What Do You Know About Memory And Cognition? Trivia Quiz
- 1.
Which of the following statements supports the notion of empiricism?
- A.
The IQ correlation between identical twins is higher than the same measure between fraternal twins
- B.
The IQ correlation between identical twins is lower than the same measure between fraternal twins
- C.
The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birth
- D.
The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is lower than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birth
Correct Answer
C. The IQ correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the same measure between identical twins who were separated at birthExplanation
The given statement supports the notion of empiricism because it is based on observable evidence and data. It suggests that the environment and upbringing (growing up together or being separated at birth) can have an impact on the IQ correlation between identical twins. This aligns with the empiricist belief that knowledge and understanding are derived from sensory experience and observation of the world.Rate this question:
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- 2.
- Which of the following is correct regarding the introspection as a research method?
- A.
A. It is reliable and cost effective
- B.
B. It is contradictory and unreliable
- C.
C. It was a main research methodology of functionalism
- D.
D. It is applicable only to visual imagery
Correct Answer
B. B. It is contradictory and unreliableExplanation
Introspection as a research method is considered contradictory and unreliable because it relies on individuals reflecting on their own thoughts and experiences, which can be subjective and influenced by biases. It is difficult to measure and replicate introspective findings, making it less reliable compared to other research methods. Additionally, introspection does not have a consistent and standardized approach, leading to inconsistencies in results. Therefore, it is not considered a reliable or valid research method in the scientific community.Rate this question:
- 3.
- Probably the most noted contribution of the behaviorists to cognitive psychology was
- A.
A. Refining the method of introspection to understand mental processes
- B.
B. Providing functionalities of behaviors instead of simply establishing associations
- C.
C. Adding a large body of relevant data for cognitive science to draw on
- D.
D. Developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research
Correct Answer
D. D. Developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology researchExplanation
The behaviorists made a significant contribution to cognitive psychology by developing a set of rigorous experimental methods to use in psychology research. This allowed for more objective and scientific investigation of mental processes, moving away from subjective methods like introspection. By providing a reliable and systematic approach to studying behavior and cognition, behaviorists added a large body of relevant data for cognitive science to draw on. This helped to establish a more empirical and evidence-based foundation for the field.Rate this question:
- 4.
The information-processing approach to the study of cognition attempts to identify
- A.
A. Neural elements underlying cognitive processes
- B.
B. What information we need to know to perform a cognitive task
- C.
C. How the environment imposes constraints on our performance of a cognitive task
- D.
D. The stages involved in performing a cognitive task
Correct Answer
D. D. The stages involved in performing a cognitive taskExplanation
The information-processing approach to the study of cognition focuses on understanding the different stages involved in performing a cognitive task. This approach seeks to identify and analyze the specific processes and steps that occur when individuals engage in cognitive activities, such as perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. By studying the stages involved in performing a cognitive task, researchers can gain insights into how information is processed, organized, and transformed in the mind, leading to a better understanding of human cognition.Rate this question:
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- 5.
- A synaptic connection that reduces the potential difference between inside and outside of neuron is called _________, and a synaptic connection that enhances such potential difference is called ________________.
- A.
A. Inhibitory; excitatory
- B.
C. Excitatory; inhibitory
- C.
B. Dopaminergic; acetylcholinic
- D.
D. Acetylcholinic; dopaminergic
Correct Answer
B. C. Excitatory; inhibitoryExplanation
An excitatory synaptic connection increases the potential difference between the inside and outside of a neuron, while an inhibitory synaptic connection reduces this potential difference.Rate this question:
- 6.
Which of the following does NOT characterize Broca’s aphasia
- A.
Lack of semantic comprehension
- B.
Ungrammatical sentence
- C.
Problems with articulation
- D.
Frequent stopping in speech production
Correct Answer
A. Lack of semantic comprehensionExplanation
Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty with speech production, including ungrammatical sentences and problems with articulation. It is also associated with frequent stopping in speech production. However, Broca's aphasia does not typically result in a lack of semantic comprehension. This means that individuals with Broca's aphasia can still understand the meaning of words and sentences, even though they struggle to express themselves verbally.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Damage to Broca’s area is associated with _________, and damage to Wernicke’s area is associated with ___________.
- A.
Grammatical but rambling speech; ungrammatical but semantically coherent speech
- B.
Grammatical but semantically incoherent speech; ungrammatical but semantically incoherent speech
- C.
Ungrammatical speech; semantically incoherent speech
- D.
Long and ungrammatical sentences; short and ungrammatical sentences
Correct Answer
C. Ungrammatical speech; semantically incoherent speechExplanation
Damage to Broca's area is associated with ungrammatical speech, as this area of the brain is responsible for the production of language and grammar. On the other hand, damage to Wernicke's area is associated with semantically incoherent speech, as this area is responsible for language comprehension and understanding meaning.Rate this question:
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- 8.
A right-handed, split-brain patient would make a verbal response to the stimulus presented in the __________ visual field and a visuo-spatial response to the stimulus presented in the __________ visual field.
- A.
Right; left
- B.
Left, Right
- C.
Left, left
- D.
Right, right
Correct Answer
A. Right; leftExplanation
A right-handed, split-brain patient would make a verbal response to the stimulus presented in the right visual field and a visuo-spatial response to the stimulus presented in the left visual field. This is because the left hemisphere of the brain, which controls language and verbal processing, receives information from the right visual field. Conversely, the right hemisphere, which is responsible for visuo-spatial processing, receives information from the left visual field.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The method that measures oxygenation level of blood as an index of activity in the brain is called
- A.
Electroencephalography
- B.
Positron emisson tomography
- C.
Computer axial tomography
- D.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Correct Answer
D. Functional magnetic resonance imagingExplanation
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a method that measures the oxygenation level of blood as an index of activity in the brain. It uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the brain's activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation. This allows researchers to study brain function and identify which areas of the brain are active during specific tasks or stimuli. Unlike other methods mentioned such as electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and computer axial tomography (CAT), fMRI provides high-resolution images and does not require the use of radioactive tracers or electrodes on the scalp.Rate this question:
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- 10.
According to Qin et al.'s (2004) research on adolescent students learning pseudo-algebra problem solving skills, which of the following does not seem to benefit from practice?
- A.
Encoding symbols externally (perceptually)
- B.
Retrieving rules associated with symbols
- C.
Encoding symbols internally (from memory)
- D.
Programming motor sequences
Correct Answer
D. Programming motor sequencesExplanation
Qin et al. (2004) conducted research on adolescent students learning pseudo-algebra problem solving skills and found that programming motor sequences did not seem to benefit from practice. This means that repeated practice did not improve the ability to program motor sequences in solving algebra problems.Rate this question:
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- 11.
In an fMRI study, an experimenter may make each trial last over a long period of time before the next trial begins because ____________.
- A.
A participant may not be comfortable in a scanner
- B.
BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation.
- C.
Response time can be measured more precisely
- D.
Sufficiently long time would secure high accuracy
Correct Answer
B. BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation.Explanation
In an fMRI study, the experimenter may make each trial last over a long period of time before the next trial begins because the BOLD signal is slow to rise from and fall to the baseline activation. This means that it takes time for the brain's blood flow and oxygenation levels to reach their peak and return to normal after a stimulus or task. By allowing for a longer trial duration, the experimenter ensures that they capture the full extent of the brain's response to the stimulus and minimize any potential confounding effects of incomplete signal recovery.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following would be the most plausible explanation for the exhaustive search as opposed to self-terminating search?
- A.
Encoding takes the same amount of time regardless of the set size
- B.
Comparison takes place one after another
- C.
Decision making is a separate process from comparison
- D.
Negative search may take longer than positive search
Correct Answer
C. Decision making is a separate process from comparisonExplanation
The most plausible explanation for the exhaustive search as opposed to self-terminating search is that decision making is a separate process from comparison. This means that even if a match is found during the search, the search process will continue until all elements have been compared. The decision to terminate the search is made separately after all comparisons have been completed. This is in contrast to a self-terminating search where the search process stops as soon as a match is found.Rate this question:
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- 13.
In an exhuastive serial processing search, people generally take ___________ amounts of time to find target, ______________.
- A.
Different; depending on where in the list it is located
- B.
The same; regardless of where in the list it is located
- C.
Different; depending on how it sounds
- D.
The same; as long as it is one of the first 3 items from the memory set
Correct Answer
B. The same; regardless of where in the list it is locatedExplanation
In an exhaustive serial processing search, people generally take the same amount of time to find the target, regardless of where it is located in the list. This means that the time it takes to find the target is consistent and does not vary depending on its position in the list.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following descriptions of dopamine is NOT accurate?
- A.
Dopamine is related to learning and motivation
- B.
Low level of dopamine in the basal ganglia is related to Parkinson’s disease
- C.
High level of dopamine is related to schizophrenia
- D.
Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is related to Alzheimer’s disease
Correct Answer
D. Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is related to Alzheimer’s diseaseExplanation
Low level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is not related to Alzheimer's disease. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various functions in the brain, including learning, motivation, and movement. However, low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia are associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms. On the other hand, high levels of dopamine are related to schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder. While Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, it is primarily associated with a decrease in acetylcholine, another neurotransmitter, rather than dopamine.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following does not support the view that face perception is a specialized module
- A.
Bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when they made judgments about birds or cars as well as faces
- B.
Recognizing parts of a face is context dependent but recognizing parts of a house is not
- C.
Activation in the fusiform gyrus is higher when we process faces than any other objects
- D.
Prosopagnosia
Correct Answer
A. Bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when they made judgments about birds or cars as well as facesExplanation
The given answer suggests that the fact that bird experts and car experts show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when making judgments about birds or cars, as well as faces, does not support the view that face perception is a specialized module. This is because if face perception were a specialized module, it would be expected that only face experts would show high activation in the fusiform gyrus when making judgments about faces, not experts in other domains such as birds or cars.Rate this question:
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- 16.
In motion parallax, near objects move
- A.
Faster than far objects in the opposite direction from the viewer
- B.
Faster than far objects and in the same direction as the viewer
- C.
Slower than far objects and in the opposite direction from the viewer
- D.
Slower than far objects and in the same direction as the viewer
Correct Answer
A. Faster than far objects in the opposite direction from the viewerExplanation
In motion parallax, near objects appear to move faster than far objects in the opposite direction from the viewer. This is because as the viewer moves, the relative motion between the viewer and the near objects is greater compared to the far objects. This creates a perceived difference in speed, with the near objects appearing to move faster in the opposite direction from the viewer.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following is the correct description of categorical perception?
- A.
Categories of speech sound are the same regardless of languages
- B.
Speech perception is distinctive (discrete) despite the continuous nature of auditory signal
- C.
Within-category discrimination is just as easy as between-category discrimination
- D.
Speech perception involves decision-making processes
Correct Answer
B. Speech perception is distinctive (discrete) despite the continuous nature of auditory signalExplanation
Categorical perception refers to the phenomenon in which listeners perceive speech sounds as belonging to distinct categories, even though the acoustic signal is continuous. This means that listeners are able to differentiate between different speech sounds and categorize them into specific groups, even if the acoustic differences between the sounds are minimal. This suggests that speech perception is not a continuous process, but rather a discrete one, where listeners make categorical judgments about the sounds they hear.Rate this question:
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- 18.
According to the geon theory, or the recognition-by-components theory of object perception, objects are recognized based on the perception of the distinctive arrangements of various geons (a set of three dimensional geometrical elements) that compose each object. This is an example of
- A.
Template theory
- B.
Feature-based theory
- C.
Prototype theory
- D.
Top-down theory
Correct Answer
B. Feature-based theoryExplanation
The given answer, feature-based theory, is correct because according to the geon theory, objects are recognized based on the perception of distinctive arrangements of various geons. Geons are three-dimensional geometric elements that serve as features of objects. Therefore, the recognition process is based on the features or components of the objects rather than overall prototypes or templates. This aligns with the concept of feature-based theory, which suggests that object recognition is based on identifying and processing specific features or components of objects.Rate this question:
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- 19.
An individual who has difficulty recognizing objects even though she/he can clearly identify simple shapes and even copy drawings of complex objects is diagnosed as having
- A.
Prosopagnosia
- B.
Apperceptive agnosia
- C.
Global Agnosia
- D.
Associative Agnosia
Correct Answer
D. Associative AgnosiaExplanation
Associative agnosia refers to a condition where an individual has difficulty recognizing objects despite being able to identify simple shapes and copy drawings of complex objects. This suggests that the person's perception of objects is intact, but they struggle with associating the perceived objects with their stored knowledge or memories. This impairment in object recognition is specific to the association between visual perception and semantic knowledge, resulting in the inability to identify familiar objects. Prosopagnosia refers to difficulty recognizing faces, apperceptive agnosia refers to a failure in basic visual processing, and global agnosia refers to a severe impairment in object recognition across different sensory modalities.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is an accurate description of the processing of an ambiguous figure (e.g., the reversible "Duck-rabbit" figure)?
- A.
People can hold both interpretations simultaneously at the same time
- B.
Once the first interpretation is extracted, people can never discover an alternative interpretation
- C.
People can extract either interpretation one after the other, but cannot hold both interpretations simultaneously
- D.
People can extract either interpretation, but remember only the second interpretation
Correct Answer
C. People can extract either interpretation one after the other, but cannot hold both interpretations simultaneouslyExplanation
The processing of an ambiguous figure, such as the reversible "Duck-rabbit" figure, involves people being able to extract either interpretation one after the other. However, they are unable to hold both interpretations simultaneously. This means that individuals can switch between the two interpretations but cannot perceive both at the same time.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The importance of voicing, consonantal features, and place of articulation proves support for the notion that
- A.
Speech perception requires templates to recognize sounds
- B.
Speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis process
- C.
Speech production is a relatively simple and mechanical process
- D.
Speech recognition can only be understood at the level of elementary sounds
Correct Answer
B. Speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis processExplanation
The importance of voicing, consonantal features, and place of articulation suggests that speech recognition is primarily a feature analysis process. This means that when we perceive speech, we analyze the different features of the sounds, such as whether they are voiced or voiceless, the specific consonantal features, and where they are articulated in the vocal tract. This analysis allows us to recognize and understand the sounds we hear. This explanation is supported by the mention of these specific aspects of speech perception in the question.Rate this question:
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- 22.
The difference between saying "zip" and saying "sip" illustrates whic feature of speech?
- A.
Consonantal feature
- B.
Coarticulation
- C.
Lace of articulation
- D.
Voicing
Correct Answer
D. VoicingExplanation
The difference between saying "zip" and saying "sip" illustrates the feature of speech known as voicing. In the word "zip," the vocal cords vibrate, producing a voiced /z/ sound. In contrast, in the word "sip," the vocal cords do not vibrate, resulting in an unvoiced /s/ sound. This distinction in voicing is what differentiates the two words and is a key aspect of speech production.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following would be the gestalt principle of organization found in the provided example? oooo xxxx oooo xxxx
- A.
Similarity
- B.
Proximity
- C.
Good continuity
- D.
Closure
Correct Answer
A. SimilarityExplanation
The correct answer is "Similarity" because the provided example shows a pattern of alternating o's and x's, indicating that the objects are grouped together based on their similarity in shape. This principle suggests that elements that share similar characteristics, such as shape or color, are perceived as belonging to the same group.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Elements tend to appear more closely packed together as the distance from the viewer increases. Which depth cue is this?
- A.
Texture gradient
- B.
Relative size
- C.
Motion parallax
- D.
Binocular disparity
Correct Answer
A. Texture gradientExplanation
Texture gradient is the depth cue that explains why elements tend to appear more closely packed together as the distance from the viewer increases. As objects recede into the distance, the texture of their surfaces becomes less detailed and more compressed, giving the impression of increased density. This is because the visual angle that each element subtends on the retina decreases with distance, causing a reduction in the level of detail that can be perceived. Hence, the texture gradient is responsible for the observed phenomenon.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which statement best explains how context influences perception according to Massaro's fuzzy logical-model perception (FLMP) model
- A.
Context is relatively more powerful than features in pattern recognition
- B.
Context and features have harmful effects on each other's influence in pattern recognition
- C.
Features drive much of the pattern recognition process and context is used only when necessary
- D.
Context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognition
Correct Answer
D. Context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognitionExplanation
According to Massaro's fuzzy logical-model perception (FLMP) model, context and features contribute independently to determine pattern recognition. This means that both context and features play a role in perception, but they do not necessarily have a harmful effect on each other's influence. Instead, they work together to contribute to the overall process of pattern recognition.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes; in turn, the brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from the eyes. The major depth cue represented in this description is
- A.
Binocular disparity
- B.
Interposition
- C.
Binocular convergence
- D.
Motion parallax
Correct Answer
C. Binocular convergenceExplanation
Binocular convergence is the major depth cue represented in the given description. This is because the description mentions that the two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes. Binocular convergence refers to the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects. This muscular movement helps the brain interpret the distance of the object from the eyes, thus providing a depth cue.Rate this question:
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- 27.
When an individual relies on experience, context, or general knowledge about the world to guide his/her perception of a stimulus, that person is performing which type of processing?
- A.
Parallel
- B.
Top-down
- C.
Serial
- D.
Bottom up
Correct Answer
B. Top-downExplanation
Top-down processing refers to the use of prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret and make sense of incoming sensory information. In this case, the individual is relying on their experience, context, and general knowledge to guide their perception of the stimulus. This type of processing allows for the interpretation of incomplete or ambiguous information based on prior knowledge and expectations. It involves the integration of higher-level cognitive processes and is often influenced by factors such as beliefs, memories, and expectations.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following is not an example of top-down processing?
- A.
When we fail to detect a missing phoneme in a word, also called the phoneme-restoration effect
- B.
Faces are more readily recognized in a coherent context
- C.
An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular letters
- D.
Letters are easier to recognize in the context of words
Correct Answer
C. An angular letter is more difficult to detect among other angular lettersExplanation
This option does not involve any higher-level cognitive processing or context. It simply refers to a visual task of detecting a specific type of letter among others, which can be considered as a bottom-up processing task.Rate this question:
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- 29.
According to the early selection model (filter theory), which of the following information would be processed beyond the selective filter?
- A.
Physical information from an attended channel
- B.
Semantic information from an attended channel
- C.
Semantic information from an unattended channel
- D.
Physical information from an unattended channel
Correct Answer
C. Semantic information from an unattended channelExplanation
According to the early selection model (filter theory), only physical information from an attended channel is processed beyond the selective filter. This means that semantic information from an unattended channel would not be processed beyond the filter. The model suggests that attention acts as a filter, allowing only the physical characteristics of stimuli from the attended channel to be processed further, while disregarding semantic information from unattended channels.Rate this question:
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- 30.
In the visual tracking experiment of Simons and Chabris, participants hardly noticed the gorilla-man when they were tracking the white-shirt team. Which selection theory would be supported by this result?
- A.
Late selection
- B.
Early selection
- C.
Both
- D.
Neither
Correct Answer
B. Early selectionExplanation
The given result of participants hardly noticing the gorilla-man while tracking the white-shirt team supports the theory of early selection. According to early selection theory, attentional selection occurs before the information is fully processed, and only selected information is further processed and perceived consciously. In this case, the participants' attention was focused on tracking the white-shirt team, leading to the failure of consciously perceiving the gorilla-man. This suggests that early selection plays a role in determining what information reaches conscious perception.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Hemispheric asymmetry in visual neglect suggests that
- A.
Left occipital cortex processes primarily global spatial information
- B.
Left parietal cortex processes primarily global spatial information
- C.
Right parietal cortex processes primarily global spatial information
- D.
Right occipital cortex processes primarily global spatial information
Correct Answer
C. Right parietal cortex processes primarily global spatial informationExplanation
The correct answer is that the right parietal cortex processes primarily global spatial information. This is supported by research on hemispheric asymmetry in visual neglect, which is a condition where individuals fail to attend to stimuli in one side of space. Studies have shown that patients with right parietal damage are more likely to exhibit global neglect, which involves neglecting the entire left side of space. This suggests that the right parietal cortex plays a crucial role in processing global spatial information.Rate this question:
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- 32.
From the results described in the graph, we can conclude that patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally have a difficulty
- A.
Disengaging attention from visual information presented to the left visual field
- B.
Disengaging attention from the visual information presented to the right visual field
- C.
Maintaining attention at visual information presented to the left visual field
- D.
Maintaining attention from visual information presented to the right visual field
Correct Answer
B. Disengaging attention from the visual information presented to the right visual fieldExplanation
From the results described in the graph, it can be concluded that patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally have difficulty disengaging attention from the visual information presented to the right visual field.Rate this question:
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- 33.
When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point
- A.
Participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point
- B.
Participants are equally fast shifting attention to expected and unexpected points
- C.
Participants are generally unable to shift attention fast enough to see the stimulus
- D.
Participants can shift attention rapidly to an expected point but they are inaccurate in telling what the stimulus was
Correct Answer
A. Participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected pointExplanation
When visual stimuli are presented off the foveal fixation point, participants are generally faster shifting attention to an expected point than to an unexpected point. This suggests that our attention is more readily drawn to stimuli that we anticipate or predict, as opposed to stimuli that catch us off guard. This finding aligns with the concept of attentional capture, where attention is automatically directed towards stimuli that are relevant or meaningful to us. It also implies that our attentional system is more efficient and effective when it comes to processing expected stimuli compared to unexpected ones.Rate this question:
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- 34.
When participants were asked to look at two superimposed visual stimuli (e.g., demonstration by Neisser & Beckeln and Simons & Chabris),
- A.
They could not filter out one of the scenarios and thus they retained little information about either scenario
- B.
They could filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario
- C.
They could filter out unattended scenario but could not retain much content of the attended scenario
- D.
They tended to retain semantic information from both scenarios and to ignore physical traits
Correct Answer
B. They could filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenarioExplanation
The participants in the study were able to filter out one of the scenarios and retain most of the content of the attended scenario. This suggests that they were able to selectively focus their attention on one scenario while ignoring the other, allowing them to retain more information about the attended scenario.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally show visual neglect on the _________ side of the visual field.
- A.
Right
- B.
Left
- C.
Top
- D.
Bottom
Correct Answer
B. LeftExplanation
Patients with injuries in the right parietal lobe generally show visual neglect on the left side of the visual field. This is because the right parietal lobe is responsible for processing information from the left side of the body and vice versa. When this area is damaged, the brain is unable to attend to or perceive stimuli from the left side of the visual field, resulting in visual neglect.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The question of _________________ asks how people are able to remember the proper combination of features that belong to an individual object that they have seen previously
- A.
The perceptual combination riddle
- B.
The binding problem
- C.
The conjunction mystery
- D.
The feature/configurable conundrum
Correct Answer
B. The binding problemExplanation
The binding problem refers to the question of how the brain is able to integrate and bind together different features of an object into a unified perception. It addresses how we are able to remember and recognize objects based on their combination of features, such as shape, color, and texture. This phenomenon is still not fully understood by scientists and remains a topic of ongoing research in the field of cognitive neuroscience.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The phenomenon of illusory conjunction refers to _______________
- A.
Reports of strong sensory illusions in complex figures
- B.
The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared at all in the original display
- C.
The impression that stimuli in the non-attended field have features in common with the attended stimuli
- D.
The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display
Correct Answer
D. The tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original displayExplanation
The phenomenon of illusory conjunction refers to the tendency to report combinations of features that had not appeared together in the original display. This means that when presented with multiple stimuli, individuals may incorrectly perceive or combine different features from those stimuli, leading to a misinterpretation of the original display. This phenomenon highlights the limitations of visual perception and the potential for errors in processing visual information.Rate this question:
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- 38.
The results of visual search experiments (e.g., conjuntion search versus search) suggest that
- A.
Conjunction search allows accurate location processing
- B.
Location information is processed before feature information
- C.
Feature search allows accurate location processing
- D.
Conjunction search is terminated by simply identifying features
Correct Answer
A. Conjunction search allows accurate location processingExplanation
The correct answer is that conjunction search allows accurate location processing. This is supported by the results of visual search experiments, which have shown that when searching for a target among distractors that differ in both color and shape (conjunction search), participants are able to accurately locate the target based on its specific combination of features. This suggests that location information is processed before feature information in conjunction search tasks. On the other hand, feature search tasks, where the target differs from the distractors in only one feature (e.g., color), also allow accurate location processing but do not require the integration of multiple features for accurate target identification.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Research presenting simultaneous visual and auditory stimuli to participants suggests that
- A.
Participants cannot process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously
- B.
Participants can process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously
- C.
Participants can process multiple response selections simultaneously
- D.
Participants can process multiple response selections simultaneously only when they think they can
Correct Answer
B. Participants can process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneouslyExplanation
Research presenting simultaneous visual and auditory stimuli to participants suggests that participants can process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously. This means that individuals are capable of processing both visual and auditory information at the same time. This finding challenges the notion that participants cannot process multiple perceptual modalities simultaneously and highlights the brain's ability to handle multiple sensory inputs concurrently.Rate this question:
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- 40.
If we have looked at a particular region of space, we find it harder to return our attention to that region of space. This phenomenon is called
- A.
Cue utilization
- B.
Inhibition of return
- C.
Object-based attention
- D.
Stimulus onset asynchrony
Correct Answer
B. Inhibition of returnExplanation
Inhibition of return refers to the phenomenon where it becomes more difficult to redirect our attention back to a previously attended region of space. This suggests that there is a temporary inhibition or suppression of attention towards that specific location, which aids in focusing on new or different stimuli in the environment. This mechanism helps to optimize attentional resources by prioritizing novel or potentially important information over previously attended stimuli.Rate this question:
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- 41.
You may not be consciously aware of the semantic content of hte information presented to an unattended channel. However, your behavior may be affected by the semantic relatedness of the attended and unatttended information. Which of the following does this notion support?
- A.
Early selection
- B.
Attenuated Selection
- C.
Late Selection
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Late SelectionExplanation
This notion supports the idea of Late Selection. Late Selection suggests that even though we may not consciously be aware of the semantic content of information presented to an unattended channel, our behavior can still be influenced by the semantic relatedness of both attended and unattended information. This means that the brain processes and considers all information before making a final selection, rather than filtering out irrelevant information at an early stage.Rate this question:
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- 42.
When naming the color of a color word, reaction time is longer or error rate is higher when the color of the word does not match with the word meaning (e.g.) Red printed in green) than when they are congruent (e.g., RED printed in red). Which of the following is not accurate regarding this effect
- A.
The word meaning is available in advance of the name of the color
- B.
The result suggests that the word reading may be an automatic task while the color naming is a controlled task
- C.
The result suggests that the color-naming task will serve always as a controlled task in comparison with any other tasks
- D.
Practice may reduce the interference effect
Correct Answer
C. The result suggests that the color-naming task will serve always as a controlled task in comparison with any other tasksExplanation
The given answer states that the result suggests that the color-naming task will always be a controlled task compared to any other tasks. This means that individuals have more control and conscious effort when it comes to naming the color of a word that does not match its meaning. This is supported by the fact that reaction time is longer and error rates are higher in incongruent color-word pairs. The answer implies that the interference effect observed in this task is not easily reduced or eliminated with practice.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The observation that people cannot easily find a parallelogram using a mental image of the Star of David implies that ____________.
- A.
Mental imagery is not easily decomposed
- B.
Mental imagery is easily decomposed
- C.
Verbal representation is not easily decomposed
- D.
Verbal representation is easily decomposed
Correct Answer
A. Mental imagery is not easily decomposedExplanation
The observation that people cannot easily find a parallelogram using a mental image of the Star of David suggests that mental imagery is not easily decomposed. This means that when people try to mentally break down the image of the Star of David into its constituent parts, they struggle to isolate the parallelogram shape. This implies that mental imagery is a holistic process, where the overall image is perceived as a whole rather than being easily broken down into individual components.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Considering Farah’s studies of L.H., we can say that our ability to recognize an object and its attributes taps _____ representation about the objects, whereas our ability to manipulate the orientation taps ______ representation of the objects
- A.
Visual, spatial
- B.
Visual, motor
- C.
Verbal, spatial
- D.
Verbal, motor
Correct Answer
A. Visual, spatialExplanation
Based on Farah's studies of L.H., it can be inferred that our ability to recognize an object and its attributes relies on visual representation about the objects. On the other hand, our ability to manipulate the orientation of objects taps into spatial representation.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Mental rotation research suggests that
- A.
It is harder to rotate an object in depth than in the picture plane
- B.
Reaction time of mental rotation is a quadratic function of angle of rotation
- C.
People refer to rotate objects in a clockwise direction
- D.
Both mental rotation and physical rotation involve parietal cortex
Correct Answer
D. Both mental rotation and physical rotation involve parietal cortexExplanation
The correct answer is that both mental rotation and physical rotation involve the parietal cortex. This is supported by research in the field of mental rotation, which has shown that the parietal cortex is involved in both mental and physical rotation tasks. Studies using brain imaging techniques have found increased activation in the parietal cortex during mental rotation tasks, suggesting its involvement in this cognitive process. Additionally, research on patients with parietal cortex lesions has shown deficits in both mental and physical rotation abilities. Therefore, it can be concluded that both types of rotation tasks involve the parietal cortex.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following is NOT accurately describing route maps and survey maps
- A.
A survey map represents object-to-object spatial relation
- B.
A route map represents viewer-specific spatial responses
- C.
A survey map requires greater amount of familiarity with the region than a route map
- D.
A route map is implicated in hippocampus
Correct Answer
D. A route map is implicated in hippocampusExplanation
A route map is not accurately described as being implicated in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the brain associated with memory and spatial navigation, but a route map does not directly involve the hippocampus. Instead, a route map represents viewer-specific spatial responses, showing the path or route from one location to another. It does not require as much familiarity with the region as a survey map, which represents object-to-object spatial relations.Rate this question:
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- 47.
An experiment was run in which participants were asked to remember a map and then judge which of two cities was farther north or which of two cities was farther east. Which of the following details would probably affect the time it took them to make these judgments?
- A.
Whether the city is on a river
- B.
Whether participants were judging north/south versus east/west
- C.
Whether there is a state border between the two cities
- D.
Whether the map is colored
Correct Answer
C. Whether there is a state border between the two citiesExplanation
The presence of a state border between the two cities would likely affect the time it took participants to make judgments about which city was farther north or farther east. This is because state borders can act as reference points and help individuals orient themselves on a map. If there is a state border between the two cities, participants may use it as a visual cue to determine the relative positions of the cities and make their judgments more quickly.Rate this question:
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- 48.
With regard to navigation, cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing spaces as we see it, _______ representation, and representing space free of any particular viewpoint, ________ representation.
- A.
Objective, subjective
- B.
2-D, 3-D
- C.
Egocentric, allocentric
- D.
Viewer-independent, viewer-specific
Correct Answer
C. Egocentric, allocentricExplanation
Cognitive psychologists differentiate between representing spaces as we see it, egocentric representation, and representing space free of any particular viewpoint, allocentric representation. Egocentric representation refers to the way we perceive and navigate through space based on our own body and movements. It is a subjective representation as it is centered around the individual's perspective. On the other hand, allocentric representation refers to a more objective representation of space that is not dependent on any particular viewpoint. It allows for a viewer-independent understanding of space.Rate this question:
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- 49.
A participant in a study first has to identify an object and then mentally rotate the object 180 degrees. Though identified the object correctly, the participant is unable to correctly rotate the object 180 degrees. In which brain region would this person have damage?
- A.
The parietal region of the brain
- B.
The temporal region of the brain
- C.
The frontal region of the brain
- D.
The occipital region of the brain
Correct Answer
A. The parietal region of the brainExplanation
Damage to the parietal region of the brain can result in difficulties with spatial processing and mental rotation tasks. This region is responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating motor actions. Therefore, damage to the parietal region can impair the ability to mentally manipulate objects in space, such as rotating them. This explains why the participant in the study is able to identify the object correctly but struggles with mentally rotating it 180 degrees.Rate this question:
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- 50.
According to an fMRI study by O’Craven and Kanwisher, the fusiform gyrus area processes _______________ and the parahippocampal gyrus area processes _____________.
- A.
Hand; foot
- B.
Foot; face
- C.
Face; house
- D.
House; car
Correct Answer
C. Face; houseExplanation
The correct answer is "Face; house". According to the fMRI study by O'Craven and Kanwisher, the fusiform gyrus area of the brain is responsible for processing faces, while the parahippocampal gyrus area is responsible for processing houses.Rate this question:
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Mar 10, 2023Quiz Edited by
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May 09, 2012Quiz Created by
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