to early selection theory, attentional selection occurs before the information is fully processed, and only selected information is further processed and perceived consciously. In this case, the participants' attention was focused on tracking the white-shirt team, leading to the failure of consciously perceiving the gorilla-man. This suggests that early selection plays a role in determining what information reaches conscious perception.

The correct answer is that the right parietal cortex processes primarily global spatial information. This is supported by research on hemispheric asymmetry in visual neglect, which is a condition where individuals fail to attend to stimuli in one side of space. Studies have shown that patients with right parietal damage are more likely to exhibit global neglect, which involves neglecting the entire left side of space. This suggests that the right parietal cortex plays a crucial role in processing global spatial information.

Long term potentiation of neurons refers to the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, which is believed to be a mechanism underlying learning and memory formation. This process involves an increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission, allowing for more effective communication between neurons. Therefore, it is plausible that the power law of learning, which describes the relationship between the amount of learning and the time spent learning, can be attributed to long term potentiation of neurons.

The fan effect suggests that as the number of facts about a particular topic increases, the time taken to recognize each fact also increases. In this case, the sister has been given four facts about different stores and their locations. Among these facts, the one that would take her the longest to recognize is "Urban Outfitters is in Georgetown" because it is the only fact that mentions both the store name and the location. This additional information may create more cognitive load and require more time to process and recognize compared to the other facts that only mention either the store name or the location.

The given answer is correct because it suggests that the removal of small amounts of frontal lobe tissue interferes with image formation in the visuo-spatial sketchpad, which implies that the frontal cortex is involved in working memory. The other options provide evidence supporting the role of the frontal cortex in working memory, such as the inability of human infants to perform a delayed matching task until their frontal cortices develop, the firing of some neurons in the frontal cortex during the delay period, and the interference of damage to the frontal cortex with the monkey's ability to perform the delayed matching task.

The given premises state that "Some men are humans" and "Some humans are women." From these premises, we can conclude that "Some men are women." This conclusion is logical because if some men are humans and some humans are women, it follows that there must be some men who are also women.

The conclusion of Example 1 is more believable than the conclusion of Example 2 because Example 1 uses premises that are more commonly accepted and relatable to everyday life (all lawyers are human, all republicans are human), whereas Example 2 includes a concept ('bictoid') that is imaginary and unfamiliar. This makes Example 1's conclusion more plausible and acceptable to people.

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency of individuals to seek out and interpret information in a way that supports their existing beliefs or hypotheses. When individuals have a hypothesis, they are more likely to focus on instances that are consistent with their hypothesis rather than considering contradictory evidence. This can lead to difficulties if their hypothesis is too narrow, as they may ignore or dismiss information that does not align with their preconceived notions. Therefore, the correct answer is "consistent, narrow."

The information in the iconic memory can be easily confused with stimulus from any sensory modalities. Iconic memory specifically refers to visual sensory memory and is not associated with other sensory modalities such as auditory or tactile stimuli.

The study conducted by Bradshaw and Anderson found that interference effects do not occur with redundant information, but only with irrelevant information. This suggests that when participants were presented with redundant information about famous people like Mozart or Newton, it did not interfere with their ability to learn and retain the facts. However, when irrelevant information was introduced, it caused interference and hindered their learning process.

Applying an operator refers to taking an action that changes the current problem state into a different problem state. This means that by applying an operator, one is actively taking steps or making moves to transform the problem or situation at hand. This is different from concepts like incubation, which refers to the unconscious processing of a problem, subgoal decomposition, which involves breaking down a problem into smaller subgoals, and functional fixedness, which is the tendency to see objects or concepts only in their traditional or expected roles.

The binding problem refers to the question of how the brain is able to integrate and bind together different features of an object into a unified perception. It addresses how we are able to remember and recognize objects based on their combination of features, such as shape, color, and texture. This phenomenon is still not fully understood by scientists and remains a topic of ongoing research in the field of cognitive neuroscience.

The correct answer is "problem space" because identifying the set of states and operators for moving between states is the first step in defining the problem space. The problem space refers to the set of all possible states that can be reached from the initial state using the defined operators. By identifying the problem space, we can determine the boundaries and constraints of the problem, which helps in formulating an effective solution strategy.

Drawing a conclusion on the basis of empirical observation is induction. Induction involves reasoning from specific instances or examples to make a general statement or prediction. It is a process of generalizing observations to form a broader understanding or theory. In this context, empirical observation refers to gathering evidence through direct observation or experimentation. By analyzing the collected data, patterns or trends can be identified, leading to the formation of a conclusion through inductive reasoning.

The correct answer is "Face; house". According to the fMRI study by O'Craven and Kanwisher, the fusiform gyrus area of the brain is responsible for processing faces, while the parahippocampal gyrus area is responsible for processing houses.

Spreading activation is the best description for why this phenomenon occurs. Spreading activation refers to the process by which the activation of one concept in memory leads to the activation of related concepts. In this case, the activation of the words "sleep," "fever," "cough," and "medicine" may lead to the activation of the concept "sick," even though it was not actually on the list. This is because "sick" is closely related to the other words in terms of their common association with illness.

The information-processing approach to the study of cognition focuses on understanding the different stages involved in performing a cognitive task. This approach seeks to identify and analyze the specific processes and steps that occur when individuals engage in cognitive activities, such as perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. By studying the stages involved in performing a cognitive task, researchers can gain insights into how information is processed, organized, and transformed in the mind, leading to a better understanding of human cognition.

In the two major divisions in the extra-striate visual cortex, information in the pathway progresses from the occipital lobe toward the parietal lobe, which is specialized for the reception of spatial information, and information in the "where/what" pathway progresses from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, which is specialized for recognition. This suggests that the "where/what" pathway is responsible for processing visual information related to object recognition and identification.

Modus tollens is a valid logical inference rule that allows us to make conclusions based on the relationship between the antecedent and the consequent of a conditional statement. It states that if the consequent of a conditional statement is false, then the antecedent must also be false. In other words, if the statement "if A then B" is true and we know that B is false, then we can infer that A must be false as well. Therefore, the answer correctly states that the antecedent is false if the consequent is false.

The most plausible explanation for the exhaustive search as opposed to self-terminating search is that decision making is a separate process from comparison. This means that even if a match is found during the search, the search process will continue until all elements have been compared. The decision to terminate the search is made separately after all comparisons have been completed. This is in contrast to a self-terminating search where the search process stops as soon as a match is found.

In an exhaustive serial processing search, people generally take the same amount of time to find the target, regardless of where it is located in the list. This means that the time it takes to find the target is consistent and does not vary depending on its position in the list.

Participants' working memory would most critically influence both deductive reasoning processes and inductive reasoning processes. Working memory refers to the cognitive system responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information. In deductive reasoning, individuals need to hold relevant information in their working memory to evaluate logical relationships and draw valid conclusions. In inductive reasoning, working memory is crucial for identifying patterns and making generalizations based on limited information. Therefore, participants' working memory capacity directly affects their ability to engage in both deductive and inductive reasoning tasks.

In motion parallax, near objects appear to move faster than far objects in the opposite direction from the viewer. This is because as the viewer moves, the relative motion between the viewer and the near objects is greater compared to the far objects. This creates a perceived difference in speed, with the near objects appearing to move faster in the opposite direction from the viewer.

The given answer, feature-based theory, is correct because according to the geon theory, objects are recognized based on the perception of distinctive arrangements of various geons. Geons are three-dimensional geometric elements that serve as features of objects. Therefore, the recognition process is based on the features or components of the objects rather than overall prototypes or templates. This aligns with the concept of feature-based theory, which suggests that object recognition is based on identifying and processing specific features or components of objects.

In Brooks' (1968) image scanning study, the interference was found to be greatest when the stimulus mode and the response mode were the same. This suggests that when individuals are required to process information in the same modality as their response, it leads to increased interference and difficulty in completing the task. This finding highlights the importance of considering the compatibility between stimulus and response modalities in cognitive processing.

Texture gradient is the depth cue that explains why elements tend to appear more closely packed together as the distance from the viewer increases. As objects recede into the distance, the texture of their surfaces becomes less detailed and more compressed, giving the impression of increased density. This is because the visual angle that each element subtends on the retina decreases with distance, causing a reduction in the level of detail that can be perceived. Hence, the texture gradient is responsible for the observed phenomenon.

Georgeopolous and his colleagues (1989) provided physiological evidence of mental rotation in monkeys by conducting single-cell recordings in the motor cortex. This suggests that the motor cortex is involved in the process of mental rotation. The motor cortex is responsible for planning and executing voluntary movements, so it makes sense that it would play a role in mental rotation, which involves mentally manipulating objects or images in space. This finding supports the idea that mental rotation relies on motor imagery and motor planning processes.

Elaborative processing of contextual material refers to the process of deeply engaging with and connecting new information to existing knowledge. This type of processing enhances comprehension and memory retrieval. The given answer states that a better ability to discriminate facts from those which are plausible is NOT a consequence of elaborative processing. This means that elaborative processing does not improve the ability to distinguish between true facts and statements that are plausible but not necessarily true.

According to Johnson-Laird, individuals make errors in reasoning because they overlook additional mental models of the premises. This means that people tend to focus on only one interpretation or understanding of the premises, ignoring other possible ways to interpret the information. By failing to consider alternative mental models, individuals may arrive at incorrect conclusions or fail to see the full range of possibilities.

From the results described in the graph, it can be concluded that patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally have difficulty disengaging attention from the visual information presented to the right visual field.

Individuals typically find conjunctive concepts easiest to discover because they involve identifying common features or characteristics among a set of objects or events. In conjunctive concepts, all the specified features must be present for an object or event to be classified as part of the concept. This makes it easier for individuals to identify and categorize objects or events based on the presence or absence of specific features.

In Sperling's sensory memory experiment, participants were actually able to encode more information into sensory memory when tested in the whole-report condition rather than the partial-report condition. This is contrary to the statement provided in the answer. The whole-report condition required participants to report all the items they saw in the display, while the partial-report condition only required them to report a specific subset of items indicated by a cue. The results of the experiment showed that participants could recall a similar number of items regardless of the reporting condition, suggesting that sensory memory has a limited capacity.

The study conducted by Christoff et al. (2001) revealed that the anterior prefrontal cortex was more active when individuals were solving two-dimensional relation problems compared to one-dimensional relation problems. This suggests that this specific brain region plays a crucial role in processing and solving complex spatial problems involving multiple dimensions.

Chickens use difference reduction as a method of problem solving that limits their solution space. This means that they try to minimize the difference between their current state (not having food) and the desired state (having food) by taking small steps or actions towards the solution. They may try different paths or approaches until they find the most effective one to reach their goal.

Patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally show visual neglect on the left side of the visual field. This is because the right parietal lobe is responsible for processing information from the left side of the body and vice versa. When this area is damaged, the brain is unable to attend to or perceive stimuli from the left side of the visual field, resulting in visual neglect.

Research presenting simultaneous visual and auditory stimuli to participants suggests that participants can process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously. This means that individuals are capable of processing both visual and auditory information at the same time. This finding challenges the notion that participants cannot process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously and highlights the brain's ability to handle multiple sensory inputs concurrently.

According to the early selection model (filter theory), only physical information from an attended channel is processed beyond the selective filter. This means that semantic information from an unattended channel would not be processed beyond the filter. The model suggests that attention acts as a filter, allowing only the physical characteristics of stimuli from the attended channel to be processed further, while disregarding semantic information from unattended channels.

The length of working memory span is controlled by the speed at which we can rehearse information. This means that the faster we can repeat or mentally practice the information we are trying to remember, the longer we can hold it in our working memory.

According to the power law of learning, the rate of gain, or the rate at which new information is learned, decreases with continued practice. This means that as we continue to practice a skill or study a subject, the rate at which we improve or gain new knowledge slows down. On the other hand, the power law of forgetting states that the rate of memory loss, or the rate at which we forget information, also decreases with time. This means that as time passes, the rate at which we forget information decreases, and we are able to retain more of what we have learned.

The outcome of Reder's study on exact recall versus plausible retrieval was that participants got slower in recalling actual detail as delays increased. This means that as the delay between learning the information and recalling it increased, participants took more time to accurately recall the specific details. The other statements are not outcomes of the study.

In the water jug problem, the best explanation of set effect is that participants choose operators that have worked recently. This means that participants tend to rely on strategies or solutions that have been successful in the past, even if they may not be the most effective or efficient approach to solving the current problem. This can limit their ability to think creatively and find alternative solutions.

Based on Farah's studies of L.H., it can be inferred that our ability to recognize an object and its attributes relies on visual representation about the objects. On the other hand, our ability to manipulate the orientation of objects taps into spatial representation.

The interference effect can be explained as a limit on the amount of activation that can be spread from a node. This means that when information is being processed in the brain, there is a maximum capacity for how much activation can be transferred between different nodes. When this capacity is reached, interference occurs, causing a disruption in the processing of information. This limitation on activation spreading helps to explain why interference can occur and why it can sometimes be difficult to recall or remember certain information.

Participants would perform poorly on the Wason card selection task when the conditional sentence describes highly rare occurrences of events. This is because the task requires participants to make inferences based on conditional statements, and when the events described are highly rare, it becomes more difficult for participants to accurately determine which cards to flip over. The rarity of the events makes it harder for participants to apply their logical reasoning skills and make correct inferences.

The base level activation of a memory is determined by how often we have practiced the memory and how recently the memory has been practiced. This means that the more frequently and recently a memory has been rehearsed or recalled, the higher its base level activation will be. This is because practicing a memory strengthens the neural connections associated with it, making it easier to retrieve in the future. Additionally, recent practice enhances the accessibility of the memory, increasing its activation level.

Based on the research about intentional versus incidental learning, it cannot be supported that intentional learning leads to better performance than incidental learning. The research suggests that if the person uses similar processes, the results will be the same whether the learning was intentional or incidental. Additionally, the research shows that intention does not necessarily strengthen memory. The issue is not whether learning is intentional or incidental, but rather how the material was processed.

The correct answer is that conjunction search allows accurate location processing. This is supported by the results of visual search experiments, which have shown that when searching for a target among distractors that differ in both color and shape (conjunction search), participants are able to accurately locate the target based on its specific combination of features. This suggests that location information is processed before feature information in conjunction search tasks. On the other hand, feature search tasks, where the target differs from the distractors in only one feature (e.g., color), also allow accurate location processing but do not require the integration of multiple features for accurate target identification.