Year 1 Pharmacokinetic (Basic)

The given answer is incorrect. The question asks for one enteral route of administration, which means a route that involves the intestines. The correct answer is oral, as it involves taking medication or substances through the mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract. Sublingual and rectal routes are not enteral routes, as sublingual administration involves placing medication under the tongue and allowing it to dissolve, bypassing the intestines, while rectal administration involves inserting medication into the rectum, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

The given answer includes various routes of administration for medications or drugs. These routes include intravenous administration, oral administration, non-oral extravascular administration (such as intramuscular and subcutaneous injections), inhalation, topical application, sublingual administration, and rectal administration. These different routes allow drugs to be administered in different ways depending on the specific needs and characteristics of the medication and the patient.

The statement is true because pharmacokinetics refers to the study of what the body does to a drug. It involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug within the body. Understanding pharmacokinetics is crucial in determining the dosage, frequency, and duration of drug administration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

The first-pass effect refers to the metabolism of drugs by the liver before they enter the systemic circulation. This process involves the biotransformation of compounds and drugs by liver enzymes. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct as it accurately describes the first-pass effect and its role in drug metabolism.

Biotransformation = metabolism = modifying drug properties
Excretion = movement of drug out of body

Oral administration is commonly used to achieve a systemic effect, meaning that the medication is intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. However, there are certain situations where oral administration can also be used for a local effect. For example, medications for treating diarrhea and constipation can be given orally to directly target the digestive system. Therefore, the statement that oral administration is occasionally used for local effects such as diarrhea and constipation is true.

The correct answer is intra-venous, sub-cutaneous, intra-muscular, inhalation, and topical. These routes of administration are considered parenteral because they bypass the alimentary tract and deliver medication directly into the bloodstream or tissues. Intra-venous administration involves injecting medication directly into a vein, while sub-cutaneous administration involves injecting medication into the layer of tissue just below the skin. Intra-muscular administration involves injecting medication into a muscle, and inhalation administration involves inhaling medication into the lungs. Topical administration involves applying medication directly onto the skin.

The basic pharmacokinetic parameters include bioavailability (F), volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (CL), and half-life (t 0.5). Bioavailability refers to the fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged. Volume of distribution is the theoretical volume that would be required to contain the total amount of drug in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma. Clearance is the rate at which a drug is removed from the body, and half-life is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to be reduced by half.

The considerations for absorption include the route of administration, the rate at which the substance is absorbed, and the extent to which it is absorbed. The route refers to how the substance is introduced into the body, such as orally or through injection. The rate of absorption determines how quickly the substance enters the bloodstream. The extent of absorption refers to how much of the substance is actually absorbed by the body. These factors are important to understand the pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of a drug.