What Do You Know About Memory And Cognition? Trivia Quiz

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  • 1/115 Questions

    When the semantic processing of BUTTER is facilitated after studying BREAD than after studying NURSE it is due to

    • Working memory
    • Spreading activation
    • Depth of processing
    • Power law of learning
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About This Quiz

Explore the intricacies of memory and cognition with this trivia quiz. Delve into empiricism, introspection, behaviorism, and the information-processing approach. Understand synaptic connections and the characteristics of Broca's aphasia. Ideal for learners interested in cognitive psychology.

What Do You Know About Memory And Cognition? Trivia Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The importance of voicing, consonantal features, and place of articulation proves support for the notion that

    • Speech perception requires templates to recognize sounds

    • Speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis process

    • Speech production is a relatively simple and mechanical process

    • Speech recognition can only be understood at the level of elementary sounds

    Correct Answer
    A. Speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis process
    Explanation
    The importance of voicing, consonantal features, and place of articulation suggests that speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis process. This means that when we perceive speech, we analyze the different features of the sounds, such as whether they are voiced or voiceless, the specific consonantal features, and where they are articulated in the vocal tract. This analysis allows us to recognize and understand the sounds we hear. This explanation is supported by the mention of these specific aspects of speech perception in the question.

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  • 3. 

    When an individual relies on experience, context, or general knowledge about the world to guide his/her perception of a stimulus, that person is performing which type of processing?

    • Parallel

    • Top-down

    • Serial

    • Bottom up

    Correct Answer
    A. Top-down
    Explanation
    Top-down processing refers to the use of prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret and make sense of incoming sensory information. In this case, the individual is relying on their experience, context, and general knowledge to guide their perception of the stimulus. This type of processing allows for the interpretation of incomplete or ambiguous information based on prior knowledge and expectations. It involves the integration of higher-level cognitive processes and is often influenced by factors such as beliefs, memories, and expectations.

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  • 4. 

    The observation that people cannot easily find a parallelogram using a mental image of the Star of David implies that ____________.

    • Mental imagery is not easily decomposed

    • Mental imagery is easily decomposed

    • Verbal representation is not easily decomposed

    • Verbal representation is easily decomposed

    Correct Answer
    A. Mental imagery is not easily decomposed
    Explanation
    The observation that people cannot easily find a parallelogram using a mental image of the Star of David suggests that mental imagery is not easily decomposed. This means that when people try to mentally break down the image of the Star of David into its constituent parts, they struggle to isolate the parallelogram shape. This implies that mental imagery is a holistic process, where the overall image is perceived as a whole rather than being easily broken down into individual components.

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  • 5. 

    Suppose you were shown a picture from the scene of an accident you had witnessed several days earlier. Your memory for the scene would probably

    • Be highly accurate for meaning, as well as for minute detail

    • Sense immediately that the picture was reversed even the gist of events fuzzy

    • Be inaccurate for both minute detail and meaning

    • Preserve the general meaning of the scene but miss the fact that the picture was in reverse orientation

    Correct Answer
    A. Preserve the general meaning of the scene but miss the fact that the picture was in reverse orientation
    Explanation
    When shown a picture from the scene of an accident that was witnessed several days earlier, the memory would likely preserve the general meaning of the scene, understanding what happened and the overall context. However, it would likely miss the fact that the picture was in reverse orientation, meaning that the details and specific elements may not be accurately remembered. This suggests that while the memory may retain the gist of events, it may not accurately recall minute details or the specific orientation of the picture.

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  • 6. 

    The method that measures oxygenation level of blood as an index of activity in the brain is called

    • Electroencephalography

    • Positron emisson tomography

    • Computer axial tomography

    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging

    Correct Answer
    A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
    Explanation
    Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a method that measures the oxygenation level of blood as an index of activity in the brain. It uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the brain's activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation. This allows researchers to study brain function and identify which areas of the brain are active during specific tasks or stimuli. Unlike other methods mentioned such as electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and computer axial tomography (CAT), fMRI provides high-resolution images and does not require the use of radioactive tracers or electrodes on the scalp.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following is an accurate description of the processing of an ambiguous figure (e.g., the reversible "Duck-rabbit" figure)?

    • People can hold both interpretations simultaneously at the same time

    • Once the first interpretation is extracted, people can never discover an alternative interpretation

    • People can extract either interpretation one after the other, but cannot hold both interpretations simultaneously

    • People can extract either interpretation, but remember only the second interpretation

    Correct Answer
    A. People can extract either interpretation one after the other, but cannot hold both interpretations simultaneously
    Explanation
    The processing of an ambiguous figure, such as the reversible "Duck-rabbit" figure, involves people being able to extract either interpretation one after the other. However, they are unable to hold both interpretations simultaneously. This means that individuals can switch between the two interpretations but cannot perceive both at the same time.

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  • 8. 

    The two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes; in turn, the brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from the eyes. The major depth cue represented in this description is 

    • Binocular disparity

    • Interposition

    • Binocular convergence

    • Motion parallax

    Correct Answer
    A. Binocular convergence
    Explanation
    Binocular convergence is the major depth cue represented in the given description. This is because the description mentions that the two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes. Binocular convergence refers to the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. This muscular movement helps the brain interpret the distance of the object from the eyes, thus providing a depth cue.

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  • 9. 

    If we have looked at a particular region of space, we find it harder to return our attention to that region of space. This phenomenon is called

    • Cue utilization

    • Inhibition of return

    • Object-based attention

    • Stimulus onset asynchrony

    Correct Answer
    A. Inhibition of return
    Explanation
    Inhibition of return refers to the phenomenon where it becomes more difficult to redirect our attention back to a previously attended region of space. This suggests that there is a temporary inhibition or suppression of attention towards that specific location, which aids in focusing on new or different stimuli in the environment. This mechanism helps to optimize attentional resources by prioritizing novel or potentially important information over previously attended stimuli.

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  • 10. 

    You may not be consciously aware of the semantic content of hte information presented to an unattended channel. However, your behavior may be affected by the semantic relatedness of the attended and unatttended information. Which of the following does this notion support?

    • Early selection

    • Attenuated Selection

    • Late Selection

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Late Selection
    Explanation
    This notion supports the idea of Late Selection. Late Selection suggests that even though we may not consciously be aware of the semantic content of information presented to an unattended channel, our behavior can still be influenced by the semantic relatedness of both attended and unattended information. This means that the brain processes and considers all information before making a final selection, rather than filtering out irrelevant information at an early stage.

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  • 11. 

    When naming the color of a color word, reaction time is longer or error rate is higher when the color of the word does not match with the word meaning (e.g.) Red printed in green) than when they are congruent (e.g., RED printed in red). Which of the following is not accurate regarding this effect 

    • The word meaning is available in advance of the name of the color

    • The result suggests that the word reading may be an automatic task while the color naming is a controlled task

    • The result suggests that the color-naming task will serve always as a controlled task in comparison with any other tasks

    • Practice may reduce the interference effect

    Correct Answer
    A. The result suggests that the color-naming task will serve always as a controlled task in comparison with any other tasks
    Explanation
    The given answer states that the result suggests that the color-naming task will always be a controlled task compared to any other tasks. This means that individuals have more control and conscious effort when it comes to naming the color of a word that does not match its meaning. This is supported by the fact that reaction time is longer and error rates are higher in incongruent color-word pairs. The answer implies that the interference effect observed in this task is not easily reduced or eliminated with practice.

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  • 12. 

    An experiment was run in which participants were asked to remember a map and then judge which of two cities was farther north or which of two cities was farther east. Which of the following details would probably affect the time it took them to make these judgments?

    • Whether the city is on a river

    • Whether participants were judging north/south versus east/west

    • Whether there is a state border between the two cities

    • Whether the map is colored

    Correct Answer
    A. Whether there is a state border between the two cities
    Explanation
    The presence of a state border between the two cities would likely affect the time it took participants to make judgments about which city was farther north or farther east. This is because state borders can act as reference points and help individuals orient themselves on a map. If there is a state border between the two cities, participants may use it as a visual cue to determine the relative positions of the cities and make their judgments more quickly.

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  • 13. 

    With regard to navigation, cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing spaces as we see it, _______ representation, and representing space free of any particular viewpoint, ________ representation.

    • Objective, subjective

    • 2-D, 3-D

    • Egocentric, allocentric

    • Viewer-independent, viewer-specific

    Correct Answer
    A. Egocentric, allocentric
    Explanation
    Cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing spaces as we see it, egocentric representation, and representing space free of any particular viewpoint, allocentric representation. Egocentric representation refers to the way we perceive and navigate through space based on our own body and movements. It is a subjective representation as it is centered around the individual's perspective. On the other hand, allocentric representation refers to a more objective representation of space that is not dependent on any particular viewpoint. It allows for a viewer-independent understanding of space.

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  • 14. 

    According to the levels of processing view (craik and Lockhart), the crucial issue in better memory is__________

    • Creating a novel image of what you want to remember

    • Processing material in a deep and meaningful way

    • Rehearsing material long enough

    • Rehearsing material in a non-verbal manner

    Correct Answer
    A. Processing material in a deep and meaningful way
    Explanation
    The levels of processing view, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests that the key factor in improving memory is processing information in a deep and meaningful way. This means that when we engage with information at a deeper level, such as by relating it to personal experiences or connecting it to existing knowledge, we are more likely to remember it. Simply creating a novel image, rehearsing material long enough, or rehearsing material in a non-verbal manner may not necessarily lead to better memory if the processing is not deep and meaningful.

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  • 15. 

    Using the delayed matching task with monkeys as subject animals, Golamn-Rakic suggested that

    • The frontal cortex may be responsible for maintaining information mentally when it is not physically presented

    • The frontal cortex appears to deal primarily with visuo-spatial information, not abstract information

    • Areas of the frontal cortex may correspond closely to the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

    • The frontal cortex is primarily involved in encoding but not retrival

    Correct Answer
    A. The frontal cortex may be responsible for maintaining information mentally when it is not physically presented
    Explanation
    Golamn-Rakic's suggestion that the frontal cortex may be responsible for maintaining information mentally when it is not physically presented is supported by the use of delayed matching tasks with monkeys as subject animals. This implies that the frontal cortex plays a role in holding information in memory even when it is not currently being perceived by the senses. This finding suggests that the frontal cortex is involved in the maintenance of information in working memory, which is important for various cognitive processes.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following is NOT used in means-end analysis

    • Operator selection

    • Establishing similarities by analogy

    • Reducing differences

    • Subgoals

    Correct Answer
    A. Establishing similarities by analogy
    Explanation
    Means-end analysis is a problem-solving technique that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subgoals and finding ways to reduce the differences between the current state and the goal state. Operator selection refers to choosing appropriate actions to move closer to the goal, reducing differences involves finding ways to minimize the discrepancies between the current and desired states, and subgoals are intermediate goals that help in achieving the main goal. However, establishing similarities by analogy is not typically used in means-end analysis. This technique focuses more on breaking down the problem and finding ways to bridge the gap between the current and goal states, rather than drawing similarities between different situations.

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  • 17. 

    According to research, self-prediction of problem solving success has low or no correlation with actual problem solving success when people solve insight problems (e.g., two-strings problem). Also, self-monitoring (e.g., feeling of warmth) is poor when solving insight problems in comparison with routine problems (e.g., Tower of Hanoi). Which of the following would best explain these results?

    • Routine problems can be solved unconsciously

    • Routine problems may require implicit, procedural knowledge

    • Insight problem solving may depend on implicit, procedural knowledge

    • Insight problem solving may depend on explicit, declarative knowledge

    Correct Answer
    A. Insight problem solving may depend on implicit, procedural knowledge
    Explanation
    The research suggests that self-prediction of problem solving success and self-monitoring are not reliable indicators of actual problem solving success for insight problems. This implies that there may be other factors at play that contribute to solving insight problems. One possible explanation is that insight problem solving may require implicit, procedural knowledge, which is not easily accessible to conscious awareness or self-prediction. Implicit, procedural knowledge is typically used for routine problems, so the fact that it may be necessary for insight problem solving suggests a difference in the cognitive processes involved in solving these types of problems.

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  • 18. 

    1. Which of the following is correct regarding the introspection as a research method?

    • A. It is reliable and cost effective

    • B. It is contradictory and unreliable

    • C. It was a main research methodology of functionalism

    • D. It is applicable only to visual imagery

    Correct Answer
    A. B. It is contradictory and unreliable
    Explanation
    Introspection as a research method is considered contradictory and unreliable because it relies on individuals reflecting on their own thoughts and experiences, which can be subjective and influenced by biases. It is difficult to measure and replicate introspective findings, making it less reliable compared to other research methods. Additionally, introspection does not have a consistent and standardized approach, leading to inconsistencies in results. Therefore, it is not considered a reliable or valid research method in the scientific community.

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  • 19. 

    1. Probably the most noted contribution of the behaviorists to cognitive psychology was

    • A. Refining the method of introspection to understand mental processes

    • B. Providing functionalities of behaviors instead of simply establishing associations

    • C. Adding a large body of relevant data for cognitive science to draw on

    • D. Developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research

    Correct Answer
    A. D. Developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research
    Explanation
    The behaviorists made a significant contribution to cognitive psychology by developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research. This allowed for more objective and scientific investigation of mental processes, moving away from subjective methods like introspection. By providing a reliable and systematic approach to studying behavior and cognition, behaviorists added a large body of relevant data for cognitive science to draw on. This helped to establish a more empirical and evidence-based foundation for the field.

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  • 20. 

    1. A synaptic connection that reduces the potential difference between inside and outside of neuron is called _________, and a synaptic connection that enhances such potential difference is called ________________.

    • A. Inhibitory; excitatory

    • C. Excitatory; inhibitory

    • B. Dopaminergic; acetylcholinic

    • D. Acetylcholinic; dopaminergic

    Correct Answer
    A. C. Excitatory; inhibitory
    Explanation
    An excitatory synaptic connection increases the potential difference between the inside and outside of a neuron, while an inhibitory synaptic connection reduces this potential difference.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following does NOT characterize Broca’s aphasia

    • Lack of semantic comprehension

    • Ungrammatical sentence

    • Problems with articulation

    • Frequent stopping in speech production

    Correct Answer
    A. Lack of semantic comprehension
    Explanation
    Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty with speech production, including ungrammatical sentences and problems with articulation. It is also associated with frequent stopping in speech production. However, Broca's aphasia does not typically result in a lack of semantic comprehension. This means that individuals with Broca's aphasia can still understand the meaning of words and sentences, even though they struggle to express themselves verbally.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following descriptions of dopamine is NOT accurate?

    • Dopamine is related to learning and motivation

    • Low level of dopamine in the basal ganglia is related to Parkinson’s disease

    • High level of dopamine is related to schizophrenia

    • Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is related to Alzheimer’s disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is related to Alzheimer’s disease
    Explanation
    Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is not related to Alzheimer's disease. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various functions in the brain, including learning, motivation, and movement. However, low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia are associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms. On the other hand, high levels of dopamine are related to schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder. While Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, it is primarily associated with a decrease in acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter, rather than dopamine.

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  • 23. 

    An individual who has difficulty recognizing objects even though she/he can clearly identify simple shapes and even copy drawings of complex objects is diagnosed as having

    • Prosopagnosia

    • Apperceptive agnosia

    • Global Agnosia

    • Associative Agnosia

    Correct Answer
    A. Associative Agnosia
    Explanation
    Associative agnosia refers to a condition where an individual has difficulty recognizing objects despite being able to identify simple shapes and copy drawings of complex objects. This suggests that the person's perception of objects is intact, but they struggle with associating the perceived objects with their stored knowledge or memories. This impairment in object recognition is specific to the association between visual perception and semantic knowledge, resulting in the inability to identify familiar objects. Prosopagnosia refers to difficulty recognizing faces, apperceptive agnosia refers to a failure in basic visual processing, and global agnosia refers to a severe impairment in object recognition across different sensory modalities.

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  • 24. 

    The difference between saying "zip" and saying "sip" illustrates whic feature of speech?

    • Consonantal feature

    • Coarticulation

    • Lace of articulation

    • Voicing

    Correct Answer
    A. Voicing
    Explanation
    The difference between saying "zip" and saying "sip" illustrates the feature of speech known as voicing. In the word "zip," the vocal cords vibrate, producing a voiced /z/ sound. In contrast, in the word "sip," the vocal cords do not vibrate, resulting in an unvoiced /s/ sound. This distinction in voicing is what differentiates the two words and is a key aspect of speech production.

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  • 25. 

    Which statement best explains how context influences perception according to Massaro's fuzzy logical-model perception (FLMP) model

    • Context is relatively more powerful than features in pattern recognition

    • Context and features have harmful effects on each other's influence in pattern recognition

    • Features drive much of the pattern recognition process and context is used only when necessary

    • Context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognition

    Correct Answer
    A. Context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognition
    Explanation
    According to Massaro's fuzzy logical-model perception (FLMP) model, context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognition. This means that both context and features play a role in perception, but they do not necessarily have a harmful effect on each other's influence. Instead, they work together to contribute to the overall process of pattern recognition.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following is not accurate regarding the characteristics of visual imagery?

    • Visual imagery is analogous to actual objects

    • Visual imagery requires rules to interpret

    • All elements in visual imagery are available simultaneously

    • Visual imagery is more suitable to represent concrete information

    Correct Answer
    A. Visual imagery requires rules to interpret
    Explanation
    Visual imagery does not require rules to interpret. Visual imagery refers to the mental representation of visual information, such as images or scenes, that is created in the mind. Unlike language, which often requires rules and syntax for interpretation, visual imagery is more intuitive and immediate. It allows individuals to mentally visualize and manipulate objects, scenes, and concepts without the need for explicit rules or guidelines. Therefore, the statement that visual imagery requires rules to interpret is not accurate.

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  • 27. 

    Which was NOT an assumption of the classical short-term memory theory espoused by Atkinson and Shiffrin

    • Short-term memory has limited capacity

    • Short-term memory works only with attended to information

    • Short-term memory transfers information to the long-term store through some type of rehearsal process

    • Information in short-term memory is a sensory copy of external experience

    Correct Answer
    A. Information in short-term memory is a sensory copy of external experience
    Explanation
    The classical short-term memory theory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that information in short-term memory is a sensory copy of external experience. However, this assumption is not accurate. Short-term memory does not store a direct copy of sensory information, but rather a representation or interpretation of it. Therefore, the given answer correctly states that this assumption was not part of the classical short-term memory theory.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following assumptions is NOT a key to the success of means-end analysis

    • Th operators in a subgoal structure should be memorized until selected for application

    • The differences are ordered according to the subgoal hierarchy

    • All operators can be immediately applied when selected

    • It is possible to determine what features of a problem prevent operator application

    Correct Answer
    A. All operators can be immediately applied when selected
    Explanation
    The success of means-end analysis relies on several key assumptions. One assumption is that the operators in a subgoal structure should be memorized until selected for application. This means that the operators are stored in memory until they are needed. Another assumption is that the differences are ordered according to the subgoal hierarchy. This means that the differences between the current state and the goal state are prioritized based on their importance in achieving the goal. Additionally, it is assumed that it is possible to determine what features of a problem prevent operator application. This means that any obstacles or constraints that prevent the application of certain operators can be identified. However, the assumption that all operators can be immediately applied when selected is NOT a key to the success of means-end analysis. This assumption implies that there are no constraints or dependencies between operators, which is not always the case in problem-solving scenarios.

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  • 29. 

    Studies of problem solving using the Tower of Hanoi problems show that

    • People generally revert to the simpler difference reduction method when the number of disks increases

    • The time required to make a move goes up as the number of subgoals created increases

    • Solution time decreases if people can combine analogy with subgoaling

    • The number of subgoals involved does not influence solution time

    Correct Answer
    A. The time required to make a move goes up as the number of subgoals created increases
    Explanation
    The explanation for the given correct answer is that as the number of subgoals created increases, the complexity of the problem-solving process also increases. This means that more time is required to analyze and plan each move, resulting in a longer time required to make a move. The creation of subgoals adds additional steps and considerations to the problem-solving process, which can slow down the overall solution time.

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  • 30. 

    We tend to see a coat hanger as only a tool for hanging clothes and not as a wire hook for retrieving a ring dropped down the heat register. This is an example of

    • Failure to apply an analogy

    • Persistence of set

    • Functional Fixedness

    • An error in the selection of operators

    Correct Answer
    A. Functional Fixedness
    Explanation
    Functional fixedness refers to the cognitive bias where an individual is unable to see an object's potential uses beyond its typical function. In this case, the explanation suggests that we tend to see a coat hanger only as a tool for hanging clothes and overlook its potential use as a wire hook for retrieving a ring. This demonstrates functional fixedness as we are fixated on the typical function of the coat hanger and fail to recognize its alternative use in this situation.

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  • 31. 

    Craig and Delia are married. Delia is the mother of Jane. Concluding that Craig is the father of Jane is a(n):

    • Deductive inference

    • Inductive inference

    • Antecedent inference

    • Consequent inference

    Correct Answer
    A. Inductive inference
    Explanation
    The given scenario does not provide any direct evidence or logical deduction to conclude that Craig is the father of Jane. Instead, the conclusion is based on an inductive inference, which involves reasoning based on patterns, observations, or probabilities. Since Craig and Delia are married, it is likely that Craig is the father of Jane, but it is not a guaranteed fact.

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  • 32. 

    Valid forms of conditional reasoning are _________________.

    • Modus ponens, modus tollens

    • Modus tollens; affirmation of the consequent

    • Affirmation fo the consequent, denial of antecendent

    • Denial of antecedent, modus ponens

    Correct Answer
    A. Modus ponens, modus tollens
    Explanation
    Valid forms of conditional reasoning are modus ponens and modus tollens. Modus ponens is a valid form of reasoning that states if "A implies B" and "A is true," then "B must be true." Modus tollens is another valid form of reasoning that states if "A implies B" and "B is false," then "A must be false." These two forms of reasoning are widely accepted and used in logic and deductive reasoning.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following statements supports the notion of empiricism? 

    • The IQ correlation between identical twins is higher than the same measure between fraternal twins

    • The IQ correlation between identical twins is lower than the same measure between fraternal twins

    • The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birth

    • The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is lower than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birth

    Correct Answer
    A. The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birth
    Explanation
    The given statement supports the notion of empiricism because it is based on observable evidence and data. It suggests that the environment and upbringing (growing up together or being separated at birth) can have an impact on the IQ correlation between identical twins. This aligns with the empiricist belief that knowledge and understanding are derived from sensory experience and observation of the world.

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  • 34. 

    Damage to Broca’s area is associated with _________, and damage to Wernicke’s area is associated with ___________.

    • Grammatical but rambling speech; ungrammatical but semantically coherent speech

    • Grammatical but semantically incoherent speech; ungrammatical but semantically incoherent speech

    • Ungrammatical speech; semantically incoherent speech

    • Long and ungrammatical sentences; short and ungrammatical sentences

    Correct Answer
    A. Ungrammatical speech; semantically incoherent speech
    Explanation
    Damage to Broca's area is associated with ungrammatical speech, as this area of the brain is responsible for the production of language and grammar. On the other hand, damage to Wernicke's area is associated with semantically incoherent speech, as this area is responsible for language comprehension and understanding meaning.

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  • 35. 

    According to Qin et al.'s (2004) research on adolescent students learning pseudo-algebra problem solving skills, which of the following does not seem to benefit from practice? 

    • Encoding symbols externally (perceptually)

    • Retrieving rules associated with symbols

    • Encoding symbols internally (from memory)

    • Programming motor sequences

    Correct Answer
    A. Programming motor sequences
    Explanation
    Qin et al. (2004) conducted research on adolescent students learning pseudo-algebra problem solving skills and found that programming motor sequences did not seem to benefit from practice. This means that repeated practice did not improve the ability to program motor sequences in solving algebra problems.

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  • 36. 

    In an fMRI study, an experimenter may make each trial last over a long period of time before the next trial begins because ____________.

    • A participant may not be comfortable in a scanner

    • BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation.

    • Response time can be measured more precisely

    • Sufficiently long time would secure high accuracy

    Correct Answer
    A. BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation.
    Explanation
    In an fMRI study, the experimenter may make each trial last over a long period of time before the next trial begins because the BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation. This means that it takes time for the brain's blood flow and oxygenation levels to reach their peak and return to normal after a stimulus or task. By allowing for a longer trial duration, the experimenter ensures that they capture the full extent of the brain's response to the stimulus and minimize any potential confounding effects of incomplete signal recovery.

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  • 37. 

    Which of the following does not support the view that face perception is a specialized module

    • Bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when they made judgments about birds or cars as well as faces

    • Recognizing parts of a face is context dependent but recognizing parts of a house is not

    • Activation in the fusiform gyrus is higher when we process faces than any other objects

    • Prosopagnosia

    Correct Answer
    A. Bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when they made judgments about birds or cars as well as faces
    Explanation
    The given answer suggests that the fact that bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when making judgments about birds or cars, as well as faces, does not support the view that face perception is a specialized module. This is because if face perception were a specialized module, it would be expected that only face experts would show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when making judgments about faces, not experts in other domains such as birds or cars.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following is the correct description of categorical perception?

    • Categories of speech sound are the same regardless of languages

    • Speech perception is distinctive (discrete) despite the continuous nature of auditory signal

    • Within-category discrimination is just as easy as between-category discrimination

    • Speech perception involves decision-making processes

    Correct Answer
    A. Speech perception is distinctive (discrete) despite the continuous nature of auditory signal
    Explanation
    Categorical perception refers to the phenomenon in which listeners perceive speech sounds as belonging to distinct categories, even though the acoustic signal is continuous. This means that listeners are able to differentiate between different speech sounds and categorize them into specific groups, even if the acoustic differences between the sounds are minimal. This suggests that speech perception is not a continuous process, but rather a discrete one, where listeners make categorical judgments about the sounds they hear.

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  • 39. 

    Which of the following would be the gestalt principle of organization found in the provided example? oooo xxxx oooo xxxx

    • Similarity

    • Proximity

    • Good continuity

    • Closure

    Correct Answer
    A. Similarity
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Similarity" because the provided example shows a pattern of alternating o's and x's, indicating that the objects are grouped together based on their similarity in shape. This principle suggests that elements that share similar characteristics, such as shape or color, are perceived as belonging to the same group.

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  • 40. 

    Which of the following is not an example of top-down processing?

    • When we fail to detect a missing phoneme in a word, also called the phoneme-restoration effect

    • Faces are more readily recognized in a coherent context

    • An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters

    • Letters are easier to recognize in the context of words

    Correct Answer
    A. An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters
    Explanation
    This option does not involve any higher-level cognitive processing or context. It simply refers to a visual task of detecting a specific type of letter among others, which can be considered as a bottom-up processing task.

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  • 41. 

    When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point

    • Participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point

    • Participants are equally fast shifting attention to expected and unexpected points

    • Participants are generally unable to shift attention fast enough to see the stimulus

    • Participants can shift attention rapidly to an expected point but they are inaccurate in telling what the stimulus was

    Correct Answer
    A. Participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point
    Explanation
    When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point, participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point. This suggests that our attention is more readily drawn to stimuli that we anticipate or predict, as opposed to stimuli that catch us off guard. This finding aligns with the concept of attentional capture, where attention is automatically directed towards stimuli that are relevant or meaningful to us. It also implies that our attentional system is more efficient and effective when it comes to processing expected stimuli compared to unexpected ones.

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  • 42. 

    When participants were asked to look at two superimposed visual stimuli (e.g., demonstration by Neisser & Beckeln and Simons & Chabris),

    • They could not filter out one of the scenarios and thus they retained little information about either scenario

    • They could filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario

    • They could filter out unattended scenario but could not retain much content of the attended scenario

    • They tended to retain semantic information from both scenarios and to ignore physical traits

    Correct Answer
    A. They could filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario
    Explanation
    The participants in the study were able to filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario. This suggests that they were able to selectively focus their attention on one scenario while ignoring the other, allowing them to retain more information about the attended scenario.

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  • 43. 

    The phenomenon of illusory conjunction refers to _______________

    • Reports of strong sensory illusions in complex figures

    • The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared at all in the original display

    • The impression that stimuli in the non-attended field have features in common with the attended stimuli

    • The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display

    Correct Answer
    A. The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display
    Explanation
    The phenomenon of illusory conjunction refers to the tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display. This means that when presented with multiple stimuli, individuals may incorrectly perceive or combine different features from those stimuli, leading to a misinterpretation of the original display. This phenomenon highlights the limitations of visual perception and the potential for errors in processing visual information.

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  • 44. 

    Mental rotation research suggests that

    • It is harder to rotate an object in depth than in the picture plane

    • Reaction time of mental rotation is a quadratic function of angle of rotation

    • People refer to rotate objects in a clockwise direction

    • Both mental rotation and physical rotation involve parietal cortex

    Correct Answer
    A. Both mental rotation and physical rotation involve parietal cortex
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that both mental rotation and physical rotation involve the parietal cortex. This is supported by research in the field of mental rotation, which has shown that the parietal cortex is involved in both mental and physical rotation tasks. Studies using brain imaging techniques have found increased activation in the parietal cortex during mental rotation tasks, suggesting its involvement in this cognitive process. Additionally, research on patients with parietal cortex lesions has shown deficits in both mental and physical rotation abilities. Therefore, it can be concluded that both types of rotation tasks involve the parietal cortex.

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  • 45. 

    Which of the following is NOT accurately describing route maps and survey maps

    • A survey map represents object-to-object spatial relation

    • A route map represents viewer-specific spatial responses

    • A survey map requires greater amount of familiarity with the region than a route map

    • A route map is implicated in hippocampus

    Correct Answer
    A. A route map is implicated in hippocampus
    Explanation
    A route map is not accurately described as being implicated in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain associated with memory and spatial navigation, but a route map does not directly involve the hippocampus. Instead, a route map represents viewer-specific spatial responses, showing the path or route from one location to another. It does not require as much familiarity with the region as a survey map, which represents object-to-object spatial relations.

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  • 46. 

    In Franklin and Tversky’s (1990) study, participants learned a spatial layout from verbal description and then performed a spatial judgment task. Based on the results, which of the following is true?

    • "Left-Right” judgment takes longer than “above-below” judgment only when the spatial layout is learned spatially

    • "Left-right” judgment is faster than “above-below” judgment only when the spatial lay out is learned verbally

    • "Left-right” judgment takes longer than “above-below” judgment regardless of whether the spatial layout is learned spatially or verbally

    • "left-right” judgment is faster than above below” judgment regardless of whether the spatial layout is earned spatially or verbally

    Correct Answer
    A. "Left-right” judgment takes longer than “above-below” judgment regardless of whether the spatial layout is learned spatially or verbally
    Explanation
    The correct answer suggests that regardless of whether the spatial layout is learned spatially or verbally, the "left-right" judgment takes longer than the "above-below" judgment. This indicates that there is a consistent difference in the processing time for these two types of judgments, irrespective of the method of learning the spatial layout.

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  • 47. 

    What happens when the logarithm of memory performance is plotted against the logarithm of delay

    • Linear function appears suggesting that retention functions are generally power functions

    • Curvilinear function emerges suggesting that forgetting is a positively accelerated function

    • A power function appears suggesting that retention is linear function of delay (retention period)

    • The line shows slow forgetting at first, followed by very rapid forgetting

    Correct Answer
    A. Linear function appears suggesting that retention functions are generally power functions
    Explanation
    When the logarithm of memory performance is plotted against the logarithm of delay, a linear function appears. This suggests that retention functions are generally power functions. In other words, there is a consistent relationship between the delay in remembering something and the performance of memory. The linear function indicates that as the delay increases, the memory performance decreases in a predictable and consistent manner. This finding supports the idea that retention of information follows a power function pattern, where the relationship between delay and memory performance can be described by a mathematical equation.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following is true about the levels of processing view (e.g., Craik and Lockart)?

    • Encoding of physical characteristics (e.g., uppercase or lowercase) is deeper than encoding of auditory information (e.g, “TABLE” rhymes with “CABLE”)

    • The semantic processing leads to good memory performance only when it involves meaningful elaboration with self-reference

    • The semantic processing is absolutely the deepest level

    • Rehearsal is not the only way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Rehearsal is not the only way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory
    Explanation
    The levels of processing view, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests that the depth of processing affects memory performance. It states that encoding information based on its meaning and relevance leads to better memory retention compared to encoding based on physical characteristics or auditory information. The statement that "Rehearsal is not the only way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory" aligns with this view, indicating that there are other processes or strategies, apart from rehearsal, that can facilitate the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following may not be an explanation for flashbulb memory

    • Elaborated encoding

    • Self-reference effect

    • Photographic memory

    • Rehearsal

    Correct Answer
    A. Photographic memory
    Explanation
    Photographic memory is not a possible explanation for flashbulb memory because flashbulb memories are not characterized by the ability to recall detailed visual images with perfect accuracy. Instead, flashbulb memories are vivid and emotionally charged recollections of specific events, often associated with significant personal or historical importance. These memories are believed to be formed through a combination of emotional arousal and rehearsal, rather than through the ability to mentally "photograph" and store visual information.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 10, 2023 +

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  • Mar 10, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • May 09, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Mlesser18
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